APA、MLA格式参考文献的写法

APA

（

The American Psychological

Association

）和< /p>

Chicago Manual Style

。

< br>APA

广泛应用于社会科学和教育领域。

一、

引文的格式

引文的格式可采用文中夹注、

脚注和 尾注的形式。

MLA

和

APA

格式不采用脚注或尾注，

而使用文中夹注的形式，

MLA

格式要求标明作者的姓和页数，它们之间没有逗号。

A PA

要

求括号里标明作者姓名、出版日期，引文的其他信息可在 参考文献中找到。

1

文中夹注（

Parenthetical Citation

）

1

）引文较短时，要用双引号括起来 ，引文与正文融为一体。如果作者已在文中出现，

注释中就不再列作者的名字。

Hosenfeld found that unsuccessful readers could be taught the lexical

strategies of successful readers, confirming Wenden’s observation

that“ineffective learners are inactive learners. Their apparent inability to learn is,

in fact, due to their not having an appropriate

repertoire

1

of learning

strategies.”

（

1985:7

）

2

）当引文较长时（四行或超过四行 ），引文要另起一段，缩进五个空格，不用引号。

Results supported the notion that learners can be taught to use more

effective learning strategies:

Strategies training was successfully demonstrated in a natural teaching

environment with second language listening and speaking tasks. This indicates

that classroom instructions on learning strategies with integrative language

skills can facilitate learning

（

O’Malley et al 1985a: 577

）

.

3

）多个作者在第二次被提到时可用 第一个作者的姓加

et al.

Finally, information type is based on contrasts such as concrete-abstract,

static-dynamic, contextualized- decontextualized

（

Brown et al.1978

）

.

4

）引文是翻译材料时要注明最初出 版时间和翻译时间。

This is not a recent discovery. More than a hundred years ago, the

neo- grammarians Hermann Osthoff and Karl Brugman described such a

situation very well:

When serious attempts at upset are directed against a procedure that one is

used to and with which one feels comfortable, one is always more

readily

stimulated

2

to

ward

3

off the

disturbance

4

than to undertake a

thorough revision and possible

alteration

5

of the accustomed procedure.

（

Osthoff and Brugman 1878

（

1967

）：

20 4

）

2

脚注（

Footnotes

）

如果该页有两个以上的脚注，< /p>

脚注之间需要

隔行。在正文中的引语（直接或间接）处的上方标上 阿拉伯数字，脚注也标上相应的数字。

注释要包括作者姓名、书名、出版地、出版社、出 版时间及页码。

1. The materials used in the class consisted of two texts

－

a vocabulary

building text and an advanced reading text

－

and the SRA Kit2

2. SRA Reading Laboratory is a set of materials for students in grades 9 to

12. The

kit

6

contains multilevel individualized learning materials focusing on

reading and study skills.