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英国留学生哈佛论文文献格式写法
Guide to Harvard Referencing
This
guide
has
been
produced
by
the
ASU
in
response
to
questions
from Business
School students about the important subject of
accurate referencing. It is essential
for you to reference
your work
thoroughly because everything you write for the
Business
School
is
'evidenced'
-
your
discussion
and
arguments
should consist mainly of academic
theory and 'expert'
practitioner
experience. These two main sources (theory and
practice)
MUST
be
referenced
throughout
your
writing. Readers
must be able to see which words are
your own words and what
sources you
have used as evidence to back up your assertions.
Good referencing is ESSENTIAL because:
1) Your tutor must be able
to check your source.
2) Other readers
might want to follow up your work.
3)
Your
tutor
needs
to
see
if
you
are
reading
and
understanding
course material and book lists.
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If you do not reference, you can be accused of
stealing the
work and ideas of others,
and this is the serious offence
of
Plagiarism.
The UH
Business School uses the Harvard referencing
system.
ASU have produced a
'standardised' version from the many
different variations of Harvard that
are available because it
is important
to be consistent with all your references. ASU
worked
with
IH
consultants
to
produce
this
standard
referencing
format for the Business School.
Harvard is a modern
'author-date'
system and should not be used in the same
document
with
the
older footnote
system
('historical'
system)
which
contains
numbers
in
the
text
and
footnotes.
The
complete
reference consists of two parts: an in-
text citation and a
final reference in
the list ofReferences, which has the
following order:
HARVARD BASIC ORDER OF
INFORMATION
Harvard is an
'AUTHOR DATE' system, and (if known),
you must record the information in this
order:
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Author (Year) Title. Place
of publication: Name of
publisher.
If you do not
have any part of the information, you will have
to leave it out or indicate you do not
have it with 'date
unknown' for
example. Very rarely is the 'author unknown'
although
it
may
be
a
'corporate'
author.
You
can
reference
ANY
sources using Harvard - the rule is
keep the same order of
information as
above.
WHO WROTE THE WORK?
WHEN DID THEY WRITE IT?
WHAT
IS THE NAME OF THE WORK?
WHERE CAN IT
BE FOUND?
References and Bibliography
References are NOT the same as a
Bibliography. Your lecturer
may ask you
to put either one of these, or both at the end of
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your assignment. Whichever you use,
the Harvard style is the
same and it
must be arranged alphabetically. Here are the
differences:
References
References
contain
a
list
of
all
the
sources
you
actually
used
and 'cited' in the text.
Bibliography
A
Bibliography
contains
all
the
sources
of
information
that
you
used
as
'background'
reading
for
the
assignment
but
you
did
not
actually
cite
these
sources
in
the
text. A
Bibliography
should
not only include books, but any
background sources that you
think
should be mentioned. Do not make a long
Bibliography to
impress. Only include
items that you think provide useful
information for the reader.
Remember:
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References / Bibliography must be
arrangedalphabetically,
according to
author.
A Reference list must contain
an entry for each in-text
citation.
Other sources, not cited in the text,
should go in a separate
Bibliography.
Always note the full details of your
references and quotes as
you read and
write, so that you do not forget your sources. It
will then be easier to make the final
list of References.
Include a page
number if your citation is a direct quotation
from your source, otherwise, page
numbers are not normally
required,
although there will be some exceptions.
Make a final check when editing your
work that eachin-text
citation also
appears in the References.
Do
not
mix
Harvard
with
other
referencing
systems
(i.e.
do
not
use 'ibid', '', etc.)
UHBS
Harvard
Referencing
does not use
numbering,
footnotes
and
endnotes.
Even
though
there
are
slight
variationsofthe
Harvard
format
in
use
worldwide,
the
key
issue
is
that
you
must
be CONSISTENT
and
use the same style
throughout. The format in this guide has
been agreed by the ASU, LIS and
interested UHBS staff.
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Only reference the sources
you actually use(see primary and
secondary sources below).
