Writing Style 论文写作技巧

Writing Guide

Research methodologies

learning to learn-effective information searching

Citation guide

APA Style:

Chicago Style

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MLA Style

Turabian Style

Handbook for research postgraduate students

APA Style

The American Psychological Association (APA) reference

style is recognized in the social sciences fi elds. For additional

information and examples, consult the

Publication manual

of the American Psychological Association

(5th ed.). (2001).

Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association (808.02

P961 2001).

Use author?s last names and dates of publication with relevant

page numbers, in parentheses, in the text or at the end of

quotations to document the authority of stated opinions.

Basic Format:

(Author’s last name, Year of publication, Page numbers)

Examples:

Chan (1996) claims … OR (Chan, 1996) claims …

Chan claims that … (1996, P.122) OR (Chan, 1996, P.122)

claims that …

(Chan & Wong, 1996)

Chan, Wong, Chow, Lee, and Lau (1996) if a work has

three, four, or fi ve authors and used as fi rst citation in text;

Chan et al. (1996) if used as subsequent citations in text

(Chan et al., 1996) if a work has six or more authors

Basic Format:

Materials from a book:

Superscript number

From

Title of Book

(p.103), by A. N. Author and C. O.

Author, 1994, Place of Publication: Publisher.

Materials from a journal article:

Superscript number

From “Title of Article,” by A. N. Author and C. O.

Author, 1994,

Title of Journal, 50

, p.22.

Basic Format:

Author’s last name, Initials. (Date of publication).

Book title

(Edition number). Place of publication: Publisher.

A Book by One Author

Fairbanks, C. (1986).

Prairie women: Images in American and

Canadian fi ction.

New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

A Book by Two or More Authors

Berry, J., Foose, J., & Jones, T. (1986).

Up from the cradle of

Jazz: New Orleans music since World War II.

Athens, GA:

University of Georgia Press.

A Book by a Corporate Author and an Updated Edition

American Library Association. (1983).

Intellectual freedom

manual

(2nd ed.). Chicago: Author.

A Book by an Anonymous Author

College bound seniors

. (1979). Princeton, NJ: College Board

Publications.

A Book with an Editor

Hall, D. (Ed.). (1981).

The Oxford book of American literary

anecdotes

. New York: Oxford University Press.

A Multivolume Work

Koch, S. (Ed.). (1959-1963).

Psychology: A study of science

(Vols. 1-6). New York: McGraw-Hill.

English Translation of a Book

Laplace, P.-S. (1951).

A philosophical essay on probabilities

(F.W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York: Dover.

(Original work published 1814)

A Government Document

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990).

Clinical training in

serious mental illness

(DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-

1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Offi ce.

Research Report

Broadhurst, R. G., & Maller, R. A. (1991).

Sex offending

and recidivism

(Tech. Rep. No. 3). Nedlands, Western

Australia: University of Western Australia, Crime Research

Centre.

Chicago Style

One of the basic documentation systems in Chicago style refers to

the documentary-note or

humanities style

. This style is favored by

many disciplines in literature, history and the arts. The other system

used by scholars in physical and natural sciences is known as the

author-date system or

scientific style

. For additional information

and examples, please consult

The Chicago Manual of Style

14

th

ed.

Rev. (University of Chicago Press, 1993). [R 686.224 UN3M13]

Basic Format:

Superscript number Author’s given name and last name,

Title of Book

(Place

of publication: Publisher, Date of publication) Page numbers.

Superscript number Author’s given name and last name, “Title of Article,”

Title

of Journal

(Date of publication): Page numbers.

Basic Format:

Author’s last name, Given name.

Book title

. Edition number. Place of publication:

Publisher, Date of publication.

A Book by One Author

Fairbanks, Carol.

Prairie Women: Images in American and

Canadian Fiction

. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986.

A Book by Two or Three Authors

Berry, Jason, Jonathan Foose, and Tad Jones.

Up from the Cradle of

Jazz: New Orleans Music since World War II

. Athens: U of

Georgia P, 1986.

A Book by More Than Three Authors

Quirk, Randolph, et al.

A Comprehensive Grammar of the English

Language

. London: Longman, 1985.

