-
万圣节资料
Part I
万圣节编年史：从死神节到南瓜灯
Halloween, or Hallowe'en, a holiday
celebrated on the night of October 31, is a mix of
ancient
Celtic practices, Catholic and
Roman religious rituals and European folk
traditions that blended
together over
time to create the holiday we know today.
< br>万圣节前夜（每年
10
月
31<
/p>
日）
，在其形成过程中逐渐融合了凯尔特习俗、天主教仪式和欧<
/p>
洲民间传统，最终形成了我们今天所见的这样一个节日。
Ancient
远古时期
Shades:
Throughout
ancient
history,
Shades
meant
the
spirit
of
a
dead
person,
residing
in
the
underworld.
幽灵：远古时期，人们认为幽灵是生
活在地下世界的死者的灵魂。
Carving gourds
into elaborately decorated lanterns dates back
thousands of years to Africa.
将葫芦精雕细刻、做成灯笼的习俗可追溯到几千年前的非洲。
800-450 B.C.
公元前
800-450
年
The ancient Celts believed that wearing
masks would ward off evil spirits.
古凯尔特人相信戴上面具可以避开邪灵。
Pre-1st Century
1
世纪前
Samhain: The Festival of Samhain is a
celebration of the end of the Gaelic harvest
season.
死神节：盖尔人（苏格兰和爱尔兰的凯尔特人）庆祝丰收季节结束的节
日。
1st Century
1
世纪
Gaels believed that the border between
this world and the otherworld became thin on
Sambain;
because animals and plants
were dying, it allowed the dead to reach back
through the veil that
separated them
from the living.
盖尔人相信，在死神节，
现世与冥界的边界会逐渐消失。
动物和植物纷纷死去，而死者将穿
过把他们同生者隔开的幕布重回世间。
Bonfires
played a major role in the Festival of Samhain.
Celebrants wore costumes, mostly skins
and animal heads, and danced around
bonfires.
篝火对于死神节来说是必不可少的。
参加
庆典的人们穿上动物的皮毛和头颅做成的服装，
围
着篝火舞蹈。
By A.D. 43, Romans had
conquered much of Celtic territory. Two Roman
festivals were combined
with
the
Celtic
celebration
of
Samhain:
Feralia,
a
day
in
late
October
when
Romans
commemorated the
passing of the dead, and a day to honor Pomona,
Roman goddess of fruit
1
and trees.
公元
43
年，罗马人占领了凯尔特人的大部分领土，并将两个罗马节日与死神节的传统结合
起来：
一个是纪念死者的
Feralia
节
（十月末的一天）
，
另一个是纪念罗马的果树女神
Pomona
的节日。
Werewolf: The original werewolf
of classical mythology, Lycaon, a king of Arcadia
who, according
to Ovid's Metamorphoses,
was turned into a ravenous wolf by Zeus. Possibly
the source of the
term lycanthropy.
狼人：
古罗马诗人奥维德在他的
《变形记》<
/p>
中描绘了古典神话中狼人的原型——阿卡迪亚王
吕卡翁，由于触怒
天神宙斯而被变成了一匹狼。也许“变狼妄想狂”一词就是来源于这个故
事。
3rd Century
3
世纪
In
the Roman Catholic church, a commemoration of
April and early May.
在每年四月中旬
到五月初这段时间，
罗马天主教会庆祝一个名为
“众殉道者节”
的纪念性节
日。
7th Century
7
世纪
The festival of All Siants dates to May
13 in 609 or 610, when Pope Boniface IV
consecrated the
Pantheon at Rome.
公元
609
或
610
年，
教皇卜尼法斯四世为罗马万神殿祝圣，
并将
5
月
13
日定为
“众圣人节”
。
This date was an ancient pagan
observation, the end of the Feast of the Lemures,
in which the
evil and restless spirits
of all the dead were appeased.
这一节期原本是古
老的异教节日——勒姆瑞斯
（夜游魂）
节的末尾，
在这一节日期间人们试
图安抚那些邪恶且永不安宁的亡魂。
< br>
8th Century
8
世纪
Pope Gregory III designated November
1st All Saints' Day, a time to honor saints and
martyrs.
教皇格列高利三世将每年
11
月
1
日定为“众圣人节”
，
以此纪念圣人和殉道者。
Many believe the
pope was attempting to replace the Celtic festival
of the dead with a related,
but church-
sanctioned holiday.
人们相信，教皇此举是为了用一个教会认可
的节日来替代凯尔特的亡者之节日。
Saint
Boniface declared that belief in the existence of
witches was un-Christian.
圣卜尼法斯（
680-754
，本笃会修士，美因茨大主教）宣布，相信女巫的存在是不合基
督教
教义的。
10th Century
10
世纪
The Catholic church made November 2nd
All Souls' Day, a day to honor the dead.
天主教会将每年
11
月
2
日定为“万灵节”
，以纪念死者。
The
three
Catholic
celebrations,
the
eve
of
All
Saints',
All
Saints',
and
All
Souls',
were
called
2
Hallowmas.
