-
英语试题
公共英语部分
注：括号里面的文字的意思：
1.<
/p>
根据整篇短文的理解加进去，
只是为了正片读起来相对比较通顺而
已，
省去括号里面的内
容也可。
2.
考虑的翻译的可读性，改变了原本的表述方法，括号里是字面上
的意思
3.
每句与每句之间的衔接的
逻辑连接词。
4.
对前句翻译的说明。
另，有些翻译仍然不够通顺，请见谅！
^_^
Put the following passage
into Chinese:
1
、
Critics of
early schooling cite research that questions
whether 4-year-old children are
ready
to take on formal learning.
早教的批评者援引有关
4
岁的小孩是否已经准备好接受正规学
习的研究。
Educators find that
older toddlers are more likely to succeed during
their school careers, whereas
their
younger counterparts are more likely to fail.
一些教育者们发现那些学步较晚的小孩更能胜任学校的功课，
而那些较早学步的小孩反而
不尽人意。
Kindergarten children who turn five
during the latter half of the year seem to be at a
disadvantage
when it comes to physical,
emotional, social, and intellectual development.
那些
4
岁半
即将
5
岁的幼儿园小孩，在生理、心理、社交、智力的发展上似
乎处于劣势地
位。
Additionally,
children
who
are
nearly
six
when
they
enter
kindergarten
tend
to
receive
better
grades and score
higher on achievement tests throughout their
schooling experience than do those
who
begin kindergarten having just turned five.
另外，相比于那些刚刚
5
岁就被送进幼儿园的小孩，那些接近
6
岁才进入幼
儿园的小孩在
他们学校功课中常常能够获得更好的成绩，在成绩测试中也常常获得较高的
分数。
Being bright and
verbally skillful and being ready for school do
not seem to be the same thing.
（一个小孩）聪明
、语言表达能力（是否强）与（他）是否适龄入学似乎并不是一回事。
It
is
easy
to
confuse
the
superficial
poise
and
soph
istication
of
many
of
today’s
children
with
inner maturity.
如今小孩身上表现出来沉着、老练与内在的成熟，这两者很容易被混淆。
Indeed, evidence suggests that early
schooling boomerangs: Youngsters whose parents
push them
to attain academic success in
preschool are less creative, have more anxiety
about tests, and, by
the end of
kindergarten, fail to maintain their initial
academic advantage over their less-pressured
peers.
实际上，有证据显示，早教所带来的恰恰适得其
反。那些被父母后面督促着而学业有成的
小孩（往往）缺乏创造力，而且对于考试他们显
得更加焦虑。同时，相对于没有收到重压
的同龄人，到学前教育结束之时，他们（已）难
以维持最初在学业上的优势。
Many psychologists and educators remain
skeptical of approaches that place 4-year-olds in
a
formal educational setting.
对于将
4
岁
小孩放入正式教育的这种做法，许多心理学家和教育家都持怀疑态度。
They
question
whether
environmental
enrichment
can
significantly
alter
the
built-in
developmental timetable of a child
reared in a non disadvantaged home.
通过丰富环境能否显著地改变一个成长在普通家庭（字面：非弱势家庭）孩子的自然成长
规律（字面：发展
/
成长时间表）
，这是他们有所质疑的地方。
They
do
not
deny,
however,
the
value
of
day-care
centers
and
nursery
schools
that
provide
a
homelike environment and allow children
considerable freedom to play, develop at their own
pace,
and evolve their social skills. <
/p>
然而，他们也并不否认那些托儿所和幼儿园的发挥的重要性。它们给孩子们提供了家一样<
/p>
的环境，充分自由的玩乐空间，任孩子们慢慢成长（字面：让它们按照自己的步伐成长
/
发
展）
，同时还
培养了它们的社交能力。
But they point
out that many of the things children once did in
first grade are now expected of
them in
kindergarten, and they worry lest more and more
will now be asked of 4-year-olds.
但是，它们
也指出，以前许多在一年级才要求掌握的事情现在希望还在幼儿园的孩子也要
学会，
他们甚至还唯恐
4
岁的小孩知之过少
（字面：
他们唯恐小孩所要要求的将越来越多）
。
These
psychologists
and
educators
believe
we
are
driving
young
children
too
hard
and
thereby
depriving them of
their childhood.
（同时）这些心理学家和教育家们认为，我们如此
这般强压这些孩子以至于剥夺了他们的
童年。
2
、
People
have
wondered
for
a
long
time
how
their
personalities
and
behaviors
are
formed.
