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第二节 常见的译词法

作者:高考题库网
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2021-03-02 19:07
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2021年3月2日发(作者:variables)


第二节



常见的译词法



(一)


推演法——


< br>根据英语词典的原文解释推演出汉语词义。


如:








Equilateral (adj.): having all sides or faces equal;







detente(n.) : a relaxation of strained relations or tensions(as between nations)







community: a social group or class having common interests.


business community



















legal community


academic community


















diplomatic



community


Turkish community





















foreign community



the indigenous community













Sarah community


Shia community


(二)


移植法


------


即直译法。


如:













microwave


微波















right-wing


右翼













outparty



在野党















petroldollar


石油美元



(三)


引申法


-------


为适应译文表意或行文的需要,对原文词义进行延续或扩展。






A


类:词义从具体引向抽象,从特殊引向一般,从局部引向概括,从实引向虚。




1




There were times when emigration bottleneck was extremely rigid and nobody


was allowed to leave the country out of his personal preference.


Bottleneck


的原义是“瓶颈、交通狭口”


,引申为“限制”



Preference


的原义是“偏


爱”


,引申为“考虑”




译为:过去有过这种情况:移民限制极为严格,不许任何人出于个人考虑而迁居他


国。




2




Brain drain has been Egypt’s Number One concern, as a matter of fact it has


become an epidemic in that area of the world.


Brain


的原义是“头脑”

< br>,引申为“人才”






concern


的原义是“关心的事 ”


,引申


为“问题”



Epidemic


的原义是“流行病”


,引申为“很普 遍的严重问题”




译为:人才外流不 仅是埃及的首要问题,而且是世界那一地区很普遍的严重问题。




3




Their life style could seem Spartan



to a city family with their assets.


Spartan


指“古希腊斯巴达人的”< /p>


,引申为“严朴”



< br>译为:他们的生活方式对城市里的殷实人家来说,似乎过于严朴。




4




Now you can meet good Samaritans again, here, there and everywhere.





Samaritans

< p>
源出《圣经》


,指乐善好施者,引申为“乐于助人者”




译为:现在你又可以处处见到乐于助人的人了。






B


类:词义从抽象引向具体,从一般引向特殊,从概括引向局部,从虚引向实。





1


When we go on a Sunday outing, it is to do Musee du Louvre.


Do


被引 申为“逛”


,从一般引向特殊。译文:如果星期天出门,我们就逛罗浮宫。




2



The Democratic Party is the party of longest continuous existence.


Existence

< br>(存在)引申为“党史”




译文:民主党则是党史最长、其间又从未中断过的一个政党。




3



Sau di Arabia has had problems with Iraq and South Yemen, but he tried hard to remain in


touch with leaders of both states.


Problems(


问题


)

引申为“纠葛”




译文:


沙特阿拉伯与伊拉克和南也门之间早有纠葛,


但他仍竭尽全力与两国领 导人保持接触。




4



He is a valuable acquisition to the team.


Acquisition(


获得、获得物


)

。译文:他是该球队不可多得的新队员。




5



There is more to their life than political and social and economic problems; more than


transient everydayness.


Everydayness(


日 常性


)


,引申为“柴米油盐”





译文:


他们的生 活远不止那些政治的、


社会的和经济的问题




远不止一时的柴米油盐问题。



引申词义必须紧扣原文的词典意义,使引申词义与原文词义“若即若离”

,即“形相离而神


即”


,不可随意发挥。

< br>


作业:



1. Every life has its roses and thorns(



).


2. The car in front of me stopped and I missed the green.





was no provocation(


激怒、刺激


) for such an angry letter,


’s Restaurant had become an


institution


(熟悉 的事物)



in his life in the last seven years.


trunk was big and awkward and loaded with books. But his case was a different proposition


(问题)


.


6The wedding, which Mike still remembered with pride, was attended by a


Who’s Who


of



Boston Society.


invention of machinery had brought into the world a new era------




The Industrial Age. Money had become King.


(四)替代法


------


即使用同 义词、近义词来代替原词,以化除汉语行文上的阻滞,其效果


是“一词之易,全句生辉”


。替代法有三种形式。



1.


为调整搭配或呼应而进行“替代”


,如:



The carp originates in Africa and has been transplanted


to beds of waters of China’s inland


provinces.


汉译 :那种鲫鱼发源于非洲(最早在非洲繁殖)


,现在已在中国内地几省的水乡移植(接种< /p>


成活)




2.


用成语替代


汉语中成语极其丰富,成语使用得当可使行文生辉,获得更好的修辞效果




英语词语(形


)


汉语一般词语



汉语成语



1.



lively


生动的



栩栩如生的



2.



irrelevant


无关的



风马牛不相及的



3.



powerless


无能力的



无能为力的



4.



buoyant


轻快的



喜气洋洋的



5.



identical


相同的



千篇一律的



6.



helpless


无帮助的



无可奈何的



ritical


极苛刻的



吹毛求疵的



成语往往带有某种色彩( 如褒贬、讥讽等)




The function of the agency is still something mystical, though the building housing is tangible.


尽管那栋房子看得见摸得着,这个机构是干什么的,现在仍然讳莫如深。



3.


以反替正和以正替反






即将含 有否定词义的词译成肯定式,将具有肯定词义的词译成否定式。如:










肯定(正说词)



















否定(反说词)








hyperactive


过于活跃的
















不安职守









confused


混乱的























不甚了然









loathe



厌恶

























不乐意(干某事)


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