-
英文翻译
机械设计
一台完整机器的设计是一个复杂的过程。
机械设计是一项创造性
的工作。
设
计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制
图、运动学、工程材料、材
料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。
Machine Design
The complete design of a machine is a complex
process. The machine
design is a
creative work. Project engineer not only must have
the
creativity in the work, but also
must in aspect and so on mechanical
drawing, kinematics, engineerig
material, materials mechanics and
machine manufacture technology has the
deep elementary knowledge.
任何产品在设计时第一步就
是选择产品每个部分的构成材料。
许多的材料被
今天的设计师所
使用。对产品的功能，它的外观、材料的成本、制造的成本作出
必要的选择是十分重要的
。对材料的特性必须事先作出仔细的评估。
One of
the first steps in the design of any product is to
select the
material from which each
part is to be made. Numerous materials are
available
to
today's
designers.
The
function
of
the
product,
its
appearance, the cost of the material,
and the cost of fabrication are
important in making a selection. A
careful evaluation of the properties
of
a. material must be made prior to any
calculations.
仔细精确的计算是必要的，以确保设计的有效性。在任何
失败的情况下，最
好知道在最初设计中有有缺陷的部件。计算（图纸尺寸）检查是非常重
要的。一
个小数点的位置放错，
就可以导致一个本可以完成的项
目失败。
设计工作的各个
方面都应该检查和复查。
Careful
calculations
are
necessary
to
ensure
the
validity
of
a
design.
In case of any part
failures, it is desirable to know what was done in
originally
designing
the
defective
components.
The
checking
of
calculations
(and
drawing
dimensions)
is
of
utmost
importance.
The
misplacement
of
one
decimal
point
can
ruin
an
otherwise
acceptable
project.
All aspects of
design work should be checked and rechecked.
计算机是一种工具，它能够帮助机械设计师减轻繁琐的计算，并对现有数据
提供进一步的分析。
互动系统基于计算机的能力，
已经使计算机
辅助设计
（
CAD
）
< br>和计算机辅助制造（
CAM
）成为了可能。心理学家经常
谈论如何使人们适应他们
所操作的机器。
设计人员的基本职责是
努力使机器来适应人们。
这并不是一项容
易的工作，
因为实际上并不存在着一个对所有人来说都是最优的操作范围和操作
过程。
另一个重要问题，设计工程师必须能够同其他有关人员进行交流和磋商。
在开始阶段，<
/p>
设计人员必须就初步设计同管理人员进行交流和磋商，
并得到批准
。
这一般是通过口头讨论，草图和文字材料进行的。
The computer is a tool helpful to
mechanical designers to lighten
tedious
calculations, and provide extended analysis of
available data.
Interactive systems,
based on computer capabilities, have made possible
the
concepts
of
computer
aided
design
(CAD)
and
computer-aided
manufacturing
(CAM).
How
does
the
psychologist
frequently
discuss
causes
the
machine
which
the
people
adapts
them
to
operate.
Designs
personnel''s
basic
responsibility
is
diligently
causes
the
machine
to
adapt
the
people.
This
certainly is not an easy work, because certainly
does not have to
all
people
to
say
in
fact
all
is
the
most
superior
operating
area
and
the
operating
process. Another important question, project
engineer must be
able to carry on the
exchange and the consultation with other concerned
personnel. In the initial stage,
designs the personnel to have to carry
on the exchange and the consultation on
the preliminary design with the
administrative
personnel,
and
is
approved.
This
generally
is
through
the
oral
discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing
material carries
on.
如前所诉，
机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。
发明、
发现和
科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，
只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生
效益。
因而，
应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，
必须先确定人们是否
需要这种产品。
If
front
sues,
the
machine
design
goal
is
the
production
can
meet
the
human
need
the
product.
The
invention,
the
discovery
and
technical
knowledge
itself
certainly
not
necessarily
can
bring
the
advantage
to
the
humanity, only has when they are
applied can produce on the product the
benefit.
