重庆市开州区开州中学高三培优能力提高阅读致命35分

重庆市开州区开州中学高三培优能力提高阅读致命

35

分

Lesson 1

前言导学

Text

1

从最小单位的词的考察 ，到最大单位的全文主旨的考察，这篇文章做了全方位

的展示，而我们的课程，也是顺着 这个思路一直走下去的

If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in

2006’s World

Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are

more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.

If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and

professional

ranks,

you

would

find

this

strange

phenomenon

to

be

even

more

pronounced.

What

might

account

for

this

strange

phenomenon?

Here

are

a

few

guesses:

a)

certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to

have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are

more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania;

d) none of the above.

Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University,

says he believes strongly in

“none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and

studied

nuclear

engineering

until

he

realized

he

would

have

more

opportunity

to

conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30

years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series

of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had

risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving

, and after about 200 hours of

training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”

This

success,

coupled

with

later

research

showing

that

memory

itself

is

not

genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a

cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences

two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by

how

well

each

person

“encodes”the

information.

And

the

best

way

to

learn

how

to

encode

information

meaningfully,

Ericsson

determined,

was

a

process

known

asdeliberate

practice.

Deliberate

practice

entails

more

than

simplyrepeating

a

,

it

involves

setting

specific

goals,

obtaining

immediate

feedback

and

concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.

Ericsson and his colleagues have

thus

taken to

studying

expert performers

in

a

wide

range

of

pursuits,

including

soccer. They

gather

all

the data

they

can,

not

just

performance

statistics

and

biographical

details

but

also

the

results

of

their

own

laboratory

experiments

with

high

achievers.

Their

work

makes

a

rather

startling

assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way,

expert performers

–

whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming

–

are nearly always made, not born.

birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to

A. stress the importance of professional training.

ght the soccer superstars in the World Cup.

1

uce the topic of what males expert performance.

n why some soccer teams play better than others.

word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means

A. fun.

B. craze.

ia.

D. excitement.

3. According to Ericsson good memory

A. depends on meaningful processing of information.

B. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.

C. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.

D. requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.

on and his colleagues believe that

A. talent is a dominating factor for professional success.

phical data provide the key to excellent performance.

C. the role of talent tends to be overlooked.

achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.

of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey

？

A.

“Faith will move mountains.”

B.

“One reaps what one sows.”

C.

“Practice makes perfect.”

D.

“Like father, like son”

Lesson 2

单篇文章解题能力

英语的前世今生

2009 text1

para1: The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor

countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both

area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of

these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be

one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor

countries

is

wrong.

We

are

fortunate

that

it

is,

because

building

new

educational

systems

there

and

putting

enough

people

through

them

to

improve

economic

performance

would

require

two

or

three

generations.

The

findings

of

a

research

institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the

job to achieve radically higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of

living.

31

：

The author holds in paragraph 1 that the importance of education in poor countries

subject to groundless doubts

fallen victim of bias

conventional downgraded

been overestimated

32

：

It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system

2

nges economists and politicians

efforts of generations

s priority from the government

es sufficient labor force

英语的现状

2015

text2

(

对主旨型内容的考察

)

para1: For years, studies have found that first-generation college students

—

those

who

do

not

have

a

parent

with

a

college

degree-lag

other

students

on

a

range

of

education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher.

But

since

such

students

are

most

likely

to

advance

economically

if

they

succeed

in

higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of

them. This has created

watching many of them fail, means that higher education has continued to reproduce

and widen, rather than close achievement gap based on social class, according to the

depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.

ting more first-generation students has_

d their dropout rates

ed the achievement gap

its original purpose

sed college students

对细节的考察

para3: The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings

are based on a study involving 147 students(who completed the project)at an unnamed

private university. First generation was defined as not having a parent with a four- year

college degree. Most of the first- generation students(59.1 percent) were recipients of

Pell Grants

，

a federal grant for

undergraduates with financial need

，

while this was

true only for 8.6 percent of the students with at least one parent with a four-year degree.

study suggests that most first-generation students

at private universities

from single-parent families

in need of financial support

failed their college

对定位和细节的考察有时候是很变态的

Para1

：

The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you

paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media—

such as television commercials

and print advertisements

—

still play a major role, companies today can exploit many

alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “earned”

media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage “owned”med

ia

by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web

site.

ers may create “earned” media when they are

_

[A]obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites

[B]inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them

3

[C]eager to help their friends promote quality products

[D]enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products

Para3

：

There

are

many

reasons

for

this.

One

is

the

excessive

costs

of

a

legal

education.

There

is

just

one

path

for

a

lawyer

in

most

American

states:

a

four- year

undergraduate degree in some unrelated subjects, then a three-year law degree at one of

200

law

schools

authorized

by

the

American

Bar

Association

and

an

expensive

preparation

for

the

bar

exam.

This

leaves

today’s

average

law

-school

graduate

with$$100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that many

cannot afford to go into government or non-profit work, and that they have to work

fearsomely hard.

7. Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?

[A]Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.

[B]Admissions approval from the bar association.

[C]Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.

[D]Receiving training by professional associations.

考察段落主旨内容

para2

：

In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply

uncomfortable-- it's the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones.

Yet this understanding is outdated. “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking

about wha

t guilt is and what role guilt can serve,” says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology

researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger

recognition

that

emotions

aren’t

binary

--

feelings that

may

be

advantageous

in

one

context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved

to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.

holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that

ns are context-independent

ns are socially constructive

nal stability can benefit health

emotion can play opposing roles

Lesson 3

做题流程

+

选项分析

2013 text1

Para1

：

In

the

2006

film

version

of

The

Devil

Wears

Prada

,Miranda

Priestly,

played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion

doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater

descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain

bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.

Para2

：

This top-

down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of

date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Cline’s

three-

year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last d

ecade or so ,advances in technology

have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends

more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds

mean

less

wasted

inventory,

more

frequent

release,

and

more

profit.

These

labels

4

encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a

wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –

and to renew their wardrobe every few

weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have

hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.

Para3

：

The

victims

of

this

revolution

,

of

course

,are

not

limited

to

designers.

ForH&M to offer a $$5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world,

itmust rely on low- wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources,

and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.

Para4

：

Overdressed

is

the

fashion

world’s

answer

to

consumer

-activist

bestsellerslike

Michael

Pollan’s

The

Omnivore’s

Dilemma.

“Mass

-produced

clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-

durable and wasteful,” Cline

argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year

–

about 64 items

per person

–

and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.

Para5

：

Towards

the

end

of

Overdressed,

Cline

introduced

her

ideal,

a

Brooklynwoman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own

clothes

–

and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to

perfecther craft; her example can’t be knocked off.

Para6

：

Though

several

fast-fashion

companies

have

made

efforts

to

curb

their

impact

on

labor

and

the

environment

–

including

H&M,

with

its

green

Conscious

Collection line

–

Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She

exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in

energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when

they can’t afford not to.

ly criticizes her assistant for her

ing to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to

word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to

of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?

is the subject of the text?

Para1: In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are

waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific

method

to

carry

out

their

work.

But

in

the

everyday

practice

of

science,

discovery

frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we

cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interests

influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent

actionswetake. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.

Q. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is

characterized by its

ainty and complexity

ception and deceptiveness

lity and objectivity

atic-ness and regularity

2015 text1 Q3

单个单词同义替换

Para4

：

Even

so,

kings

and

queens

undoubtedly

have

a

downside.

Symbolic

of

national

unity

as

they

claim

to

be,

their

very

history

—

and

sometimes

the

way

they

5

behave

today

—

embodies

outdated

and

indefensible

privileges

and

inequalities.

At

a

time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and

the

increasing

power

of

inherited

wealth,

it

is

bizarre

that

wealthy

aristocratic

familiesshould still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.

3. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?

2016 text2 Q10

单个单词同义替换

Para6

：

Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain

is Europe’s most crowded country. Ha

lf a century of town and country planning has

enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban

living.

There

is

no

doubt

of

the

alternative

—

the

corrupted

landscapes

of

southern

Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it shouldunite the left

and right of the political spectrum.

10. In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation of

2014 text2 Q8

词与短语同义替换

Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas

have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession

have been too conservative to implement them.

Q8. Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from

2013

年

text3 Q11

题干时间的变化

Para1:Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely

—

though

by no means uniformly

—

glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the

ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.

para2

：

Now

utopia

has

grown

unfashionable,

as

we

have

gained

a

deeper

appreciation of the range of threats facing us…

Q11. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by

利用句间结构寻找真定位点（难）

2018

年

Para4: The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly

maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the

algorithms

DeepMind

develops

will

benefit patients

and save lives.

What

matters

is

that(

真定位点

) they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using

public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugsnow can, big

data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of

this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later.

A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denham's

report is a welcome start.

Q34. According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is

[A]the vicious rivalry among big pharms.

[B]the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.

[C]the uncontrolled use of new software.

[D]the monopoly of big data by tech giants.

2018

年

Para1: The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net

6

loss of $$5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded

revenue.

Meanwhile,

it

has

more

than

$$120

billion

in

unfunded

liabilities=financial

problem(

无资金准备负债

), mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are

many

bankruptcies.

Fundamentally,

the

USPS

is

in

a

historic

squeeze

between

technological change that has permanently decreaseddemand for its bread-and- butter

product,

first-class

mail,

and

a

regulatory

structure

that

denies

management

the

flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality.

Q36. The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by

.

[A]its unbalanced budget.

[B]its rigid management.

[C]the cost for technical upgrading.

[D]the withdrawal of bank support.

2015 text2 Q6

易混选项设置

Para1

：

Just

how

much

does

the

Constitution

protect

your

digital

data?

The

Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile

phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.