人的个性和行为习
惯是如何形成的？这是困扰着人们很长时间的一个问题。
It's not easy to explain why one person
is intelligent and another is not, or why one is
cooperative
and another is
competitive.
?
为什么
人的智力千差万别（一个人聪明，而另一个人却不是）？为什么有些人（一个人）
乐于协
作，有些人（另一个人）却争强好胜？要解释这些并不易。
Social scientists are, of course,
extremely interested in these types of questions.
当然，这些问题也是社会科学家们所极其关心的问题。
They want to explain why we possess
certain characteristics and exhibit certain
behaviors.
他们想（为我们）解释为什么我们具
备特定的个性、表现出一定的行为举止。
There are
no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of
thoughts on the matter have developed.
然而这并没有确切的答案（可言）
，但是基于这个问题的两个思
想流派已经发展起来。
As one might
expect, the two approaches are very different from
one another, and there is a great
deal
of debate between proponents of each theory.
正如你所料，两种思想流派是截然不同的，而二者理论的支持
者之间存在剧烈的争论。
The controversy
is often c
onveniently referred to as
“nature/nurture.”
他们二者（关于这个问
题的）争论的往往很容易被归结为“先天得之或后天养成”
。
Those
who
support
the
“nature”
side
of
the
conflict
believe
that
our
personalities
and
behavior
patterns are
largely determined by biological and genetic
factors.
那些“先天得之”论的支持者认为，我们的性格和行为模式在很大程
度上取决于生物和遗
传因素。
That our environment has little, if
anything, to do with our abilities,
characteristics, and behavior
is
central to this theory.
我们所处的环境对我们能力、个性
、行为（的塑造）甚至可能并没有什么作用，而这一点
正是“先天得之”论的核心。
Taken
to
an
extreme,
this
theory
maintains
that
our
behavior
is
predetermined
to
such
a
great
degree that we are
almost completely governed by our instincts.
这种理论甚至极端地坚持认为，我们的行为模式在很大程度上是先天决定的；因此，我们< p>
几乎完全受我们的本能所支配。
Proponents of the “nurture” theory, or
as they are often called, behaviorists,
claim
that our
environment
is more important than our biologically based
instincts in determining how we will
act.
“后天养成”论的支持者
们，抑或是常称之为行为学家，他们声称在决定我们的行为
模式时，环境比以生理为基础
的本能更为重要。
A behaviorist, B.
F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior
is almost completely shaped
by their
surroundings.
一位名叫斯金纳（
r
）行为学家认为，人类的行为模式完全是由周围环境塑造的。
The behaviorists' view of the
human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain
that, like machines,
humans respond to
environmental stimuli as the basis of their
behavior.
?
行为学家们有
关人类的观点是相当的机械的；他们机械的认为，人类对环境刺激的反应是
形成他们行为
模式的基础。
The traditional
belief that a woman's place is in the home and
that a woman ought not to go out to
work can hardly be reasonably
maintained in present conditions.
女人当主内（应当待家里）以及女人不应该外出工作，诸如上述传统观念在现如今的条件
下将很难合理的维系。
It is said
that it is a woman's task to care for the
children, but families today tend to be small and
with a year or two between children.
（传统观念）还认为，女人的天职就是照顾小孩，然而现如今家庭规模在逐渐变小，小孩
之间的年龄差距也就一两岁。
Thus
a woman's whole period of child bearing may occur
within five years.
如此一来，一个女人用来照顾小孩得所有时间也就五年之内。
Furthermore, with compulsory education
from the age of five or six, her role as chief
educator of
her children soon ceases.
此外，随着五六岁适龄入学，女人作为孩子首席教育家的工作
也很快就停止了。
Thus even if we
agree, that a woman should stay at home to look
after her children before they are
of
school age, for many women, this period would
extend only for about ten years.
因此，即使是
我们同意，对于大多数女人来说，待在家里照顾孩子直到他们适龄入学，这
段时间也仅仅
是
10
年而已。
It might be argued that the house-proud
women would still find plenty to do about the
home.
（然而，仍然）有可能会有争论说，那些以家庭
为重的女人仍然可以找到很多与家庭有关
的事情去做。
That
may
be
so,
but
it
is
certainly
no
longer
necessary
for
a
woman
to
spend
her
whole
life
cooking, mending and sewing.
女人们确有可能如上所述，但是究其一生去做煮饭、修补和缝
纫的活已经不再是一个女人
所必须的了。
Washing machines take the drudgery out
of laundry, the latest models being entirely
automatic and
able to wash and dry a
large quantity of clothes in a few minutes.
