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英语是结构性的语言
实词传递结构和意义:名词
动词,形容词,副词(四大核心词)
(一)名词语法(
Noun-
Gram
)
1.
限定词:名词四大块
II
Noun-Gram
名词的语法
限定词
①限定可数名词的限定词:
many , a few , a
number of
②只限定不可数名词的限定词:
much , a
little , a large amount of , a great
deal of
③既可限定可数名词又可以限定不可数名词:
a lot of
, lots of , plenty
of , some , all ,
most
some / all
/ most + of + the +
名词(
如果
some
、
all
、
most
加了
of
,后面的名词一定
要加
the
)
④冠词
the , a , an
the
三大基本用法:
⑴独一无二
例如
the sun
⑵第二次出现的名词
⑶带后置定语
(
短语或从句
She is the girl (who
is ) from Beijing.
the
的特殊用法:
⑴节假日:
国际通行的节假日前不加定冠词,
中国传统的节假日前
要加定
冠词
国名:
有专有名词表示国名不加定冠
词,
由普通名词演变成的专
有名词前要加定冠词
⑵表达肯否定关系
out of
question
没问题
out of the question
不可能地
⑶表达被动关系
in charge
of
负责,控制,掌管
in the charge of
由…掌管
under the
charge of
在…掌管下
under the control of
在…控制下
in
possession of
拥有
in the possession of
被…所有
This library
is in the possession of Guangzhou government.
=Guangzhou government is in possession
of this library.
⑷表达抽象具体关系
go to
school
去上学(抽象)
go to the school
去这个学校(具体)
in
office
在上班,在执政,在掌权,在位
in
the office
在办公室
go to church
去做礼拜
go to the
church
去教堂
Tom is in hospital.
汤姆在住院。
Tom is in
is hospital.
汤姆在医院。
on earth
究竟,怎样
on the earth
在地球上
⑸表示大小范围
in south of China
在中国之外的南方
in the south of
China
在中国的南方,强调在中国里面
Guangzhou
is
located
in
the
south
of
China.
广州位于中国南
方。
in front of /
in the front of
Mr. Zhang is sitting in the front of
the classroom.
Mr. Zhang is sitting in
front of us.
定冠词
a ,
an
的用法
①表示数量概念,表示“一个”
②泛指,表示“某一类人,某一类物”
A student studies English well.
< br>(凡是可数名词不可以孤零零出现,
前面必须有相应的限定词,或者变成复数)<
/p>
I am anything but a man.
我根本不是人。
Attitude is everything.
态度决定一切。
名词的数:四大特殊表示法
①以“
o
”结尾的名词
photo
—
photos
potato
—
potatoes
tomato
—
tomatoes
p>
negro
(
黑
人
)
—
negroes
zoo
—
zoos
radio
—
radios
kilo
—
kilos
volcano, cargo, zero
的复数既可以加“
s
”
,
又可以
加“
es
。
”
规律:
hero, tomato,
negro, potato, echo
(回音,效仿
)
p>
这个几
个名词变成复数加“
es
”
,
其他的加“
s
”
②古英语
child
—
children ma
n
—
menwoman
—
women foot
—
feet
③复合名词
⑴有核心词看核心词
passer-
by
—
passers-by
路人
looker-
on
—
lookers-on
旁观者
mother-in
-law
—
mothers-in
–
law
岳母
⑵没有核心词的在后面加“
p>
s
”
grown-
up
—
grown-ups
成人
go-between
—
go-
betweens
红娘,媒婆
good-for-nothing
—
good-for-nothings
一无是处的人
⑶表示男女职业变复数时,两个单词都变复数
woman-
nurse
—
women-nurses
④十大特殊名词
crisis
,
analysis
,
basis
,
diagnosis
变成复数时,把“
sis
”变成“
ses
”
datum(
数据
),
medium
(媒体)
, bacterium
(细菌)变成复数时,
把“
um
”变成“
a
”
phenomenon
(现象)
,
criterion
< br>(标准)变成复数时,把“
on
”变成
< br>“
a
”
stimulus
复数是
stimuli
2.
数:
四大特殊用法:
①容易误用为复数:
advice,
information
(
three pieces of
information
)
,
knowledge, equipment, furniture, cash,
progress, work
常见
8
个
②复数形式单数用法:
学科词汇<
/p>
(
mathematics, physics, politi
cs
等)
,
疾病名词(
measles
,
rick
ets
等)
,常用个别词如国名和杂志(
the
United States, the UN,
Times, News, Philippines
)
E.g.: The United States is a super
powerful country.
The United Nations
(the UN) is the biggest organization in the
world.
News: north +east
+west +south
③单复数相同:
fish,
sheep(
除了
black
sheep
“害群之马”,
同
dark
horse
“黑马”
), deer,
series,
means,
species
等
,
单复数取决于前面的量词,另外还有一
般的
chine
se
TV series program
电视连续剧
④单复数意义不同(
50
个)
:见书本
minute
分钟—
minutes
会议纪要
air
空气—
airs
气度,
风度
(
put on
air
盛气凌人)
< br>force
强迫—
forces
军队
arm
手
臂—
arms
武器
< br>humanity
人类—
humanities
人文科学
work
工作—
works
作品,
工厂
3.
主谓一致(四原则)
原则一:就近原则
(
取决于
B)
Neither A nor B (neither you nor I am
……
)
Either A or B
A or B
Not only A but also B
There be +B
+A
……
(there is 1 leader and
100 students
…
/ there
are 100 students and I
leader
…
)
原则二:就远原则
(取决于
A
)
A, as well as B
A, together with B
A,
accompanied by B (Hujintao, accompanied by his
delegates, is
visiting
…
)
A,
besides
…
A, except
4
原则三:复数原则
Both A and B
A and B
Both
以下是例外:
菜名如
Rice and
eggs
蛋炒饭
Forks
and knife ( knifes )
刀叉
抽象表单意概念如
Love and hate
爱与恨
Law and order
法律与秩
序
War and peace
战争与和平
原则四:单数原则
①时间,金钱,距离
介词后只能接名词(宾语)
2200 kilometers from Guangzhou to
Beijing is a long distance.
②不定式、动名词、从句作主语,谓语用单数
To
read
many
books
is
not
very
useful.
Reading
many
books
is
helpful
to
our
I
said
today
is
r
we
can
pass the exam or not
depends our hard working.
What he said
and
what he did
are
different.
③意义上是复数,用法上是单数
many a
+
单数名词(许多)
p>
+
谓语单数
:
More
than
one
+
单数名词(不止一个)
+
谓语单数:
More
than
one
student is from Foshan.
④
every
+
单数名词
+
谓语单数
every
只能做形容词
each
既可以
形容词也做代词
< br>
Every A and every
B+
谓语单数:
Every boy and every
girl is good.
No A and no B
+
谓语单数
两个例外情况:
①
one of +
名词复数
+
谓语单数(
one of
后面的名词永远用复数)
One
of my students is from Shandong.
“
One
of
+
名词复数
+
从句”
从句
的谓语动词用复数;若加了
the
only,
则谓语动词用单数。
She
is
one
of
the
students
who
are
from
Beijing.
(定语修饰
students
)
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