A Book by a Corporate Author and an Updated Edition

American Library Association.

Intellectual Freedom Manual

. 2

nd

ed.

Chicago: ALA, 1983.

A Book by an Anonymous Author

Literary Market Place: The Directory of American Book Publishing

.

1985 ed. New York: Bowker, 1984.

A Book with an Editor

Hall, Donald, ed.

The Oxford Book of American Literary Anecdotes

.

New York: Oxford UP, 1981.

A Multivolume Work

Blanco, Richard L., ed.

The American Revolution, 1775-1783: An

Encyclopedia

. 2 vols. Hamden: Garland, 1993.

A Government Document

United Nations. Centre on Transnational Corporations.

Foreign

Direct Investment, the Service Sector, and International Banking

.

New York: United Nations, 1987.

Published Proceeding of a Conference

Mann, Jill. “Chaucer and the ?Woman Question?.” In

This Noble

Craft: Proceedings of the Tenth Research Symposium of the Dutch

and Belgian University Teachers of Old and Middle English and

Historical Linguistics, Utrecht, 19-20 January 1989,

edited by

Erik Kooper. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1991. 173-88.

Basic Format:

Author’s last name, Given name. “Article Title.”

Journal Title

volume, issue

number (Year of publication): Page numbers.

An Article in a Journal with Consecutive Pagination

Flanigan, Beverly Olson. “Peer Tutoring and Second Language

Acquisition in the Elementary School.”

Applied Linguistics

12

(1991): 141-58.

An Article in a Journal that Numbers Pages in Each Issue Separately

Hallin, Daniel C. “Sound Bite News: Television Coverage of Elections,

1968-

1988.”

Journal of Communication

42, no.2 (1992): 5-24.

An Article from a Magazine

Armstrong, Larry, Doris Jones Yang, and Alice Cuneo. “The

Learning Revolution: Technology is Reshaping Education

–

at

Home and at School.”

Business Week

, 28 Feb. 1994, 80-88.

A Signed Article from a Daily Newspaper

Manegold, Catherine S. “Becoming a Land of the Smoke

-Free, Ban

by Ban.”

New York Times

, 22 Mar. 1994, late edition, sec. A1.

Published Proceeding of a Conference

Mann, Jill. “Chaucer and the ?Woman Question?.” In

This Noble

Craft: Proceedings of the Tenth Research Symposium of the Dutch

and Belgian University Teachers of Old and Middle English and

Historical Linguistics, Utrecht, 19-20 January 1989,

edited by

Erik Kooper. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1991. 173-88.

Author’s last name, Given name. “Article Title.”

Journal Title

volume, issue

number (Year of publication): Page numbers.

An Article in a Journal with Consecutive Pagination

Fl

anigan, Beverly Olson. “Peer Tutoring and Second Language

Acquisition in the Elementary School.”

Applied Linguistics

12

(1991): 141-58.

An Article in a Journal that Numbers Pages in Each Issue Separately

Hallin, Daniel C. “Sound Bite News: Television Cov

erage of Elections,

1968-

1988.”

Journal of Communication

42, no.2 (1992): 5-24.

An Article from a Magazine

Armstrong, Larry, Doris Jones Yang, and Alice Cuneo. “The

Learning Revolution: Technology is Reshaping Education

–

at

Home and at School.”

Business Week

, 28 Feb. 1994, 80-88.

A Signed Article from a Daily Newspaper

Manegold, Catherine S. “Becoming a Land of the Smoke

-Free, Ban

by Ban.”

New York Times

, 22 Mar. 1994, late edition, sec. A1.

A Review

Crutchfield, Will. “Pure Italian.” Review of

Verdi: A Biography

,

by Mary Jane Phillips-Matz.

New Yorker

, 31 Jan. 1994: 76-82.

A Film, Video Recording, Slide Program

The Greek and Roman World.

Chicago: Society for Visual

Education, 1977. Filmstrip

.

Perlman, Itzak

. Itzak Perlman: In My Case Music.

Produced and

directed by Tony DeNonno. 10 min. DeNonno Pix, 1985.

Videocassette.

A Sound Recording

Norrington, Roger, cond.