洗衣机的问世将洗衣房里枯燥乏味的工作解放，最新式的洗衣
机能完成将大量衣物洗涤到
烘干的所有工作，而这些工作都是全自动的。
Refrigerators have made it
possible to store food for long periods and many
pre-cooked foods are
obtainable in
tins.
电冰箱的问世使得长时间储存食物成为可能，<
/p>
（与此同时）许多预熟的食物都保存到了罐头
中。
Shopping, instead of being a daily
task, can be completed in one day a week.
（这样一来）我们只需一周采购一次，而不是每天如此。
The new man-made fibres are more
hardwearing than natural fibres and greatly reduce
mending,
while good ready-made clothes
are cheap and plentiful.
（另
外，
）新型的人造纤维织物比自然纤维的织物更耐磨，在大大节省了修补工作的同时，<
/p>
这些成衣更便宜且更方便批量化。
3
、
In country
after country, talk of nonsmokers’ right is in the
air.
不吸烟者的权利问题正在一个又一个国家里议论开了。
While a majority of countries have
taken little or no action yet, some 30 nations
have introduced
legislative steps to
control smoking.
虽然大多数的国家（对此）极少甚至不采取任何行
动，然而有
30
个国家已经通过立法措施
来控烟。
Many laws have been
introduced in other countries to help clear the
air for nonsmokers, or to cut
cigarette
consumption.
一些国家通过出台多项法律来保证非烟民不被动吸二手烟（
字面：还非烟民洁净的空气）
，
或者通过法律减少香烟消费。<
/p>
In
some
developed
countries
the
consumption
of
cigarettes
has
become
more
or
less
stabilized.
在一些发达国家，香烟消费或多或少已趋于稳定。
However,
in
many
developing
nations,
cigarette
smoking
is
seen
as
a
sign
of
economic
progress
—
and is
even encouraged.
然而，在许多发展中国家，吸烟（个人认为应该翻
译成，烟草消费）被视作经济发展的标
志，更有甚者他们还鼓励吸烟。
< br>
As
more
tobacco
companies
go
international,
new
markets
are
sought
to
gain
new
smokers
in
those countries.
随着烟草公司的国际化，这些国家的烟民便成了烟草公司们的新大陆（字面：烟草公司需
要在这些国家的烟民中找到新的市场）
。
For
example,
great
efforts
are
made
by
the
American
tobacco
industry
to
sell
cigarettes
in
the
Middle East and North
Africa
—
where U.S. tobacco
exports increased by more than 27 percent in
1974.
例如，
美国烟草业在
1974
年向中东和北非输出的烟草总额增加了
27%
以上，
为此他们做出
了巨大
的努力。
Smoking is harmful to the health of
people.
吸烟有害健康。
World
governments should conduct serious campaigns
against it.
世界各国政府应该开展严肃的禁烟运动。
Restrictions
on
cigarette
advertisement,
plus
health
warnings
on
packages
and
bans
on
public
smoking
in
certain
places
such
as
theatres,
cinemas
and
restaurants,
are
the
most
popular
tools
used by nations in
support of nonsmokers or in curbing smoking.
限制香烟广告，在烟盒上标识吸烟危害，在剧院、影院、饭馆
等公共场所禁烟（等）
，这是
大多数国家为了保证非烟民利益以
及控烟的普遍做法。
But
world
attention
also
is
focusing
on
another
step
which
will
make
the
smoker
increasingly
self-conscious
and uncomfortable about his habit.
然而，世
界各国所关注的下一步重点是，如何让这些烟民更加自觉并且让他们意识到吸烟
是陋习<
/p>
Great efforts should be made
to inform young people especially of the dreadful
consequences of
taking up the habit.
（同时，
）我们应该尽最大努力去告诫年轻人沾上吸烟这个陋习将会
带来的恶果。
And cigarette price
should be boosted.
与此同时，香烟的价格应当提高。
In the long run, there is no doubt that
everybody would be much better-off if smoking were
banned altogether, but people are not
ready for such drastic action.
在这漫长的禁烟赛
跑中，毫无疑问，每个人的生活都将因禁烟而变得美好，然而人们却并
没有为这场激烈的
禁烟战争做好准备。
4
、
这一篇用了很多比喻及隐喻，还有类比，所以翻译起来比较难，到后面长
句较
多，超出我的能力范围。
We
are told the mass media are the greatest organs
for enlightenment that the world has yet
seen;
that
in
Britain,
for
instance,
several
million
people
see
each
issue
of
the
current
affairs
programme, Panoroma.