Take careful note of the different use
of italics, inverted
commas,
etc.
between
different
types
of
sources
(e.g.
books
and
journals). Generally, the titles of
books, journals and
newspapers are put
in italics. The titles of articles in
journals are put in inverted commas.
If your source is an electronic
version, rather than a paper
copy
of a
journal, book,
newspaper or
report,
then
you need
to
state
[Online]
to
show
that
you
read it
online instead of
hard
copy.
Use
‘Available at’ for URL (uniform resource locator)
to
identify a web address.
Always include the date (day, month and
year) that you
'accessed' your web
reference source.
Primary and secondary sources
Primary
sources
are
the 'original'
sources.
Secondary
sources
are
the
sources
referred
to
by
other
authors.
This
guide
gives
examples of both types of sources.
Remember that ideally, you
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should always consult the
primary source. However, whatever
type
of source you use, the golden rule is to only cite
and
reference the source that you
actually use.
Attribution tense
As a general rule, use the present
tense. For example,
(1987)
suggests?
one. The concepts and issues
referred to are considered to be
still
current.
Final list of
References
Consistent punctuation and
spacing are necessary in the
References. Some general rules apply:
Authors' names:
Use only the initials of the authors'
given names.
No full stops are used
between initials.
Titles of works:
Only capitalise content words for the
titles of books, book
chapters and
journal articles.
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In the titles of journals,
magazines and newspapers, capital
letters should be used as they appear
normally.
Use
italics
for
the
titles
of
books,
journals,
and
newspapers.
Enclose titles
of book chapters and journal articles in
inverted commas (single quotation
marks).
Page numbering:
Books: page numbers are not usually
needed in the References.
Journal
articles:
page
numbers
appear
as
the
final
item
of
the
citation,
followed by a full stop.
Use the
abbreviations p. for a single page, and pp. for a
page
range, e.g. pp.11-12
Whole citation:
The
different details, or elements, of each citation
are
separated by full stops.
The whole citation finishes with a full
stop.
Contents
Books
1 One author
2 Two authors
3 Several
authors
4 Edited book
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5 More than
one book by the same author in the same year
Journals
6
Author unknown
7 One author
8 Two authors
9 Author
citing another author
Electronic Information
10
Electronic book
11 Electronic journal
12 Internet page - author known
13 Organisation website
14
Information databases
–
citing a journal article
15 Information
databases
–
citing a report
(author unknown)
16 Discussion
group/Bulletin board
17 Virtual
Learning Environments (StudyNet)
18
Conference proceedings (published on the Internet)
19 Electronic magazine or newsletter
20 Online images (graphs, diagrams)
21 Multiple references to the same
website
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22 Using an acronym (short forms of
organisation/institution
names)
Other sources
23 Two articles by same author in same
year
24 Reference material (dictionary,
encyclopaedia)
25 Photographs
26 Newspaper or magazine article -
unspecified author
27 Newspaper or
magazine article
–
author
known
28 Corporate author
29
Lecture notes (PowerPoint slides, handouts)
30 Personal communications (interview,
conversation, fax,
email, letter)
31 Research reports
32 CD-ROM
33 Film (DVD /
Videocassette / film)
34 Full
conference proceedings
35 Government/EU
publication
36 Reports
37 In
house publications
38 Thesis /
dissertation
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39 Translation (by translator)
40 Translation (by student)
41 Encyclopaedia entries
42
Exhibition guides/catalogues
43 Graphs
(figures and tables)
44 Legislation
45 Case law
46 Television
47 Radio
48 Quotations
49 Quoting other students
50
YouTube Videos
Books
1 One author
In-text citation
As Barro (2008) suggests,
the terms ‘micro’ and
‘macro’ economics
are, to a large extent, misnomers.
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References
Barro, R.J. (2008) Macroeconomics. 5th
edn. London: MIT.
2 Two authors
In-text citation
Mahoney &
Cripps
(2008)
have
examined a
number
of
related
issues
in this field.
