-
高
等
教
育
自
学
考
试
英文翻译
汽
车
检
测
与
维
修
专
业
（
本
科
）
市
地
：
郑
州
市
准
考
证
号
：
姓
名
：
河
南
科
技大
学
高等
教育
自
学考
试
办公
室
Automotive
safe
ty
syste
ms and tec
hnology
re
se
arc
h
and analysis
As
traffic
to
o
ls
o
f
the
mo
< br>d
ern
izat
io
n
and
ab
so
lute
nu
mb
er
increase
sharp
ly,
traffic
accid
ents
are
also
increasin
g.
C
ar
accid
ent
has
beco
me
severe
glo
b
al
so
cial
issues.
Und
o
ub
te
d
ly,
ad
vanced
auto
safety
facilit
ies
are
the
d
riv
in
g
safety
ind<
/p>
isp
ensab
le
safe
guard.
S
o,
we
sho
u
ld
start,
fro
m
techno
lo
g
y
to
research
and
d
e
velo
p
me
nt
o
f
h
igh
perfo
r
mance,
h
igh
safety
car,
also
want
to
strengthe
n
the
reg
u
lar
insp
ect
io
n
in
cars,
so
time
ly
ma
intenance
inves
t
igatio
n,
mak
e
cars
o
ften
in
go
o
d
techn
ical
status,
so
as
to
imp
ro
ve
the
safety
p
erfo
r
mance
o
f
the
car.
Here
we
intro
d
uced
active
safet
y
tech
no
lo
g
y
and
auto
mo
b
ile
car
passive
safety
te
chno
lo
g
y.
< br>
Auto
safety
is
accord
ing
to
the
traffic
accid
ent
hap
p
ened
b
efo
re
and
after
the
c
lassified.
O
ne
is
in
a
traffic
accid
ent
tak
e
safet
y
measures,
especia
lly
b
efo
re
immed
iately
w
ill
p
ro
d
uce
risk
co
nd
it
io
n,
< br>
d
rivers
man
ip
u
late
the
steerin
g
whee
l
avo
id
o
r
emergency
b
rak
e
to
avo
id
traffic
accid
ents.
In
t
he
car,
d
rive
in
< br>us
ua
lly
to
ensure
the
b
asic
man
< br>ip
u
latio
n
stab
ilit
y,
drivers
o
n
the
surro
und
ing
env
iro<
/p>
n
ment
a
nd
to
ensure
t
he v
isua
l reco
gn
it
io
n
sex d
r
ive th
e car
itself,
deve
lo
p
ed
the
b
asic
p
erfo
rmance
ant
-
lo
ck
b
rak
ing
s
ystem
(ABS
),
p
revent
slip
p
ery
d
rive
system
(AS
R),
active
susp
ensio
n,
p
o
wer
steering
and
fo
ur-
wheel
d
rive
(4
WD),
fo
ur-
wheel
steerin
g
(4WS
),
lig
ht
ing
system,
w
ip
er,
the
rearv
iew
mirro
r,
p
revent
fro
m
rear-
end
co
llis
io
n
car
alarm
syste
m
and
laser
rad
ar,
etc.
These
securit
y
d
ev
ices
and
tech
no
lo
g
y,
< br>
called
active
safety
system,
can
also
b
e
called
p
revent
ive
secur
ity
s
ystem.
O
n
the
o
ther
hand
,
in
o
rder
to
red
uce
traffic
acc
id
ents
and
co
mp
an
y
b
y
p
er
so
n
nel
d
irectly
su
ffer
d
egree,
ensure
co
mp
any
tak
e
staff
and
p
edestria
n
safety,
says the secur
ity
fo
r p
assive
safet
y,
can also
be
called
co
n
flict
safety.
Whe
n
after
t
he
acc
id
ent,
in
o
rd
er
to
p
revent
河南科技大学高等教育自学考试毕业论文
d
isasters,
inc
lud
ing
p
revent
the
exp
ans
io
n
o
f
fire
and
mak
e
c
rew
fro
m
traffic
accid
ent
can
extr
icate
the
secur
ity
d
evices
and
systems,
called
p
revent
d
isaster
exp
and
securit
y
system.
< br>O
ne
．
Auto
mo
b
ile
active
secur
ity <
/p>
tech
no
lo
g
y
1.
ABS
b
rak
ing
syste
m
Ant-
lo
ck
Brak
in
g
S
ystem
(Brak
in
g
S
ystem,
lo
ck
d
o
b
y
ABS
co
mp
uters
as
ABS
),
h
yd
raulic
d
ev
ice,
the
wheel
sp
eed
senso
rs,
b
rake
hyd
rau
lic
p
ip
eline
and
electrical
w
ir
ing
etc.