至此，天主教的三大节日——众圣人节
前夜，众圣人节，万灵节，被统称为“
Hallowmas
”<
/p>
（即“万圣节”之意）
。
Middle Ages
中世纪
Carved
turnips
in
Ireland
and
Scotland
are
used
as
candle
lanterns
in
windows
to
ward
off
harmful spirits.
在爱尔兰和苏格兰，人们将芜菁（形似萝卜）雕刻成灯笼放在窗台上，以此抵挡邪灵。
< br>
Soul
cakes,
often
simply
referred
to
as
souls,
were
given
out
to
soulers
(mainly
consisting
of
children and the poor)
who would go from door to door on Hallowmas
singing and saying prayers
for the
dead. Each cake eaten would represent a soul being
freed from Purgatory.
另一项传统习俗涉及“灵魂饼”
：在万圣节期间，小孩和穷人会挨家挨户地唱歌并为死者祈
祷，人们则
给他们一种被称作“灵魂饼”的点心作为报酬。据说每吃掉一个“灵魂饼”
，就
会有一个灵魂被从炼狱中拯救出来。
14th Century
14
世纪
Witch-hunts first appeared in large
numbers in southern France and Switzerland.
在法国南部和瑞士，大规模搜捕女巫的行动开始出现。
Many believed that witches avoided
detection by turning themselves into cats.
人们相信，女巫为了躲避抓捕会变形成猫。
15th Century
15
世纪
Count Dracula Vlad III the Impaler,
Prince of Wallachia (1431-1476)
吸血鬼德拉库拉
的原型——伯爵德拉库拉·弗拉德三世，人称“穿刺者”
，生于
1431
年，卒
于
1476
年。
16th
Century
16
世纪
“
Halloween
”
（万圣节前夜）一词正式见于英语语言。
17th Century
17
世纪
Salem witch trials (1692-1693)
< br>著名的
Salem
女巫审判发生在
1692
到
1693
年，
约有上百人被捕，
数十人被判有罪，
十几人
被处死。
18th Century
18
世纪
18th century literature popularized
Samhain as
在
18
世纪的
文学作品中，死神节被描绘为“凯尔特的新年”
。
3
Vampire: First
known use of the word
吸血鬼：
“吸
血鬼”一词的首次使用是在
1734
年。
The Vampire Diaries
19th
Century
19
世纪
Children
disguised
in
costumes
going
door
to
door
for
food
and
coins
was
traditional
at
Halloween in Scotland and Ireland.
在苏格兰和爱尔兰，
孩子们会在万圣节前夜打扮成精灵和鬼怪的样子，<
/p>
挨家挨户讨要食物和
硬币。
Mary Shelley's Frankenstein novel
(1818)
玛丽·雪莱的小说《弗兰肯斯坦》发表于
181
8
年。
Jane C.
Loudon's The Mummy novel (1827)Jane C. Loudon
的小说《木乃伊》发表于
1927
年。
In
1846,
the
Irish
Potato
Famine
brings
Irish
Catholics
to
America,
along
with
their
Halloween
traditions.
1846
年，爱尔兰大饥荒爆发，许多爱尔兰天主教徒来到了美国，并带来了
他们的万圣节传
统。
Jack-o-
lantern: First associated with Halloween in 1866.
南瓜灯：
1866
年，南瓜灯第一次与
万圣节前夜联系在一起。
Bram Stoker's
Dracula novel (1897)
布拉姆·斯托克的小说《吸血鬼德拉库拉
》发表于
1897
年。
20th Century
20
世纪
Candied Apple was invented by William
W. Kolb in 1908.
1908
年，
William W.
Kolb
发明了焦糖苹果。
The
Book of Hallowe'en by Ruth Edna Kelley (1919)
Ruth Edna Kelley
的
《万圣节前夜之书》
出版于
1919
年
，
这是第一本讲述万圣节历史的著作。
Bela Lugosi stars in Dracula (1931)
电影版《吸血鬼德拉库拉》于
1931
年上映
，由匈牙利演员
Bela
Lugosi
主演。
Boris
Karloff stars in Frankenstein (1931)
电影
版《弗兰肯斯坦》于
1931
年上映，由英国演员鲍里斯·卡洛
夫主演。
Boris Karloff stars in
The Mummy (1932)
电影版《木乃伊》于
19
32
年上映，由英国演员鲍里斯·卡洛夫主演。
The earliest known use in print of the
term
1934
年，
“
trick or treat
”
（不请吃就捣蛋
）最早见于印刷品中。
Halloween movie
(1978)
经典恐怖电影《月光光心慌慌》于
1978
年上映。
Present
现在
Halloween is estimated as a $$6.9
billion dollar industry.
如今，万圣节前夜每年能创造约
69
亿美元的经济效益，俨然成为了一项产业。
4
Part II
万圣节的英文介绍
Halloween
is
a
holiday
celebrated
on
October
31.
By
tradition,
Halloween
begins
after
sunset.
Long
ago,
people
believed
that
witches
gathered
together
and
ghosts
roamed
the
world
on
Halloween. Today, most people no longer
believe in ghosts and witches. But these
supernatural
beings are still a part of
Halloween.