Q6. The Supreme Court will work outwhether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to

t suspects from deleting their phone contents

for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant

suspects’ phone contents without being authorized

it suspects from using their mobile phones

选项特征分析

2006 text3 Q11

Para1

：

When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange

happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived.

The

large,

slow-growing

animals

were

easy

game,

and

were

quickly

hunted

to

extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.

Q. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that

animal were vulnerable to the changing environment

species survived as large animals disappeared

sea animals may face the same threat today

-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones

2006 text2

Para1:

Stratford-on- Avon,

as

we

all

know,

has

only

one

industry

--

William

Shakespeare -- but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.

There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of

the

plays

at

the

Shakespeare

Memorial

Theatre

on

the

Avon.

And

there

are

the

townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at

Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.

Para2: The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their

revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their long hair and beards and

sandals and noisiness. It’s all deli

ciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare,

who

earns

their

living,

was

himself

an

actor

(with

a

beard)

and

did

his

share

of

7

noise-making.

Q. From the first two paragraphs, we learn that

_

townsfolk deny the RSC’s contribution to the town’s r

evenue

actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage

two branches of the RSC are not on good terms

townsfolk earn little from tourism

2013 text2

Para6: It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does

not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so.

Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are

sticking with Microsoft's default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.

Q. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?

isers are willing to implement DNT.

may not serve its intended purpose.

is losing its popularity among consumers.

isers are obliged to offer behavioral ads.

2004 text4

para

2: “Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important

than

intellectual,”

says

education

writer

Diane

Ravish.

“Schools

could

be

a

counterbalance.” Ravitch’s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms,

traces the roots of anti- intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a

counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.

para5:

Ralph

Waldo Emerson

and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought

schooling and rigorous book learning p

ut unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut

up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a

bellyful

of

words

and

do

not

know

a

thing.”

Mark

Twain’s

Huckleberry

Finnexemplified

American

anti-intellectualism.

Its

hero

avoids

being

civilized

--

going toschool and learning to read -- so he can preserve his innate goodness.

Q. The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are

_

cal

r

mentary

te

2013 text1 Q1

Para1

：

In

the

2006

film

version

of

The

Devil

Wears

Prada

,Miranda

Priestly,

played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion

doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater

descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain

bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.

Q1. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her

bargaining skill

itivity to fashion

ion with high fashion

8

of imagination

2013 text1

The researchers studied the behavior of female brown capuchin monkeys. They

look

cute.

They

are

good-natured,

co-operative

creatures,

and

they

share

their

food

readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer

attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.

Q. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably becausethey

are

inclined to weigh what they get

ive to researchers’ instructions

in both appearance and temperament

generous than their male companions

Lesson 4

猜词的奥秘

The Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeless polar desert that's covered with snow for

most of the year. Venture into this terrain and you get some idea of the hardships facing

anyone who calls this home. Farming is out of the question and nature offers meagre

pickings.

Q

：

meagre

情感偏褒义还是贬义？

活用核心名词前后的定语和定从

In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to

be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to

carry out their work.

实战运用

As

a

result,

the

modern

world

is

increasingly

populated

by

intelligent

gizmos

whose

presence

we

barely

notice

but

whose

universal

existence

has

removed

much

human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is

done

at

automated

teller

terminals

that

thank

us

with

mechanical

politeness

for

the

transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers.

Q2. The word “gizmos” (line

1, paragraph 2) most probably means

ms

s

s

res

上下句指代

+

定从结构

But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn

into the brain, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we

deliberately press into

ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.

Q3.“ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to

teristics

tions

9

注意上下句间的指代关系

Over

the

past

century,

all

kinds

of

unfairness

and

discrimination

have

been

condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabet-ism.

This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against

those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.

在本句中寻找

insidious

的同意替换结构

定从

+

上下句一一对应

Para2

：

Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty

should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health. That’s a start. And

the

ban

on

ultra-thin

models

seems

to

go

beyond

protecting

models

from

starving

themselves to death

—

as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take

responsibility

for

the

signal

it

sends

women,

especially

teenage

girls,

about

the

socialtape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.

Q4. The phrase “impinging on” (Line 2, Para 2) is closest in meaning to

ening the value of.

ting the state of.

faith in.

harm to.

冒号解释

+

上下句一一对应< /p>

Para4

：

The

study

found

that,

among

prosecuted

firms,

those

with

the

most

comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis

ruled out the possibility that it was firms’ political influence, rather than their CSR stand,

that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns

did not receive lower fines.

Q5. The expression “more lenient” (Line 2, Para. 4) is closest in meaning to

effective.

controversial.

severe.

lasting.

状从

+

上下句一一 对应

Para1: A deal is a deal- except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company,

a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last

week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the

strict nuclear regulations.

Para2: Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would

not: challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a

desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running.

Q6. Th

e phrase “reneging on”(Line .1) is closest in meaning to

ning.

rming.

oring.

ng.

1

0

Lesson 5

词汇