Their
struct
ures are
sho
wn
belo
w.
ABS
tasseled
fo
r
the
car
in
var
io
us
d
riv
in
g
co
nd
it
io
ns
b
rak
in
g
perfo
r
mance
and
b
rak
e
safety
p
articu
lar
ly
imp
o
rtant,
esp
ecia
lly
is
emergency
b
rak
ing,
can
make
fu
ll
use
o
f
the
peak
b
etween
t
ire
and
ro
ad
surface
ad
hesio
n
< br>p
ro
p
erties,
imp
ro
ve
p
er
fo
rma
nce
and
red
uce
auto
mo
b
ile
fight
sid
es
lip
b
rak
ing
d
istance,
give
fu
ll
p
la
y
to
the
b
rak
ing
< br>perfo
r
mance,
b
ut
a
lso
increase
the
auto
mo
b
ile
b
rak
ing
p
ro
cess
co
ntro
l.
So
as
to
red
uce
the p
o
ssib
ilit
y
o
f
car
accid
ents.
No
installat
io
n
ABS
car,
if
the
d
riv
in
g
fo
rce
tramp
le
b
rake
p
edal,
wheel
w
ill
rap
id
ly
lo
wer
sp
eed,
and
finally
wheels
stop
turn
ing,
b
ut
bo
d
y
because o
f
inertia
rema
ins
fo
rward
slid
ing.
T
h
is
p
heno
me
no
n
was
at
the
whee
l and
p
aveme
nt o
ccur
b
etween
larger
lip
app
ea
r
this
k
ind
o
f sit
uat
< br>io
n,
the c
ar
tires o
f
auto
mo
b
ile
lateral sp
read
s
almo
st d
isap
pear,
so
po
o
r
fo
rce
will
app
ear
the
fo
llo
w
in
g
p
heno
men
a
:
(1)
S
teerin
g
stab
ilit
y
fall:
t
he steerin
g
whee
l
is
ineffect
ive,
veh
ic
le
tail
man
ip
u
lat
io
n
o
f cur
l,
serio
us w
hen
veh
ic
le
circ
les o
r ap
pear
fo
ld
ing
p
heno
meno
n;
(2)
Hand
ling
fall:
man
ip
u
la
te
the
steerin
g
wheel
and
sho
rt
o
f
steering
req
u
ire
ment
s;
(3)
Brak
in
g
d
ista
nce
extend
ed
:
mo
re than
general
b
rak
ing
d
istance.
So
,
we
can
imag
ine
to
have
insta
lled
ABS
system
o
f
t
he
car
safety
2
河南科技大学高等教育自学考试毕业论文
is
very
imp
o
< br>rtant.
2
．
the
AS
R
d
rive
to
rq
ue
co
ntro
l
syste
m
ABS
are
used
to
p
revent
car
b
rak
in
g
p
rocess
whee
l
lo
ck
,
will
wheel
s
lid
in
g
rate
co
ntro
l
in
id
eal
ran
ge,
so
as
to
sho
rten
t
he
b
r
ak
ing
d
istance,
imp
ro
ve
auto
mo
b
ile
b
rak
in
g
d
irectio
n
stab
ilit
y
and
steering
co
ntro
l,
so
as
to
imp
ro
ve
the
safet
y
o
f
t
he
car.
Alo
ng
w
it
h
t
he
increase
o
f
veh
ic
le
p
erfo
r
mance
req
u
ireme
nts,
no
t
o
nly
in
b
rak
in
g
p
ro
cess
req
u
ired
to
p
revent
wheel
lo
ck
,
and
asked
the
d
river
to
prevent
d
rive
ro
ller
sk
atin
g
turn
in
the
p
ro
cess,
mak
ing
cars
in
the
d
irectio
n
s
tab
ilit
y,
d
riv
ing
p
rocess
steering
co
ntro
l
ab
ility
and
accelerat
io
n
p
erfo
rmance,
so
are
imp
ro
ved
b
y
the
car
d
rive
to
rq
ue
steerin
g
system
AS
R
(Accelerat
io
ns
Regu
lat
io
n)
S
lip.
AS
R
is
the
p
erfect
co
mp
le
ment
and
ABS
AS
R,
b
ut
mo
st
alo
ne
is
set
wit
h
ABS
co
mb
ined
to
gether,
co
mmo
n
ly
used
ABS
/AS
R
says,
called
ant
isk
id
co
ntro
l
system.