References
Mahoney, D. & Cripps, M.
(2008)International business: a
managerial perspective. 5th edn. Hong
Kong: Pearson.
3 Several authors (use 'et
al' for more than two authors)
In-text citation
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A ‘boundaryless’ organisation is one
not defined, or limited to, the
horizontal, vertical or
external
boundaries imposed by a predefined
structure
(Robbins et al, 2003:292).
References
Robbins, S.P., Bergmann, R., Stagg, I.
& Coulter, M.
(2003) Management. 3rd
edn. Sydney: Prentice Hall.
4 Edited book
In-text citation
Both qualitative and quantitative data
have subjective
aspects which must be
controlled for (Mason,1994, in
Bryman
and Burgess,1994).
References
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Mason, J.
(1994) ‘Linking Qualitative and Quantitative
Data Analysis’. In Bryman, A. & Burgess
R.G. (eds.)
(1994) Analyzing
Qualitative Data. London: Routledge.
5 More than
one book by the same author in the same year
In-text citation
As Stevens suggests (2008a
& 2008b) e-commerce business
models
must include the realisation that initially,
transaction security is more important
than market
exposure.
References
Stevens, J. (2008a) E-commerce: The
Future of Selling.
London: Sage.
Stevens, J. (2008b) The
Online Market Place. New York:
Randall.
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Journals
Only
the title of the journal is put in italics. The
title of
the article is put in inverted
commas.
6
Author unknown
In text
citation
A
recent
British
Medical
Association
(BMA)
article
(2009)
highlights
the
economic
impact
of
the
problem
of
obesity.
References
BMA
(2009) 'The impact of obesity on UK health care
funding'. British Medical Journal. No.
10057. 28th June.
p.13.
7 One author
–
journal article
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In text citation
As
O'Hara's
survey
(2007)
shows
marketing
microstructures
are not well
understood.
References
O'Hara, M. (2007) 'Making
Market Microstructure
Matter'.
Financial Management. 28(2) summer. pp. 83-91.
8 Two authors
–
journal article
In-text citation
Differing
perceptions of organisational fairness
provide
grounds for resistant behaviour
(Folger and Starbuck,
2002).
References
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Folger, R. & Starbuck, D. (2002)
'Constraints on
Change'. Journal of
Organisational Change Management.
12(1)
pp. 34-45.
9
Author citing another author
In-text citation
Current levels of competition demand
that companies
consider new ways of
organising their accounting systems
(Javier et al, 2005, cited in Poole et
al, 2006).
References
Javier,
M.,
Mathews,
P.
&
Corcoran,
G.
(2005)
'Management
Accounting for Global Growth'.Financial
Management. 12(2) pp. 18-26. In Poole,
A.M., Brown, R.,
Lauchan,
L.
&
Roose,
W.
(eds.)
(2006) Journal
of
Business
Finance and Accounting. 33(10)
pp.1402-1434.
Note:
If the author of
the
chapter/idea
cites
yet
another
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source, refer
to No.9 above, e.g. Smith (2004, in Javier
et
al,
2005,
in
Poole
et
al,
2006)
the
reference
list
should
contain complete
details of all sources.
Electronic
Information
10 Electronic book
In-text citation
Bowell & Kemp (2005) stress the
importance of developing
critical
thinking in academic writing.
References
Bowell, T. & Kemp, G. (2005) Critical
Thinking
–
a concise
guide. 2nd edn. New York: Routledge
[Online] Available
at:
/EBLW
eb/patron/?target=patron
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&extendedid=E_13
[Accessed:
25th January, 2010]
13
Organisation website
In-
text citation
The
diversity of risk factors affecting CEOs today has
placed risk manage
forefront of CEOs’
concerns (Morgan Stanley, 2009).