据我们所知，大众媒体是迄今为止最好的启迪民智的方式，比
如在英国，时事节目
“
全景
”
（
Panoroma
）每一期都吸引了数百万的
观众。
It is true that never in
human history were so many people so often and so
much exposed to so
many intimations
about societies.
确实，同时让如此众多
的人如此频繁密集地置身于形形色色的社会暗示当中，像这样的情
况，在人类历史中还从
未有过。
（这一句当中
intimations
about
societies
社会暗示
翻译不
好，请见谅）
This kind of exposure may well be a
point of departure for acquiring certain important
intellectual
and imaginative qualities,
width of judgement, a sense of the variety of
possible attitudes.
置身于其中或许
是一种获取某些重要知识、富有想象力的品质、广泛的判断力以及对事物
各种可能态度的
起点。
Yet in itself such
exposure does not bring intellectual or
imaginative development.
然而单凭如此置身其中却并不能
使我们的智力和想象力有所增益。
It is no
more than the masses of stone which lie around in
a quarry and which may, conceivably,
go
to the making of a cathedral.
这莫不如采石场中堆
卧如山的顽石，你可信，他日将成筑造教堂之材。
The
mass media cannot build the cathedral, and their
way of showing the stones does not always
prompt others to build.
大众媒体并不能筑起教堂，他们如此这般展示这些顽石也并不能使其成为可用之材。
For
the
stones
are
presented
within
a
self-contained
and
self-sufficient
world
in
which,
it
is
implied,
simply to look at them, to observe fleetingly
individually interesting points of difference
between them is sufficient in itself. <
/p>
因为作为这些顽石本身，他们都各自处在一个独立的、自足的世界当中，由于他们的含蓄，
我们无非就只能这么看着他们，因此，身处这样的环境，快速的浏览这些顽石各自的闪光
点足矣。
Life
is
indeed
full of
problems
on
which
we
have
to
—
or
feel
we
should
try
to
—
make
decisions, as citizens or as private
individuals.
确实，生活本就是各种问题的结
合体，因此，身处这种环境中，作为公民或者作为个人的
我们，都不得不去抑或觉得理应
试着去做决定。
（或者这么翻译：生活充满了许多不管我们
作为
公民还是个人都必须做出决定的问题。
）
But neither the real difficulty of
these decisions, nor their true and disturbing
challenge to each
individual, can often
be communicated through the mass media.
然而，这些抉择本身所具有的真实难度，还有抉择时所带来令
人烦恼的难题，这一切都没
有在大众媒体上得到报道和体现。
（
communitcated
意为沟通，交流，若直译读起来不
太通
顺）
The
disinclination
to
suggest
real
choice,
individual
decision,
which
is
to
be
found in
the
mass
media is not simply the product of a
commercial desire to keep the customer happy.
大众媒体不愿给出明确的答案，这种行为，不能简单的将其视
为一种想要取乐顾客的商业
手段。
It is within the grain of mass
communications.
它是存在于大众传媒的产物之中的。
The organs of the Establishment,
however well-intentioned they may be and whatever
their form
(the State, the Church,
voluntary societies, political parties), have a
vested interest in ensuring that
the
public boat is not violently rocked, and will so
affect those who work within the mass media
that they will be led insensibly
towards forms of production which, though they go
through the
motions of dispute and
enquiry, do not break through the skin to where
such enquiries might really
hurt.
官方的机构（州、教会、志愿者协会、政党）
，无论他们是否可能是善意的，都注重自己的
既得利益，确保公众的反应不是太
激烈，注重自己在社会中的地位不被动摇，并极尽所能
的对那些在大众媒体中工作的人造
成影响，使他们不知不觉为政府机构的生产形式而左右，
尽管这些新闻从业者会走个讨论
、询问的过场，但这并不会触及到政府的关键之处。
(
触及
到要害
)
They will tend
to move, when exposing problems, well within the
accepted cliché
-assumptions of
democratic
society
and
will
tend
neither
radically
to
question
these
cliché
s
nor
to
make
a
disturbing application of them to
features of contemporary life.
他们揭露问题往往只是在民主社会可以接受的老一套观点内进行。既不对这些老一套的表
示出一点过激的疑问，在涉及现代生活时也尽量不让各方面感到难堪。
They
will
stress
the
“stimulation”
the
programs
give,
but
this
soon
becomes
an
agitation
of
problems for the sake of the interest
of that agitation itself; they will therefore,
again, assist a form
of acceptance of
the status quo (
现状
).