AS
R
is
ma
in
ly
used
to
p
revent
car
in
the
b
egin
n
in
g,
accelerate
the
wheels,
g
uarantee
slip
in
the
car
accelerated
rate
and
imp
ro
ve
t
he
stab
ilit
y
in
b
ad
pave
ment
d
rive
attached
co
nd
it
io
n
s.
It
mak
es
no
d
ifference
sp
eed
in the car
lo
ck
ice
ro
ad
s and
mud
d
y
ro
ad
started
and
to
imp
ro
ve
its
cap
acit
y,
also
can
p
revent
h
igh
in
sp
eed
b
y
turn
in
g
cars
g
lid
ing
p
ave
ment
and
rear
lateral
sp
read
s
p
heno
meno
n.
Any
ho
w,
p
revent
t
he
wheel
b
ecause
AS
R
slip
,
can
max
imize
the
eng
ine
d
riv
in
g
mo
ment
o
f
cars
had
eno
u
gh,
ensure
the
lo
n
g
itud
inal
fo
rce,
lateral
fo
rce
and
ma
n
ip
u
lat
io
< br>n
o
f
po
wer,
mak
e
cars
in
startin
g,
steering
and
accelerate
the
p
ro
cess,
in
g
lid
ing
and
mud
d
y
road
,
in
a
mo
u
n
ta
in
area
do
wn
h
ill
p
rocess
ca
n
stead
ily
d
riv
ing,
g
uarantees
the
safety,
red
uc
in
g
t
ire
wear
and
fue
l
co
nsu
mp
t
io
< br>n,
and
imp
ro
ves
the
car
d
riv
ing
cap
ab
ilit
y.
3
．
VDC
system
3
河南科技大学高等教育自学考试毕业论文
ABS
/AS
R
system
successfu
lly
so
lves
the
b
rak
e
and
the
car
when
d
riven
d
irect
io
n
stab
ilit
y p
rob
le
m,
b
ut
can
no
t so
lve
t
he veh
ic
le
steering
stab
ilit
y
p
ro
b
le
m
d
riv
ing
d
irectio
n.
Fo
r
exa
mp
le
when
steerin
g
ro
ad,
inev
itab
ly
b
y
lateral
and
lo
n
g
it
ud
ina
l
fo
rce,
o
n
ly
lo
cal
s
urface
can
p
ro
v
id
e
fu
ll
latera
l
and
lo
n
g
it
ud
ina
l
fo
rce,
the
p
ilo
t
can
co
ntro
l
veh
ic
les.
If
t
he
gro
u
nd
ad
hesio
n
ab
ility
lo
wer
latera
l,
will
d
ama
ge
cars
d
riv
ing
ab
ilit
y
predetermined
d
irectio
n.
Rain
y
d
ays
cars
d
riv
in
g,
o
ften
h
ig
h-
sp
eed
steering
lateral
s
lid
in
g
o
ut,
it
is
the
gro
u
nd
because
o
f
insu
fficie
nt
lateral
ad
hesio
n
< br>ab
ilit
y.
To
reso
lve
the
iss
ue,
and
deve
lo
p
ed
co
u
ntr
ies
auto
mo
b
ile
ind
ustry
recent
ly
in
ABS
/AS
R
system
o
n
the
b
asis
o
f
the
d
evelo
p
ment
o
f
d
yna
mic
C
o
ntro
l
syste
m
(into
car
Dyna
mics
C
o
ntro
l,
the
abb
rev
iatio
n
VDC
Veh
icle).
The
system
o
f
the
car
b
rake,
d
riv
ing,
< br>susp
ensio
n,
steering,
eng
ine
and
so
o
n
var
io
us
ma
in
assemb
ly
co
ntro
l
system
in
funct
io
n,
structure
o
rgan
ic
gro
u
nd
co
mp
rehens
ive
to
gether,
can
mak
e
cars
in
all
k
ind
s
o
f
b
ad
work
ing
co
nd
it
io
ns,
such as ice
ro
ad
p
avement,
co
mmut
ing,
r
iver b
end
p
avement
and
to
ok
evasive
actio
n
mo
v
ing
line,
b
rak
ing
and
accelerat
io
n
and
the
do
wn
h
ill
fo
r
d
ifferent
co
nd
it
io
ns,
such
as
b
earing,
d
ifferent
typ
e
p
ressure
and
d
ifferent
leve
ls
o
f
typ
e
wear
all
have
go
o
d
d
irectio
n
< br>stab
ilit
y,
to
sho
w
the
b
est
driv
ing
p
< br>erfo
rma
nce.