References
Morgan Stanley (2009) Public Fund CIO
Survey: Optimizing Resources to
Mee
Demands. Available
at
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/views/perspectives/#anchor7585
25th January, 2010]
14
Information database citing a journal article,
e.g. from Emerald; Ebsc
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In-text
citation
Macedo (2004)
discusses new ways of designing the structure and
working pr
References
Macedo, J. (2004) ‘Unified
stru
ctural procedural approach for
designing
systems’.International
Journal of Production Research.
42(17)
pp. 356-37
Available at:
/bsi
/results?vid=2&hid=113&sid=5c0a86c6-ece7-48cd
[Accessed: 25th January, 2010].
15 Information database
citing a report
–
author
unknown
In-text citation
A Mintel Report (2007)
states that Venezuela’s oil revenues
have allowed President
Ch
á
vez to finance his
“
Bolivarian
revolution
”
and
to establish programmes to help the poor, at
home and abroad.
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References
Mintel (2007) Travel and Tourism
–
Venezuela
–
August
2007
[Online] Available at:
/sinatra/oxygen_
academic/my_repor
ts/display/id=237192&a
nchor=atom#atom0 [Accessed:
25th
January, 2010].
16 Discussion group/Bulletin board
In-text citation
Customers appear very
satisfied with this approach to
refunds
(Consumer Action, 2008).
References
Consumer Action (2008) Available by
e-mail:
conact@btinfonet [Accessed:
25th January, 2010].
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17 Virtual Learning Environments (e.g.
StudyNet)
In-text citation
Bryant
(2009)
stresses
that
you
should
not
rely
too
heavily
on
only a limited number of sources for your essays.
References
Bryant, T. (2009) UHBS ASU Guide to
Essay
Writing. [Online]. Available at:
/icskills [Accessed: 25th
January, 2010].
18 Conference proceedings
(published on the internet)
In-text citation
Lord (2010) shows how the sweeping
reforms to China
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Lord (2010) shows how the
sweeping reforms to China's economy
have
tended
to
produce
a
new
'cultural
revolution'
in
reverse.
References
Lord, J. (2010) 'FromHutong to Hu
Jintao. Development and
change
in
China:
ne
w
marketing
strategies’.
American
Chamber
of Commerce in
Shanghai Conference. 13 January. Shanghai:
AMCHAM. Available at:
/marketing/
[Accessed:25th
January, 2010].
19 Electronic magazine or newsletter
In-text citation
Loyalty programmes are
still popular amongst corporate
travellers
(American
Express
Corporate
Travel
Newsletter,
2010).
References
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American
Express (2010) Airline News. Corporate Travel
Newsletter [Online]. Available at:
/topics/TravelersTools [Accessed:
25th January, 2010].
20 Online
images (graphs, diagrams)
In-text citation:
Figure 1 above (Morgan Stanley, 2009)
shows that company
listing activity
increased dramatically in the third
quarter.
References
Morgan Stanley (2009) IPOs 2009
[Online]. Available at:
http///ipo/gtm
[Accessed:
25th January, 2010].
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21 Multiple references to
the same website
In-text
citation:
As
can
be
seen,
in
2009,
Nokia
was
still
in
a
dominant
position
in relation to
other foreign entrants to the Chinese telecoms
market (Nokia, 2009a). It maintained
this position through
continued
product
innovation
(Nokia,
2009b)
and
aggressive
use
of Special Economic Zone
concessions (Nokia, 2009c).
References
Nokia (2009a) Business solutions.
Available at:
http///nokia/0,
[Accessed: 15
March, 2009].
Nokia
(2009b) Phones and more. Available
at:http///nokia/0, [Accessed: 15
March,
2009].
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Nokia (2009c) Culture of
mobility. Available at:
http///fashion/
l
[Accessed: 15 March, 2009].
22 Using an acronym to
reference a website
In
text citation
Recent
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)
research
estimates
that
the
total
asset
base
of
the
United
States'
not-for-profit
sector
would
actually
make
it
only
the sixth largest
economy in the world (FASB, 2008).
References
FASB
(2009) News Release. 11 September, 2009. Available
at:
http///news/
[Accessed:
14
September, 2009].
Other sources
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