Thus,
should
realize
to
carries
on
before
the
design
in
a
specific
product, must first determine whether
the people do need this kind of
product.
应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创
造性的才能进行产品设计、
系统
分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的
一个良机。
掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据
和公式更为重要
。
仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全
部决定的。另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如，即使将一个小数点
的位置放
错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。
Must
regard as the machine design is the machine design
personnel
carries
on
using
creative
ability
the
product
design,
the
system
analysis
and
a
formulation
product
manufacture
technology
good
opportunity.
Grasps
the project
elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data
and the
formula is more important than.
The merely service data and the formula
is insufficient to the completely
decision which makes in a good design
needs. On the other hand, should be
earnest precisely carries on all
operations. For example, even if places
wrong a decimal point position,
also
can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.
一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，
而且愿意承担一定的风险，<
/p>
当新
的方法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要
有耐心，因为
所
花费的时间和努力并
不能保证带来成功。
一个全新的设计，
要求屏弃许多陈旧的，<
/p>
为人们所熟知的方法。
由于许多人墨守成规，
这样做并不是一件容易的事。
一位
机械设计师应该不断地探
索改进现有的产品的方法，
在此过程中应该认真选择原
有的、经
过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。
A
good
design
personnel
should
dare
to
propose
the
new
idea,
moreover
is willing to
undertake the certain risk, when the new method is
not
suitable, use original method.
Therefore, designs the personnel to have
to have to have the patience, because
spends the time and the endeavor
certainly cannot guarantee brings
successfully. A brand-new design, the
request screen abandons obsoletely
many, knows very well the method for
the
people.
Because
many
person
of
conservativeness,
does
this
certainly
is
not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should
unceasingly explore
the improvement
existing product the method, should earnestly
choose
originally,
the
process
confirmation
principle
of
design
in
this
process,
with has not
unified it after the confirmation new idea.
中国是世界上机械发展最早的国家之一。中国的机械工
程技术不但历史悠
久，
而且成就十分辉煌，
不仅对中国的物质文化和社会经济的发展起到了重要的
促进作用，而且对世界技术文
明的进步做出了重大贡献
.
传统机械方面，我国在
很长一段时期内都领先于世界。到了近代由于特别是从
18
< br>世纪初到
19
世纪
40
年
代，由于经济社会等诸多原因，我国的机械行业发展停滞不前，在这<
/p>
100
多年的
时间里正是西方资产阶级政
治革命和产业革命时期，
机械科学技术飞速发展，
远
远超过了中国的水平。
这样，
中国机械的发展水平
与西方的差距急剧拉大，
到十
九世纪中期已经落后西方一百多年
。
China is the world's
first national machinery development. Chinese
mechanical
engineering
technology
not
only
has
a
long
history
and
splendid
achievements in
Chinese is not only the material culture and
social
economic
development
plays
an
important
role
in
the
world,
and
to
promote
the
progress of civilization, technology has made
great contribution to
Chinese
traditional machine.
And in a
long period
ahead in the
world. In
modern
times,
especially
from
the
early
18th
century,
due
to
the
nineteen
forties,
due
to
the
economic
and
social
reasons,
such
as
the
China
machinery industry,
stagnation, in the 100 years is western bourgeois
political revolution and industrial
revolution, mechanical science and
technology is developing rapidly, and
far more than the level of China.
So,
China
mechanical
development
level
and
the
western
gap
widens,
sharply
to the 19th century
middle behind western one hundred years.
