-
Lecture 1 Sentence Structure
Teaching Aims
1.
Systematic introduction to sentence structure
2. Sufficient information of the basic
clause types
3. Improvement of
students? awareness of clause elements
Teaching content
1.
Subject-
predicate structure and sentence analysis
2.
Basic clause
type and transformation
Sentence
is built on the
clause, sentence is not definite, but clause is.
So
here
the
sentence
structure,
sentence
element,
sentence
pattern
refer
to
those
in
the
simple
sentence,
that
is,
the
clause
structure, clause element and basic clause type.
1. Subject-predicate structure and
sentence analysis
1.1 Subject and
predicate
Subject
is the
topic of clause and the known information, and
acted by the objective and substantial
phrases, such as
noun phrases and
pronoun phrases.
Predicate
is
the
part
to
illustrate
the
subject,
the
New
information, and acted by verb phrases.
1.2
S
entence analysis
①
predicate verb, object,
complement, adverbial
②
predicate = operator +
predication
ⅰ
Two ways of
sentence
analysis
?
One way is
divide the predicate into verb, object, complement
and
adverbial.
These
elements
together
with
the
subject
make
the
clause
elements.
主语、谓语、宾语、
补语、
状语、表语、同
位语
?
The other way
is to divide predicate into two parts: the
operator and
the
predication.
The
operator
is
usually
the
auxiliary
or
the
first
auxiliary
in
a
complex
verb
phrase,
while
the
predication
comprises
the
main
verb
with
its
complementation(object,
complement
or
adverbial)
谓语（操作词
operator
+<
/p>
述谓成分
predication
）
2. Basic clause type and
transformation
The
structure
form
of
subject
is
simple;
the
predicate
is
complex and diverse.
1.1
B
asic clause types:
SVC (linking verb),
SV (intransitive verb),
SVO
(transitive/monotransitive verb),
SvoO (ditransitive verb),
SVOC (complex transitive verb).
Adverbial
cannot
be
omitted;
therefore,
the
other
two
basic
clause types are SVO, SVOA.
2.2 Transformation and amplification
●
The basic clause types are all
narrative, affirmative, active sentences,
which can be transformed to question,
negative, passive sentences.
The means
to amplify basic clause type is:
1. to add the compound sentence to it
(coordination).
2. to add modifiers or
subordinate clause (subordination).
●
Expansion
The basic clause types and their
variants can also be expanded into
larger
grammatical
units through
adding
modifiers
at various
levels
this
larger
unit
can
again
be
expanded
through
coordination
and
subordination
into
compound,
complex
and
compound-complex
sentences.
●
Sentence: is the superlative grammar
unit with two characters:
①
Sentence can be
used independently in communication.
②
Sentence can express complete meaning.
[1]
Full
Sentence:
sentence
includes
at
least
one
complete
subject-predicate structure.
Minor Sentence:
[2]
Full
sentence
can
be
divided
into
simple
sentence,
compound
sentence, complex
sentence, compound-complex sentence.
Simple sentence
i)
SV
主谓
Day dawns.
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
SLP
主系表
Tom
?
s father is a
professor.
SVO
主谓宾
Ruth understands French.
SVOO
主谓宾宾
He told us the whole story.
SVOC
主谓宾补
He found George intelligent.
SVC
主谓补
He died a poor man.
他穷困而死。
We parted
friends.
我们友好的分别了。
Compound sentence
并列句
1) The earth
is one of the sun
?
s planets,
and
the moon is our
satellite.
2) I came home
early,
but
she remained to
the end of the concert.
3)
They must stay in water,
or
they will die.
4) Heavy
clouds rose slowly from the horizon; thunder
drummed in the
distance.
5) He knocked at the door again and
again: there was no answer.
6) It rained;
therefore
the game was
called off.
7) She was very
tired,
nevertheless
she kept
on working.
8) It is
strange,
yet
it is true.
9) He saw me coming,
whereupon
he offered me his
seat.
Complex sentence
复合句
Subject
clause
主语从句
That
we shall be late
is
certain.
。
It is
certain that we shall be late.
What she
did
is not yet known.
It
?
s not yet
known what she did.
Predicative clause
表语从句
Things are
not always
as they seem to
be
.
This was
when I really got to know the United
States
.
The
problem is
whom we can get to replace
her
.
Object
clause
宾语从句
I
understand
that
he
is
well-
qualified
,
but
I
feel
that
he
needs
more
experience
. He made it quite
clear
that he preferred to study
English
.
They
told us once again
that
the
situation was serious.
They
told us
that
once again the
situation was serious.
He
didn
?
t say whether or not
he
?
ll be staying here.
There is some doubt as to whether the
document is genuine.
Attributive clause
定语从句
用作关联词关系代词
who, whom, whose,
that, which
可做主语、
宾语、
定语等
A doctor is a person
who
looks after
peopl
e?
s
health.
。
There
?
s
no one works
harder than
you.
We told him to consult
the doctor,
which
advice
he took.
You
?
re the only
one
whose
advice
he might listen to.
I?
d like a
room
whose window
looks out over the sea.
