-
Abstract:
1
、
Introduction
(Motivation/
purpose/goal/aim/objective/importance) (present
tense)
1
）
The
aim
of
this
paper
is
to
assess
the
accuracy
of
steady-state
scale-up
for
small-scale
sedimentary
structures.
2
）
An
important objective of these well-constrained
experiments is to evaluate current theoretical
models of
PGE solubility.
2<
/p>
、
Scope/perspective
(past/present tense)
1
）
This
study
examined
fecal
coliform
reduction
in
domestic
wastewater
after
receiving
treatment
through
a
constructed open water
wetland, a slow sand filter, and a portable
ultraviolet disinfection unit.
2
）
The
scope of this study was to compare the behavior
and character of dissolved organic carbon (DOC)
during
soil-aquifer treatment at
different field sites in Arizona and
California.
3
、
method/procedure/approach (past tense)
1
）
In this study,
a lab-scale aerobic biofilter-biotrickling tower
system packed with particulate plastic media (1.5
cm, hexagon in shape) was used to treat
the salty artificial wastewater polluted by
mineral oil (diesel fuel)
mixed with
chemical dispersant (CPC OD-10) and inorganic
nutrients.
2
）
It involved
recycling a small portion of the primary sludge
and then activating it to enhance its biosorptive
and
flocculent properties through
30-min aeration. The aerated sludge was then
brought into contact with raw sewage
to
induce rapid biosorption of soluble COD and
flocculation of colloidal organic before the
mixture was settled in
a regular
primary clarifier.
4
、
Results/findings/products (past tense)
e.g.
Three
granitoid
magmatic
events
were
identified
at
815
Ma,
700-730Ma,
and
620-625Ma,
which
were
marked
by
emplacement
of
the
calc-alkaline
Ujjukka
granite
and
granodiorite,
the
anatectic
Suqii-Wagga
two-mica
granite
and
the
Guttin
K-feldspar
megacrystic
granite,
and
the
anorogenic
Ganjii
monzogranite,
respectively.
5
、
Discussion/Conc
lusions (present/past tense)
e.g.
The
results
showed
that
under
traction
free
conditions
subsidence
was
a
three-
dimensional
problem
and
one-dimensional
subsidence
models
tended
to
focus
excessive
amounts
of
vertical
deformation
near
the
pumped
well. The magnitude of vertical deformation in
one-dimensional subsidence models was exacerbated
as
the
grid
size
became
smaller
in
the
vicinity
of
the
pumping
well.
This
was
due
to
increased
calculated
drawdown in the
vicinity of the well for more finely-spaced grids.
6
、
Implications/ap
plications (present tense)
e.g.
Our
experimental
results
are
directly
applicable
to
porphyry
copper
systems
because
in
such
systems
temperature, PH,
salinity and oxygen fugacity are similar to the
experimental parameters. Application of our
experimental results indicate that a
typical porphyry systems can transport at least 40
tons of Pd if sources of
platinum group
elements (PGE) are available and the solubility-
controlling phase is metallic Pd.
7
、
limitations and
suggestions for further studies (past/present
tense for limitations, present/future tense for
suggestions)
e.g.
1)
This
study
suggests
that
in
order
to
achieve
the
highest
treatment
level
of
secondary
unchlorinated
wastewater, a
combination of aquatic ponds and subsurface flow
wetlands may be necessary.
2)
In
general,
source
water
quality,
drinking
water
and
wastewater
treatment
should
be
viewed
as
one
system in
indirect potable re-use projects.
3)
However,
because
constructed
wetlands,
besides
the
water
quality
improvement
function,
perform
a
multitude of other functions such as
biodiversity, habitat, climatic, hydrological and
public use functions,
methodologies
need
to
be
developed
to
evaluate
these
functions
and
to
weigh
them
in
relation
to
the
water quality issue.
Structure of an
Abstract
：
1
、
The first
sentence in the Abstract:
1
?
The purpose of
this research is…
?
The primary
goal of this research is…
?
The intention
of this paper is to survey…
?
The overall
objective of this study is…
?
The chief aim
of the present work is to investigate…
?
The
purpos
e of this paper is to explain
why…
?
The primary object of this fundamental
research is to reveal…
?
The main
objective of our investigation has been to
obtain…
?
The experiment made here is aimed at
…
?
The emphasis of this study lies
in…
?
The problem we have outl
ined
here deals largely with the study of…
?
This study
examined
…
. (past tense)
2
、
The next
sentences
：
?
The method used
in the study was…
?
The technique
applied is referred to as…
?
The procedure
was
as follows…
?
The approach
adopted extensively is called…
?
The experiment
consisted of three steps:…
?
Included in the
experiment were…
?
The test
e
quipment which was used consisted
of…
?
Several sets of experiments were
carried out to test the validity of…
?
This formula is
verified by…
3
、
The ending part
of an abstract
：
?
The results of
the experiment indicated that …
?
The studies
showed that…
?
The studies w
e carried out
demonstrated that…
?
The research
suggested that…
?
The investigation carried out by…
revealed that…
?
All the preliminary results threw light
on …
?
As a result of our experiments, we
concluded that…
?
From the experiments, we realized
that…
?
This frui
tful work provided
explanation to …
?
The research
work brought about a discovery of…
?
These findings
of the research led the author to the conclusion
that…
4
、
The last
sentences:
?
…should be further studied in relation
to ...
?
…should do…
?
Further
research into…is necessary.
?
Further study
should be made in relation to…
?
Further
investigation into…is needed.
Introduction
：
Step 1: the nature and scope of the
problem investigated. interest or importance, many
other investigators
active in the area.
?
Recently, there
has been a spate of interest in how to…
?
In recent
years, applied researchers have become
increasingly interested in…
?
Recently, there
has been wide interest
in…
?
The
well-
known…phenomena…have been favorite
topics for analysis both in…
?
Knowledge of
…has a great importance for…
?
The study of
…has become an important aspect of…
?
The effect of
…has been studied extensively in recent
years.
?
Many investigators have
re
cently turned to…
?
The
relationship between …has been studied by many
authors.
?
A central issue in…is the validity of…
Step 2: making a topic generalization.
statements about knowledge
or practice:
?
The pathology of… is well
known.
?
There is now much evid
ence
to support the hypothesis that…
?
The …properties
of …are still not completely
understood.
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