学霸英语专业西方文明史资料

from

‘

demos

? meaning people and ?

kratos

? meaning power

11)

How did this began with the world

’

s first ever democratic revolution?

①

with

people

refusing

to

leave

the

Acropolis

until

the

ruling

tyrant

暴君

had been stripped of his power & sent into exile

②

Under this system male citizens had freedom of speech & the right to vote

on everything important in society

13) tell some things about the first Persian invasion (492BC-490BC)

?

The Athenians had no standing army; meaning that all males had to come to

the defence of the state

?

They were also outnumbered 2-to-1 by the Persians

?

However, the Athenians were ultimately successful; some historians argue that

this was because unlike the Persians, they had voted to fight

14) What war represent the decline of Athens ? with who?

?

Peloponnesian War (431BC

–

404BC)

?

This was a war between the city-states of Athens and Sparta, which was the

only city-state matching Athenian power

15) what are the Ancient Greek military conflicts

?

Despite being outnumbered, the Greeks were successful against the Persians in

the

first

Persian

war

(492BC

–

490BC)

(Battle

of

Marathon

490BC

a

soldier ran 26 miles from Marathon to Athens)

?

The

Persians

were

again

defeated

by

a

navally

superior

Athens

(480BC

–

479BC)

?

The Athenians were finally defeated by the Spartans (431BC

–

404BC)

16)

main achievements of the Ancient Greeks

?

They started the first Olympics in 776BC

?

They created the first system of direct democracy

?

They twice defeated the Persians

?

They had many intellectual and philosophical thinkers, whose works are still

influential Plato

柏拉图

, Aristotle

亚里士多德

and Thucydides (who argued

that

‘

might is always right

?)

17) why did the Ancient Greek Olympics be hold?

?

These were held in honour of Zeus, the Greek god of the sky

?

They

were

held

every

four

years

and

became

a

political

tool

used

by

city- states to assert dominance over their rivals

?

Used to keep the men of Greece fit for war!

18) How did Athenian democracy work?

?

It was a system of direct

?

power to the people

?

?

This meant that people decide on every aspect

方面

of the city

’

s government,

rather than electing representatives to vote on their behalf

?

They voted every 9 days with pebbles: a white pebble meant

?

yes

?

and a black

pebble meant

?

no

?

19) Athenian democracy continued

?

This system gave ordinary Greeks a political role

?

It was highly democratic but also unstable

?

Male citizens could vote but women, slaves, children and foreigners living in

Athens were banned from participating in government

20) Challenges of democracy

?

Democratic

Athens

was

increasingly

seen

as

a

threat

by

the

Persian

empire

which stretched from Turkey to India

?

They were culturally very different: the Greeks emphasised freedom whilst the

Persians emphasised obedience

?

30, 000 Persians invaded Greece in 492 BC

21)

Athenian dominance

?

By

431BC

after

two

victories

against

Persia,

Athens

became

the

dominant

power of the Eastern Mediterranean

?

It was a centre of a trading empire, as far as Britain in the East and India in the

West

Christianity: The Protestant Reformation

1500-1600 After the Renaissance but

before the Enlightenment

A German Monk (

僧

) called Martin Luther questioned the Churches actions.

1)What had been the biggest authority figure in the middle ages?

2

）

What was the Renaissance's effect on this?

People began to question authority.

3

）

Some Priests (

神甫

) were

“

Selling forgiveness for sins

”

An automatic trip to Heaven if you gave them money!

4

）

when Martin Luther was angry, what did he do?

?

So Angry in fact he wrote down 95 things he thought they were doing wrong

and how they should change.

?

He nailed them to a Church door in Germany.

?

He did this in 1517

5) give

Some examples from the 95 Theses

1.

“Faith Alone” will save you. i.e not money or Priests

2.

Everyone should read the bible in their own language.

3.

Priests do not have special powers.

4.

Religious education for all.

6

）

The results of Martin Luther

’

s Actions

?

“Here I stand. I can do nothing Else. God help me.

Amen.

”

?

Opened people

’

s eyes to the corruption of the Church.

?

A new religion was formed- Protestantism(

新教徒

).

?

It was still Christian but followed Martin Luther

’

s reforms.

?

Most importantly the Reformation ended Church Unity.

7

）

Why did Henry VIII form the Church of England?

1.

He

wanted

a

divorce

and

the

Pope

would

not

let

him!

This

act

Changed

Europe forever.

?

He had 6 Wives during his life.

?

He divorced 2.

?

He executed another 2

?

One died during child birth.

?

One survived.

8)

How did the 95 theses become such a big deal?

?

Printing press- ideas spread quickly.

?

Opened peoples eyes to Church Malpractice (wrong doings)

9)

How did the Church react?

?

Not well-they never do

?

Told Martin Luther to recant ( take back) what he said at the Diet of Worms.

?

Set up the Spanish Inquisition, who murdered and tortured people who did not

believe in Catholicism

The American Revolution and French Revolution

Ⅰ

The backgrand information

1. Review of the ideas of the Enlightenment

?