Adverbial clause
状语从句
1
）
时间状语从句
(adverbial
clause of time)
As
spring
warms the good earth, all flowers begin to bloom.
When
spring
came, he felt like a trip.
She
?
s no
respecter of persons
once
she
?
s angry.
Now that
this conference has
ended, is there greater security in that part
of the world?
2
）
地点状语从句
(adverbial
clause of place)
Put it
where
you found it.
Sit down
wherever
you like.
Anywhere
she
goes, he goes too.
3
）
原因状语从句
(adverbial
clause of cause)
I
didn
?
t go to town
because
I wanted to see my
uncle.
It was because I
wanted to see my uncle that I went to town
yesterday.
4
）
结果状语从句
(adverbial
clause of result)
He got
so
little pay
that
his family had to live
on welfare money.
It
?
s
such
a good chance
that
we
mustn
?
t miss it.
5
）
程度状语从句
(adverbial
clause of degree)
He was
so
angry
that
he could not speak.
His anger was
such that
he could not
speak.
6
）
目的状语从句
(adverbial
clause of purpose)
Speak clearly
so that
they
may
understand you.
He
spoke
slowly
in
order
that
everyone
should
understand.
Take
your
umbrella with you,
lest it
should rain
.
Take your umbrella with you,
in case it rains
.
Take your
umbrella with you,
for fear it might
rain.
7
）
让步状语从句
(adverbial
clause of concession )
Although
it is difficult, we
shall do it.
Even though
the
learning is slow and painful, the result is
wonderful.
8
）
方式状语从句
(adverbial
clause of manner )
Do
as
I say.
要照我说的做。
Do it
the way
you
were taught.
He did
as
told (as he had been
told).
9
）
条件状语从句
(adverbial
clause of condition )
真实条件：
If
it snows tomorrow, we
will build a snowman.
You
?
ll be late
unless
you hurry.
Suppose
we are
late, what will he say?
Given
good health, I hope to
finish the work this year.
Lecture 2 Subject-verb
Concord/Agreement (one)
Teaching aims:
1. To grasp three guiding principles of
subject-verb concord
2. To grasp
special cases of subject-verb concord
Teaching content:
1.
Three guiding principles
2. Problems of concord in some special
cases
3. Exercises and
explaining
1.
Three guiding principles
Subject-verb
concord
refers
to
subject
and
predicate
concord
in
person
or
number.
1.1
guiding principles:
Grammatical concord, Notional concord
and Principle of
Proximity.
1)
Grammatical
concord
refers
to
the
concord
of
subject
and
predicate
in
number.
If the subject is
plural, so is the predicate; if the subject is
singular, so is
the predicate. This is
very obvious to verb have/has, be.
e.g.
The girls have their own
tasks to do.
Every person is ready for
helping others.
Much effort is wasted.
2) Notional concord: if the
subject is plural in meaning not in form, the
predicate
is plural. If the subject is
singular in meaning not in form, the predicate is
singular.
Such concord is called
notional concord. This is obvious to the
collective nouns
such as family,
government…
e.g.
The committee are discussing the
problem heatedly.
The family are
watching TV now.
50 pounds is a large
sum of money
3)
Principle of proximity: the number of predicate is
dependent on the word near
to it; such
concord is called principle of proximity.
e.g. There is a book, two pencils and
three pens.
Either he or I am right.
No one except his own supporters agree
with him.
Notice
:
The
grammatical
concord
is
the
basic
principle,
but
when
the
subject
is
realized by a collective
noun, a coordinate form or an expression of
quantity, the other
two principles will
have to be considered.
2. Problems of
concord in some special cases.
2.1
Predicate verb agrees with the head of the
subject.
1) usually in grammatical
concord
subject
predicate verb
singular
singular
plural
plural
2) modifier not affecting the number of
the subject
e.g.
The
results
of
the
examination
show
that
you
have
all
made
good
progresss.
The content of
the books is very good.
One pair of
scissors is not enough.
2.2 Nouns
ending in
–
s
2.2.1 Ending in
–
s
(diseases and
game names) as subject, predicate verb should be
in
singular form. But “measles and
rickets” can be treated either as singular or as
plural.
“Cards” treated as
plural.
E.g. Cards are not
allowed here.
Mumps is a kind of infectious disease.
Bronchitis was very popular among the
old in the past.
2.2.2 Ending in
–
s(subject)
as
subjects, predicate verb in singular form.
E.g. Physics is a very important
subject in the middle school.
Mathematics was
my favorite when I studied in the middle school.
2.2.3 Ending
–
s
(geographical names)
as subjects,
predicate verb should be in plural
form. But a few treated as singular
when used as country names.
E.g. The
straits of Gibraltar have lost their strategic
importance.
Netherlands was hit by its
worst strom in early January in 1976.
2.2.4
Other
nouns
ending
in
–
s
as
subjects,
predicate
verb
should
agree
with
the
subjects
in meaning.
E.g. Tom?s new trousers are
black.
The tidings has come a
little too late.
Notices:
Names
for
things
made
of
two
parts
such
as
scissors,pincers,
glasses
,if