他们会通过电视节目来施以刺激，但是出于利益的角度，这种做法很快的变成一种煽动；
最后反过来又成为让大家接受现状的推手。
There were exceptions to this tendency,
but they are uncharacteristic.
（当然）这种情况也有例外，然而却不是典型的。
The result can be seen in a hundred
radio and television programs as plainly as in the
normal
treatment of public issues in
the popular press.
在广播电视节目中常能看到这样的处理结果，
就如同公共媒体应对普通的公共事件一样简
单明了。
Different levels of background in the
readers or viewers may be assumed, but what
usually takes
place is a substitute for
the process of arriving at judgement.
公众媒体需要考虑到不同层次观众或读者的背景情况，然而常常发生的是
Programs such as this
are noteworthy less for the
“stimulation” they offer
than for the
fact that
stimulation
(repeated
at
regular
intervals)
may
become
a
substitute
for
and
so
a
hindrance
to
judgements carefully arrived at and
tested in the mind and on the pulses.
Mass communications, then, do not
ignore intellectual matters; they tend to castrate
(
使
…
丧失活
力
) them, to allow them to sit on the
side of the fireplace, sleek and useless, a family
plaything.
5
、
Writing, as a
career, offers a range of personal rewards.
作为一种职业，写作能为作者提供一系列的回报。
It enables people to express
themselves, as well as to entertain, inform, and
influence others.
写作让人表达自己的同时，同样能够娱乐、告知、影响他人。
With only a few tools -- paper, a
typewriter, a pencil, and often a personal
computer, a writer can
have an impact
on the surrounding world.
仅仅需要一张纸、一台打印机
、一支笔或者一台个人电脑，作家就可以凭此写出惊世之作。
But most authors spend hundreds of
hours perfecting their skills before they can sell
any of their
works.
然而，绝大多数的
作家能够以写作养活生计之前，他们都需要花费时日去磨练他们的写作
技艺。
A person who wants to be a writer
should set aside some time to write every day.
要想成为一个作家，每日行文是必须的。
Learning to express ideas clearly and
effectively in writing takes a great deal of
practice.
想要在文章中清晰、有效地表达自己的
想法需要做大量的写作练习。
Many
experienced writers keep a journal.
许多有经验的作家都有记日记的习惯。
A journal can serve as a storehouse for
information, observations, and ideas.
日记是储存信息、观察和想法的宝库。
It can also be a place to develop new
material.
它同样也可以是提炼新素材的宝库。
Beginning writers should read many
kinds of writing encountered every day and pay
special
attention to what they find
most interesting.
初学写作的人应该阅
读日常碰到的各式各样的作品，要特别留意那些他们特别感兴趣的文
章。
News items, feature
stories, textbooks, cookbooks, repair
manuals, poems, essays,
short stories,
novels, and
plays differ in their methods of organizing and
presenting material.
新闻、特写、
教材、食谱、维修手册、诗歌、散文、短篇故事、小说和戏剧在组织和呈现
素材的时候各
有各的手法。
A
beginning
writer
who
reads
widely
and
carefully
will
develop
an
appreciation
of
different
writing approaches
and styles.
通过广泛而细致的阅读可以帮助初
学写作的人提高对不同写作手法和写作风格作品的鉴赏
能力。
In time, the writer can acquire a more
flexible approach to his or her own work.
< br>随着时间的推移，作家就可以在他
/
她的作品中游刃有余
。
Successful authors write about subjects
they know and understand.
成功的作家写的主题是他们知晓的领域。
They sometimes take weeks or months
revising or refining an article, poem, or story.
有时候他们会花数周甚至数月时间去修改、精炼一篇文章、诗
歌或者故事。
Beginning
writers
usually
benefit
from
finding
one
or
more
friendly
critics
who
will
read
their
work
and discuss its strengths and weaknesses with
them.
初学写作的人往往能从友善的评论家（的点评）那受益，因为这些评论家会
研读他们的作
品并与他们一同讨论作品的优点和缺点。
High schools and colleges offer many
learning opportunities for young writers.
高中和大学为年轻的作家提供了许多学习的机会。
Composition and literature courses can
be helpful.
作文和文学课程（对于年轻的作家）也非常有帮助。
Creative writing and journalism courses
may further assist a beginning writer in
developing his or
her skills.
创意写作和新闻写作课程可以更加深入的帮助一个初学写作的
人提升他
/
她的写作能力。
Many students work on literary
magazines, newspapers, or yearbooks published by
their schools.