The Enlightenment created ideas about republics

(a system of government with no monarch)

?

Liberalism:

Liberty- Human rights and freedom for all

Soverignty of the people- People are in charge not the government.

Equality- equal rights for all

2. The United States and the Enlightenment

启蒙运动

(1776)

?

Enlightenment ideals had an impact on the English colonies in America and

later on the United States

?

Thomas

Jefferson?s

Declaration

of

Independe

nce

(1776)

uses

Enlightenment

themes (incl. passages from Locke and Rousseau

卢梭

）

?

The

US

constitution

宪法

implements

Locke

and

Montesquieu?s

孟德斯鸠

ideas

of

a

separation

of

power

between

the

legislature

立法团体

,

executive

and judiciary

司法

3. The birth of the United States

–

background

?

From

about

1750

–

1763,

Britain

had

essentially

left

its

US

colonies

to

run

themselves

?

This

relative

freedom

meant

that

US

settlers

turned

to

new

forms

of

government to match their developing new identities as Americans

?

However,

from

1763

–

increasingly

harsh

British

policies,

particularly

increased taxation, led to anger and finally rebellion

叛乱

Ⅱ

.

The American Revolution

1)

The causes of the American Revolution

①

British Colonies Heavily Taxed

?

Britain defeated France in a war for control of North American

?

Britain won but at great financial cost

?

As a result Britain began taxing the colonies heavily

②

Taxation without Representation

?

The most hated tax was the ?stamp Act?

?

This made Americans pay extra money on every piece of paper they printed!

?

If

they

were

paying

taxes

they

wanted

to

be

represented

in

the

British

parliament.

?

Britain said no. They were to be taxed without representaion.

?

Americans began to resent Britain.

③

The Boston Massacre 1770

（

propoganda

）

?

British troops stationed in Boston are taunted by an angry mob.

?

The troops fire into the crowd, killing five men

?

Colonial

agitators

label

the

conflict

a

“

massacre

”

and

publish

a

dramatic

engraving depicting the violence

④

Boston Tea Party

?

1773

Britain

made

Americans

buy

tea

only

from

the

British

?East

India

Company?

?

One night some men dressed as Indians climbed on a ship and threw the tea

into the water.

?

The night was known as ?The Boston tea party?

?

Boston Tea Party

?

This

could

have

been

a

minor

event

but

Britain

reacted

very

badly

and

punished America.

?

Tensions grew for a number of years until 1775 and Britain did the worst thing

you can do to Americans!

Reaction to the Tea Act

?

Colonist in Boston rebel, dumping 15,000 pounds of East India Company tea

into Boston Harbor.

⑤

The British tried to take away the American weapons

?

When the British reached the town of

Lexington, they found it protected

by

about

seventy

colonial

troops.

These

troops

were

called

Men

because they had been trained to fight with only a minute's warning

Colonial Reaction

Minutemen(

民兵

) intercept the British and engage in

battle -- first

at Lexington,

and

then

at

Concord.

☆

The

Shot

Heard

'Round

The

World(Why

is

it

important?)

?

First time people of European descent had rebelled against a European power.

?

First Victory of a colony over the British.

?

First Republic formed since rome

?

inspired the French Revolution

?

First constitution based on the Enlightenment.

?

Liberty, equality and fraternity.

2)

The process of the American Revolution

①

The Declaration of Independence

?

George Washington appointed Commander in Chief.

?

Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence which was signed

on 4 July 1776. The United States was born.

?

“We hold these truths to be self

-evident

不言自明的

, that all Men are created

equal, that they are endowed

赋予

by their Creator with certain unalienable

rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit

追求

of Happiness”

?

=

Reflects

Enlightenment

ideas

of

equality

and

individual

unalienable

rights

and freedoms (= rights and freedoms that cannot be taken away by the state)

②

The US Bill of Rights: main points

?

Freedom of religion, speech, press and assembly

（

parade

）< /p>

?

Right to keep and bear arms (guns)

?

Freedom from unreasonable searches

?

Right to a fair trial

审理

?

Freedom from cruel and unusual punishment

Ⅲ

The birth of the United States

?

1776:

increasingly harsh British policies led to the rebellion of the 13 North

American colonies

?

1776:

US

delegates

代

表

issued

the

?Declaration

of

Independence;?

influenced by Enlightenment ideas of equality and individual rights

?

1783:

The war of Independence ended with the US?s independence: the first

successful war of independence against a European colonial

殖民地的

empire

& the end of the ?First British Empire

French Revolution

Ⅰ

The French Revolution ( 1789

1)

The causes of the American Revolution

?

Ideas: Enlightment, American Revolution

?

Social Problems: Unfair taxation

?

Economical Problems: Huge debt fighting the American war of Independence

?

Political Crisis: Bourgeois wanted more political power

2

）

Result of the Revolutions

?

The majority of people became the centre of politics