VDC
ap
p
licat
io
ns,
in
b
ra
k
in
g,
acceleratio
n
and
stee
rin
g
aspects
o
f
d
river'
s
fu
lly
released
req
uest,
is
the
car
o
f
active
safety
d
riv
in
g
a
new
milesto
ne.
VDC
o
f
steerin
g
co
ntro
l
syste
m
is
main
ly
b
y
d
ri
v
in
g
fo
r
each
wheel
b
rak
e
co
ntro
l
and
en
g
ine
p
o
wer
o
utp
ut
co
ntro
l
to
realize.
Fo
r
examp
le,
if
the
car
tur
n
le
ft
fro
nt
w
heel
fo
r
steerin
g
the
inad
eq
uate
cap
acit
y
tend
to
slip
o
ut
o
f
the
co
rner,
VDC
syste
m
can
measure
imminent,
just
k
no
w
lateral
sp
read
s
le
ft
rear
b
rak
e
ad
op
t
ap
p
ro
p
riate
measures.
If
at
the
sa
me
co
rner,
because
rear
wheel
tend
to
slip
o
ut
o
f
favo
r
o
f
lateral
o
ver
much,
VDC
system
is
p
rop
er
b
rak
in
g
to
fro
nt
-
right
wheel
fa
ilure,
ma
intain
the
stab
ilit
y
o
f
the
veh
icle
d
< br>riv
in
g.
In
extre
me
4
河南科技大学高等教育自学考试毕业论文
cases,
VDC
system
can
also
take
red
uce
eng
ine
to
red
uce
the
p
o
wer
o
utp
ut,
and
to
red
uce
the
sp
eed
o
f
the
de
mand
sid
e
ad
hesio
n
ab
ility
to
ma
inta
in
the
stab
ility
o
f
the
veh
ic
le
d
riv
in
g.
Ad
o
p
t
VDC
syste
m,
auto
mo
b
ile
in
fo
lio
pave
ment
o
r
co
rner
o
f
p
avement
b
rak
in
g
d
istance
still
can
further
red
uce.
4
．
CCS
cars
cru
ise
co
ntro
l
system
Auto
cruise
Co
ntro
l
S
yste
m
(C
ruiser C
o
nt
ro
l
S
yste
m,
ab
b
rev
iat
i
o
n
fo
r
CC
S
)
is can
mak
e
auto
< br>mo
b
ile
wo
rk
in
eng
ine
favo
rab
le
sp
eed
range,
red
uce
d
river's
d
riv
in
g
ma
n
ip
u
late
lab
o
r
intens
it
y,
imp
ro
ve
the
d
riv
ing
co
mfo
rt
the
auto
mat
ic
d
riv
in
g
d
evice.
Car
cruis
ing
syste
m
(CC
S
)
ro
le
is
req
uired
b
y
the
d
river
:
after
a
no
rma
lly-
clo
sed
sw
itch,
no
speed
o
n
the
accelerato
r
peda
l
can
auto
mat
ically
k
eep
the
sp
eed,
mak
e
the
veh
icle
w
ith
t
he
fixed
speed.
Using
th
is
d
ev
ice,
when
o
n
the
h
ighwa
y
after
a
lo
ng
t
ime,
the
d
river
d
riv
ing
no
t
have
to
co
ntro
l
the
accelera
to
r
p
ed
al,
red
uce
fatig
ue,
wh
ile
red
< br>uc
in
g
u
nnecessary
sp
eed
chan
ge,
can
red
uce
save
fue
l.
Auto
cru
ise
co
ntro
l
system
is
the
earliest
deve
lo
p
ment
o
f
the
auto
mo
t
ive
electro
n
ic
co
ntro
l
syste
m.
Th
is
syste
m
US
ES
ano
ther
sp
eed
senso
r,
w
ill
sp
eed
signa
l
inp
ut
en
g
ine
co
ntro
l
micro
co
mp
uter,<
/p>
b
y
micro
co
mp
uter
co
ntro
l
vacuu
m
syste
m
wo
rk.
Th
is
system
can
mak
e
use
o
f
the
server,
sp
eed
co
ntro
l
switc
h
lever
and
brake p
edal
o
n
vacuu
m
lift
switches
etc,
its
fu
nctio
n
and
b
asic
system
the
same.