万圣节前夜是在
10
< br>月
31
日庆祝的一个节日，
根据
传统，
万圣节前夜的庆祝活动从太阳落山
开始。在很久以前，人
们相信在万圣节前夜女巫会聚集在一起，鬼魂在四处游荡。现在，大
多数人们不再相信有
鬼魂和女巫的存在了，但是他们仍然把这些作为万圣节前夜的一部分。
The colors black and orange
are also a part of Halloween. Black is a symbol
for night and orange is
the color of
pumpkins. A jack-
o’
-lantern
is a hollowed-out pumpkin with a face carved on
one
side. Candles are usually placed
inside, giving the face a spooky glow.
黑色和橙色仍然是万圣节前夜的一部分，
黑色是夜晚的象征，
而
橙色代表着南瓜。
南瓜灯是
用雕刻成脸型，中间挖空，再插上蜡
烛的南瓜做成的，带来一个毛骨悚然的灼热面孔。
Dressing
up
in
costumes
is
one
of
the
most
popular
Halloween
customs,
especially
among
children. According to
tradition, people would dress up in costumes (wear
special clothing, masks
or disguises)
to frighten the spirits away.
盛装是最受欢迎的万
圣节风俗之一，
尤其是受孩子们的欢迎。
按照传统习俗，
人们会盛装
（穿
戴一些特殊的服饰，面具或者
装饰）来吓跑鬼魂。
Popular Halloween costumes include
vampires (creatures that drink blood), ghosts
(spirits of the
dead) and werewolves
(people that turn into wolves when the moon is
full).
流行的万圣节服装包括
vampires
（吸血鬼）
，
ghosts
< br>（死者的灵魂）和
werewolves
（每当月
圆时就变成狼形的人）
。
Trick or Treating is a
modern Halloween custom where children go from
house to house dressed
in costume,
asking for treats like candy or toys. If they
don't get any treats, they might play a trick
(mischief or prank) on the owners of
the house.
欺骗或攻击是现代万圣节的风俗。
孩子
们穿着特殊的衣服走街串巷，
讨取糖果和玩具之类的
赏赐。如果
他们得不到任何的赏赐，就可能会对屋主大搞恶作剧或者胡闹了。
The tradition of the Jack
o' Lantern comes from a folktale about a man named
Jack who tricked
the devil and had to
wander the Earth with a lantern. The Jack o'
Lantern is made by placing a
candle
inside a hollowed-out pumpkin, which is carved to
look like a face.
南瓜灯的传统来自于一个民间传说。一个名叫<
/p>
Jack
的人戏弄了恶魔，之后就不得不提着一
< br>盏灯在地球上流浪。南瓜灯是用雕刻成脸型，中间挖空，再插上蜡烛的南瓜做成的。
There are many other
superstitions associated with Halloween. A
superstition is an irrational idea,
like believing that the number 13 is
unlucky!
5
和万圣节有
关的迷信还有很多。
迷信是一种不合常理的想法，
比如认为
13
是不吉利的数字！
Halloween
is
also
associated
with
supernatural
creatures
like
ghosts
and
vampires.
These
creatures are not part of the natural
world. They don't really exist... or do they?
万圣节还和一些诸如鬼魂和吸血鬼之类的超自然的生物有关。
这些生物不
是自然界的一部分。
他们实际上是不存在的
......
或许他们其实真的存在？
Witches are popular Halloween
characters that are thought to have magical
powers. They usually
wear pointed hats
and fly around on broomsticks.
女巫是万圣节很受
欢迎的人物，人们认为她们具有强大的魔力。他们通常戴着尖顶的帽子，
骑在扫把上飞来
飞去。
Bad omens
are also part of Halloween celebrations. A bad
omen is something that is believed to
bring bad luck, like black cats,
spiders or bats.
恶兆也是万圣节庆祝活动的一部分。
人们相信恶兆会带给坏运气，
黑猫、
蜘蛛或者蝙蝠都
算
是恶兆。
Part III
万圣节风俗的起源
Jack-o-lanterns - Pumpkin Lanterns
These are hollowed out pumpkins with a
face cut into one side. People once carved out
beets,
potatoes and turnips to use as
lanterns on Halloween. Nowadays we carve out
pumpkins.
According to an Irish legend, jack-o-
lanterns were named for a man named Jack, who
could not
enter heaven because he was a
miser
点击发音
. He could not
enter hell either, because he had
played jokes on the devil. So instead,
he had to walk the earth with his lantern until
Judgment
Day.
Fire
Fire
was
very
important
to
the
Celts
as
it
was
to
all
early
people.
In
the
old
days
people
lit
bonfires, to scare away evil spirits.
They believed that light had power over darkness.
In some
places they used to jump over
the fire to bring good luck.
Today, we light candles in pumpkin
lanterns and then put them outside our homes to
frighten
away witches and ghosts.
Apple Bobbing (Duck-apple)
The Roman festival for remembering the
dead was also in October. During this time, the
Romans
remembered their goddess,
Pomona. She was the goddess of the trees and
fruits, and when the
Romans
came
to
Britain,
they
began
to
hold
these
two
festivals
on
the
same
day as
Samhain.
Apple games
probably became associated with Halloween because
of this.
6