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第二节
常见的译词法
(一)
推演法——
< br>根据英语词典的原文解释推演出汉语词义。
如:
Equilateral (adj.): having
all sides or faces equal;
detente(n.) : a relaxation of strained
relations or tensions(as between nations)
community: a social group
or class having common interests.
business community
legal community
academic
community
diplomatic
community
Turkish community
foreign community
the indigenous community
Sarah community
Shia community
(二)
移植法
------
即直译法。
如:
microwave
微波
right-wing
右翼
outparty
在野党
petroldollar
石油美元
(三)
引申法
-------
为适应译文表意或行文的需要,对原文词义进行延续或扩展。
A
p>
类:词义从具体引向抽象,从特殊引向一般,从局部引向概括,从实引向虚。
(
1
)
There were times when emigration
bottleneck was extremely rigid and nobody
was allowed to leave the country out of
his personal preference.
Bottleneck
的原义是“瓶颈、交通狭口”
,引申为“限制”
;
Preference
的原义是“偏
爱”
,引申为“考虑”
。
译为:过去有过这种情况:移民限制极为严格,不许任何人出于个人考虑而迁居他
国。
(
2
)
Brain drain has been Egypt’s Number One
concern, as a matter of fact it has
become an epidemic in that area of the
world.
Brain
的原义是“头脑”
< br>,引申为“人才”
;
concern
的原义是“关心的事
”
,引申
为“问题”
。
Epidemic
的原义是“流行病”
,引申为“很普
遍的严重问题”
。
译为:人才外流不
仅是埃及的首要问题,而且是世界那一地区很普遍的严重问题。
(
3
)
Their life style could seem Spartan
to a city family with their
assets.
Spartan
指“古希腊斯巴达人的”<
/p>
,引申为“严朴”
。
< br>译为:他们的生活方式对城市里的殷实人家来说,似乎过于严朴。
(
4
)
Now you can meet good Samaritans again,
here, there and everywhere.
Samaritans
源出《圣经》
,指乐善好施者,引申为“乐于助人者”
。
译为:现在你又可以处处见到乐于助人的人了。
B
p>
类:词义从抽象引向具体,从一般引向特殊,从概括引向局部,从虚引向实。
(
1
)
When we go on a Sunday outing, it is
to do Musee du Louvre.
Do
被引
申为“逛”
,从一般引向特殊。译文:如果星期天出门,我们就逛罗浮宫。
(
2
)
The
Democratic Party is the party of longest
continuous existence.
Existence
< br>(存在)引申为“党史”
。
译文:民主党则是党史最长、其间又从未中断过的一个政党。
(
3
)
Sau
di Arabia has had problems with Iraq and South
Yemen, but he tried hard to remain in
touch with leaders of both states.
Problems(
问题
)
引申为“纠葛”
。
译文:
沙特阿拉伯与伊拉克和南也门之间早有纠葛,
但他仍竭尽全力与两国领
导人保持接触。
(
4
)
He
is a valuable acquisition to the team.
Acquisition(
获得、获得物
)
。译文:他是该球队不可多得的新队员。
(
5
)
There is more to
their life than political and social and economic
problems; more than
transient
everydayness.
Everydayness(
日
常性
)
,引申为“柴米油盐”
。
译文:
他们的生
活远不止那些政治的、
社会的和经济的问题
,
远不止一时的柴米油盐问题。
p>
引申词义必须紧扣原文的词典意义,使引申词义与原文词义“若即若离”
,即“形相离而神
即”
,不可随意发挥。
< br>
作业:
1. Every
life has its roses and
thorns(
刺
).
2. The
car in front of me stopped and I missed the green.
was no provocation(
激怒、刺激
)
for such an angry letter,
’s Restaurant
had become an
institution
(熟悉
的事物)
in his life in the last
seven years.
trunk was big and awkward
and loaded with books. But his case was a
different proposition
(问题)
.
6The wedding, which Mike still
remembered with pride, was attended by a
Who’s Who
of
Boston Society.
invention
of machinery had brought into the world a new
era------
The
Industrial Age. Money had become King.
(四)替代法
------
即使用同
义词、近义词来代替原词,以化除汉语行文上的阻滞,其效果
是“一词之易,全句生辉”
。替代法有三种形式。
1.
为调整搭配或呼应而进行“替代”
,如:
The carp originates in Africa and has
been transplanted
to beds of waters of
China’s inland
provinces.
汉译
:那种鲫鱼发源于非洲(最早在非洲繁殖)
,现在已在中国内地几省的水乡移植(接种<
/p>
成活)
。
2.
用成语替代
汉语中成语极其丰富,成语使用得当可使行文生辉,获得更好的修辞效果
。
英语词语(形
)
汉语一般词语
汉语成语
1.
lively
生动的
栩栩如生的
2.
irrelevant
无关的
风马牛不相及的
3.
powerless
无能力的
无能为力的
4.
buoyant
轻快的
喜气洋洋的
5.
identical
相同的
千篇一律的
6.
helpless
无帮助的
无可奈何的
ritical
极苛刻的
吹毛求疵的
成语往往带有某种色彩(
如褒贬、讥讽等)
。
The
function of the agency is still something
mystical, though the building housing is tangible.
尽管那栋房子看得见摸得着,这个机构是干什么的,现在仍然讳莫如深。
3.
以反替正和以正替反
即将含
有否定词义的词译成肯定式,将具有肯定词义的词译成否定式。如:
肯定(正说词)
否定(反说词)
hyperactive
过于活跃的
不安职守
confused
混乱的
不甚了然
loathe
厌恶
不乐意(干某事)
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