许多学生在位文学杂志社、报社或者学校年鉴出版出版社工作。
They may write stories, edit articles,
or gain other valuable experience.
他们可能
在那儿写故事、编辑文章，或者（为写作）积累宝贵的经验。
6
、
Few people
doubt the fundamental importance of mothers in
child-rearing, but what do
fathers do?
鲜少有人怀疑母亲在照顾孩子方面的根本重要性，然而，爸爸
（的重要性）呢
Much of what they
contribute is simply the result of being a second
adult in the home.
他们对家里面的贡献仅仅是作为家里面第二个成年人所做的。
Bringing up children is demanding,
stressful and exhausting.
拉扯大一个小孩往往是吃力的、有压力且疲惫的。
Two
adults
can
support
and
make
up
for
each
other's
deficiencies
and
build
on
each
other's
strengths.
两个大人（爸爸妈妈）可以相互支持，互补不足各取所长。
Fathers also bring an array of unique
qualities.
爸爸（在养育孩子方面，同样）可以
取得一系列特别的作用（字面：独特的品质）
。
Some are familiar: protector and role
model.
其中一些为人们所熟知，即保护者和（孩子的）榜样。
Teenage boys without fathers are
notoriously prone to trouble.
众所周知，没有父亲的男孩更容易招惹麻烦。
The pathway to adulthood for daughters
is somewhat easier, but they must still learn from
their
fathers, in ways they cannot from
their mothers, how to relate to men.
<
/p>
女孩的成人之路相对来说要简单一些，然而，她们也必须仍然要从父亲那儿学习如何与男<
/p>
性相处，这一点是她们无法从母亲那儿学来的。
They learn from their fathers about
heterosexual trust, intimacy and difference.
她们从父亲那儿学会了对异性的信任、亲密与区别。
They learn to appreciate their own
femininity from the one male who is most special
in their lives.
她们要从一个男人身上学
习欣赏自己身上的女性温柔之美，而这个男人在她生命当中是那
么特殊。
Most
important,
through
loving
and
being
loved
by
their
fathers,
they
learn
that
they
are
love-
worthy.
最重要的是，通过从她们的父亲那儿学到爱与被爱，她们将会明白她们
不负所爱（字面：
她们是值得被爱的）
。
Current research gives much deeper --
and more surprising -- insight into the father's
role in
child-rearing.
对于儿童成
长阶段父亲的角色，最近的研究给出了更加深刻且令人意外的发现。
One significantly overlooked dimension
of fathering is play.
其中一个显然被忽略的方面就是玩耍。
From
their
children's
birth
through
adolescence,
fathers
tend
to
emphasize
play
more
than
caretaking.
从呱呱坠地到青春期，父亲往往着重于与孩子们玩耍多过照顾。
The father's style of play is likely to
be both physically stimulating and exciting.
与父亲玩耍的是的方式更加倾向于身心的激励（字面：身体上
的刺激和让人兴奋）
。
With
older
children
it
involves
more
teamwork,
requiring
competitive
testing
of
physical
and
mental skills.
与
年长一点的孩子相处时，玩耍中要包含了更多的团队合作，还需要有关心理和生理方面
的
小竞赛。
It frequently resembles
a teaching relationship: come on, let me show you
how.
这常常类似于一种教学关系——来吧，让我来教你怎么做。
Mothers play more at the child's level.
母亲与孩子之间的玩耍多在孩子们的孩童时期。
They seem willing to let the child
direct play.
她们对孩子们玩耍的期望较为直接。
（字面：她们更希望让孩子们直接玩。
）
Kids, at least in the early years, seem
to prefer to play with daddy.
至少在最初的几年里，孩子们更愿意与他们的爸爸玩耍。
In one study of 2-5-year olds who were
given a choice, more than two-thirds chose to play
with
their father.
一个对
2-5
岁这个年龄段小孩的研究指出，
当让这些小孩
选择跟谁玩时，
超过三分之一小孩
得选择是他们的爸爸。
The way fathers play has
effects on everything from the management of
emotions to intelligence
and academic
achievement.
与父亲玩耍的方式会对很多方面
产生影响，从情绪控制到智力发展，甚至是学业成绩。
It
is particularly important in promoting self-
control.
特别是在情绪控制方面有非常重要的促进作用。
According
to
one
expert,
who
roughhouse
with
their
fathers
quickly
learn
that
biting,
kicking and other forms of physical
violence are not acceptable.
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