Symphony no. 1 in C and Symphony no. 6 in F.

By Ludwig van Beethoven. London Classical Players. EMI, 1988.

A Book by an Anonymous Author

Literary Market Place: The Directory of American book publishing

.

1984. New York: Bowker.

A Book with an Editor

Hall, Donald, ed. 1981.

The Oxford book of American literary

anecdotes

. New York: Oxford UP.

A Multivolume Work

Blanco, Richard L., ed. 1993.

The American revolution, 1775-

1783: An encyclopedia

. 2 vols. Hamden: Garland.

A Government Document

United Nations. Centre on Transnational Corporations. 1987.

Foreign direct investment, the service sector, and international

banking

. New York: United Nations.

Published Proceeding of a Conference

Mann, Jill. 1991. “Chaucer and the ?woman question?.” In

This

noble craft: Proceedings of the tenth research symposium of

the Dutch and Belgian university teachers of old and middle

english and historical linguistics, Utrecht, 19-20 January 1989,

edited by Erik Kooper. Amsterdam: Rodopi. 173-88.

Author’s last name, Given name. Year of publication. Article title.

Journal

title

volume, issue number: Page numbers.

An Article in a Journal with Consecutive Pagination

Flanigan, Beverly Olson. 1991. Peer tutoring and second language

acquisition in the elementary school.

Applied Linguistics

12:

141-58.

An Article in a Journal that Numbers Pages in Each Issue Separately

Hallin, Daniel C. 1992. Sound bite news: Television coverage of

elections, 1968-1988.

Journal of Communication

42, no.2: 5-24.

An Article from a Magazine

Armstrong, Larry, Doris Jones Yang, and Alice Cuneo. 1994. The

Learning revolution: Technology is reshaping education

–

at

home and at school.

Business Week

, 28 Feb, 80-88.

A Signed Article from a Daily Newspaper

Manegold, Catherine S. 1994. Becoming a land of the smoke-free,

ban by ban.

New York Times

, 22 March, late edition, sec. A1.

Published Proceeding of a Conference

Mann, Jill. “Chaucer and the ?Woman Question?.” In

This Noble

Craft: Proceedings of the Tenth Research Symposium of the Dutch

and Belgian University Teachers of Old and Middle English and

Historical Linguistics, Utrecht, 19-20 January 1989,

edited by

Erik Kooper. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1991. 173-88.

Author’s last name, Given name. “Article Title.”

Journal Title

volume, issue

number (Year of publication): Page numbers.

An Article in a Journal with Consecutive Pagination

Flanigan, Beverly Olson. “Peer Tutoring and Second La

nguage

Acquisition in the Elementary School.”

Applied Linguistics

12

(1991): 141-58.

An Article in a Journal that Numbers Pages in Each Issue Separately

Hallin, Daniel C. “Sound Bite News: Television Coverage of Elections,

1968-

1988.”

Journal of Communication

42, no.2 (1992): 5-24.

An Article from a Magazine

Armstrong, Larry, Doris Jones Yang, and Alice Cuneo. “The

Learning Revolution: Technology is Reshaping Education

–

at

Home and at School.”

Business Week

, 28 Feb. 1994, 80-88.

A Signed Article from a Daily Newspaper

Manegold, Catherine S. “Becoming a Land of the Smoke

-Free, Ban

by Ban.”

New York Times

, 22 Mar. 1994, late edition, sec. A1.

A Review

Crutchfield, Will. “Pure Italian.” Review of

Verdi: A Biography

,

by Mary Jane Phillips-Matz.

New Yorker

, 31 Jan. 1994: 76-82.

A Film, Video Recording, Slide Program

The Greek and Roman World.

Chicago: Society for Visual

Education, 1977. Filmstrip

.

Perlman, Itzak

. Itzak Perlman: In My Case Music.

Produced and

directed by Tony DeNonno. 10 min. DeNonno Pix, 1985.

Videocassette.

A Sound Recording

Norrington, Roger, cond.

Symphony no. 1 in C and Symphony no. 6 in F.

By Ludwig van Beethoven. London Classical Players. EMI, 1988.

MLA Style