新中国建立后特别是近三十年来，
我国的机械科学技术发展速度很快。
向机
械产品大型化，<
/p>
精密化、
自动化和成套化的趋势发展。
在
有些方面已经达到或超
过了世界先进水平。总的来说，就目前而言中国机械科学技术的成
就是巨大的，
发展速度之快，
水平之高也是前所未有的。
这一时期还没有结束，
我国的机械科
学技术还
将向更高的水平发展。
只要我们能够采取正确的方针、
政策、<
/p>
用好科技
发展规律并勇于创新，
我国的机
械工业和机械科技一定能够振兴，
重新引领世界
机械工业发展潮
流。
After
the
founding
of
new
China,
especially
in
the
past
30
years,
our
country's mechanical science and
technology development speed. To the
mechanical
product
large-scale,
precision,
automation
and
discusses
the
trend of development. In some aspects
has reached or exceeded the world
advanced level. Generally speaking,
currently China mechanical science
and
technology
achievement
is
huge,
developing
fast,
high
level
of
unprecedented.
In
this
period,
China
has
no
end
of
mechanical
science
and
technology will develop to a higher
level. As long as we can adopt the
correct policy, with good technology
development and innovation, our
machinery industry and mechanical
technology can revitalize, leading to
the development trend of mechanical
industry.
就小型夯实机械而言：
上世纪
60
年代以前，
我国小型夯实机械非常缺乏，
很
多小型场地的夯实基本上采用人
工夯实。
上世纪
60
年代初期，
长沙建设机械研究
所与北京建筑工程学院等单位合作，
在群众性技术革新成果的基础上总结发明了
具有中国特色的蛙式夯实机，
1962
年获国家科技发明奖。蛙式夯实机结构简单，
维修、
使用方便，
很快成为我国
60
年代夯实机械的主导产品。
据不完全统计蛙式
夯实机累计产量达到
50000
多台，在我国经济
建设中发挥了重要作用。
70
年代以
后
，
蛙式夯实机逐渐被性能更先进的振动冲击夯和振动平板夯所替代，
目前蛙式
夯实机已经很少，基本被淘汰。
Just small ramming machinery:In the
1960s, China mechanical very
small tamp
lack, many small venues ramming basically USES
artificial
1960s,
changsha
construction
machinery
institute
and
Beijing
architectural
engineering
institute,
etc.,
the
technical
innovation
achievements
in
mass
on
the
basis
of
summing
up
Chinese
characteristic
invented
the
breaststroke
ramming
machine,
1962
exceeded
national
science
and
technology.
The
breaststroke
ramming
machine
structure is simple,
easy to use and maintenance in 1960s, soon became
the
dominant
products
to
consolidate
machinery.
According
to
not
complete
count
breaststroke
tamp
cumulative
yield
reached
more
than
50,000
machine,
in
the
economic
development
of
our
country
has
played
an
important
role.
Since
1970's,
the
breaststroke
ramming
machine
was
gradually
more
advanced
performance
of
vibration
shock
ram
and
vibrating
plate
ram,
now
replaced
by
laying
machine
has
rarely
breaststroke,
basically be
eliminated.
1964
年，长沙建设机械
研究所开发了
HB120
型内燃式夯实机，开始由上海工
程机械厂生产，后来主要由津市洞庭工程机械厂生产，年产量
200<
/p>
台左右。
80
年
代，
内燃式夯实机产品质量有较大提高，
曾出口东南亚和非洲地
区。
90
年代以后，
内燃式夯实机产销
售量也在逐渐减少，目前只有少数小型民营企业生产。
In 1964, changsha construction machinery institute
HB120 developed
movable
type,
type
of
Shanghai
began
laying
machine,
engineering
machine
production
mainly
by
tianjin
municipal
later,
annual
production
engineering machinery dongting about
200. In the 1980s, movable type
ramming
machine product quality has increased greatly,
have exported to
southeast
Asia
and
Africa.
Since
1990s,
internal-combustion
type
ramming
machine production
sales, and gradually decreased in only a few small
private enterprise production.
1977
年，长沙建设机械研究所和柳州市建筑机械厂
开发了我国第一台
HZR250
型和
H
ZR70
型振动平板夯，这两种产品分别于
1979
年和
1982
年通过了由
建设部组织的鉴定。随后义乌建筑机械厂、四平建筑机械厂、安阳振动器厂、津