In
th
is
system,
electro
n
ic
co
ntro
l
d
ev
ice
can
acco
rd
change
o
f
d
riv
ing
res
istance,
auto
matic
reg
u
lat
io
n
en
g
ine
thro
tt
le
An
g
le,
mak
e
the
sp
eed
co
nstant.
S
uch
no
t
o
nly
red
uce
un
necessary
sp
eed
change,
wh
ich
saves
fue
l,
also
red
uced
the
d
river's
b
urden.
Two.
Auto
mo
b
ile
p
assive
safety
te
ch
no
lo
g
y
1.
S
eat
b
elt
5
河南科技大学高等教育自学考试毕业论文
Car
seat
b
elt
is
a
safet
y
d
ev
ice,
it
can
in
car
co
llis
io
n
o
r
sharp
turn,
mak
e
crew
to
keep
its
< br>o
rig
ina
l
p
o
sit
io
n
as
po
ssib
le
witho
ut
mo
b
ile
and
ro
tatio
n,
avo
id
co
llis
io
n
w
ith
in-
car
hard
parts
caused
d
amage.
S
eat
belts
and
a
i
rb
ags,
as
mo
dern
cars
are
safety
d
ev
ices,
b
ut
t
he
lo
ng
h
isto
ry
o
f
the
fo
r
mer,
p
o
p
ular
ize
the
sco
pe.
The
seemin
g
ly
s
imp
le
seat
belt
actua
lly
no
t
im
p
le
At
tent
io
n
has
been
at
the
fo
re
fro
nt
o
f
traffic
sa
fety,
thro
u
gh
t
he
ana
lys
is
o
f
general
mo
to
rs
after
a
car
ac
cid
ent
fo
und
:
seat
b
elt
no
t
o
n
ly
mak
es
peop
le
p
ro
tect
the
lives,
can
b
e
in
mo
re
than
ha
lf
o
f
t
he
accid
ent
to
red
uce o
r even
e
liminate
d
rivers,
mo
to
rists are the chance
o
f
injur
y.
Car
co
llis
io
n
o
r
u
nexp
ected
emergenc
y
b
rak
in
g
fo
rce generated great
inert
ia,
will
allo
w
the
d
river
and
p
assenger
and
car
wind
screen,
steering
whee
l,
seat,
co
llis
io
n
hap
p
ened
ob
jects
such
as
seco
nd
ary
to
d
rive
is
caused
extreme
ly
easily
crew
serio
us
d
amage,
even
d
rive
o
ccup
ant
seats
o
r
threw
the
apex,
seat
b
elts
can
w
ill
rid
e
in
the
seat.
Bo
nd
age
p
erso
n
nel
W
hen
has
the
acc
id
ent,
wh
ic
h
can
effectively
p
revent
the
co
llis
io
n,<
/p>
and
its
b
uffer
ro
le
can
< br>ab
so
rb
s
a
great
d
eal
o
f
k
inet
ic
energy,
red
uce
rid
es
perso
nne
l
extent
o
f
the
inj
ur
ies.
Fasten
yo
ur
seat
belt
airb
ags
p
lay
o
ur
ro
le
is
also
an
imp
o
rtant
co
nd
it
io
n.
Because
the
airb
ag
to
max
imize
ro
le
fo
r
the
r
id
e
in
t
he
imp
act
o
f
t
he
p
h
ys
ic
al
lo
catio
n,
sitt
ing
instant
actio
n
ha
ve
extreme
ly
strict
and
the
req
u
ire
ments.
O
therw
ise,
the
a
irb
ag
started
stro
ng
instantaneo
us
wallo
p
s
to
head
are
frag
ile
site,
may
cause
serio
us
dama
ge,
esp
ecia
lly
fo
r
ch
ild
ren,
th
is
d
amage
can
b
e
fatal.
E
ven
t
he
mo
st
o
rd
inar
y
three
b
elts,
try
a
can
time
ly
in
crash
that
lived
rid
es
the
b
und
le,
ensure
the
up
per
part
o
f
a
rid
e
in
the
airb
ag
fu
lly
extend
ed
range,
mak
e
the
a
irb
ag
mo
st
effective
ly
p
la
y
efficacy.
Acco
rd
in
g
ly,<
/p>
must
no
t
b
ecause
the
car
is
eq
< br>uip
p
ed
wit
h
airb
ags
and
feel
carefree
seat
belt
fastened
,
o
nly
to
red
uce o
r
e
liminate
the
traffic
accid
ent
hap
p
en.
2.
The
airb
ag
6
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