-
Problems and Answers to Chapter 4
Q1:
In Canada, where land is
cheap, the ratio of land to labor used in cattle
raising is
higher than that of land
used in wheat growing. But in more crowded
countries, where
land is expensive and
labor is cheap, it is common to raise cows by
using less land
and more labor than
Canadians use to grow wheat. Can we still say that
raising cattle
is land-intensive
compared with farming wheat? Why or why not?
在土地便宜的加拿大，用来养牛的
人均土地要多于用于种植小麦所用的人
均土地。
但是在那些比较
拥挤的国家里，
土地昂贵而劳动力便宜，
人们用于养牛
的人均土地通常比加拿大用于种植小麦的人均土地更少。我们是否仍然可以说，
< br>与小麦种植相比，养牛业是土地密集型产品？为什么是或为什么不是？
A1:
It is
incorrect. To define cattle raising as land-
intensive, the comparison should
be the
ratio of land-labor used in raising cattle and
growing wheat, not the land per
capita
ratio between raising cattle and growing wheat.
Because the ratio of land to
labor used
in cattle raising is higher than that of land used
in wheat growing in
Canada, cattle
raising is land-intensive compared with farming
wheat.
If in other countries, the ratio of
land to labor used in cattle raising is higher
than
that of land used used in wheat
growing, we can say that raising cattle is land
intensive compared with farming wheat.
Q2:
Suppose that at current factor prices
cloth is produced using 20 hours of labor for
each acre of land and that food is
produced using only 5 hours of labor per acre (
英亩
=0.405
公顷
) of land.
a. Suppose that the
economy
’
s total resources
are 1,200 hours of labor and 120
acres
of land. Use a diagram to determine the allocation
of resources.
b. Now suppose that the labor supply
increases first to 1,600, then 2,000, then
2,400 hours. Using a diagram like
Figure 4-9, trace out the changing allocation of
resources
c. What would happen if the
labor supply were to increase even further?
假设在现有要素价格下，
棉布生产中每用
1
英亩的土地就需要投入
20
小时
的劳动，而在生产粮食时，每用
1
英亩的土地只需投入
5
< br>小时的劳动。
a.
假设该经济拥有的总资源量为
：
1200
小时的劳动和
120
英亩的土地。
用图
表说明资源如何分配。
b.
现在假设劳动供给分别上升，
先
到
1600
小时，
然后
2000
小时，
再到
2400
小时。用一幅如图
4-6
的图展示出资
源分配变化的轨迹。
c.
如果劳动供给继续增加将出现什么样的情形？
A2:
Given a
LC
/a
TC
=20,
a
LF
/a
TF
=5.
a.
Suppose
L=1200, T=120.
1
Figure for Q2a The
Allocation of Resources
F
O
C
L
C
=800
T
C
=40
1
C
T
F
=80
L
F
=400
O
F
a
LC
Q
C
+
a
LF
Q
F
= 1200
a
TC
Q
C
< br> + a
TF
Q
F
= 120
L
C
+
L
F
= L
T
C
+
T
F
= T
a
LC
/a
TC
= (L
C
/Q
C
)/(T
C
/Q
C
) =
L
C
/T
C
= 20
L
C
=
20T
C
a
LF
/a
T
F
= (L
F
/Q
< br>F
)/(T
F
/Q
F
) =
L
F
/T
F
= 5
L
F
=
5T
F
T
C
+
T
F
= 120
T
C
= 40
L
C
= 20*40 = 800
L
C
+
L
F
=
20T
C
+
5T
F
= 1200
T
F
= 80
L
F
= 5*80 = 400
b.
Figure for Q2b The Allocation of
Resources with Increased Labor Supply
T
C
4
O
C
L
1
F
C
B
T
4
T
3
T
2
T
1
A
F
’
O
3
C
O
2
C
O
1
C
O
F
D
T
F
L
C
’
2
An increased
labor supply makes the box representing the
economy
’
s resources
longer. If goods prices remain
unchanged, factor prices and land-labor ratios
remain
the same, resource allocation
moves from point A to point B, when L increases to
1,600 hours, with more land and more
labor denoted to cloth production. The output
of food falls, while the output of
cloth rises more than proportionately to the
increase
in labor supply.
As labor supply increases, the point
for the allocation of resources will move
from A, to B, to C and then to D.
When L = 1,600,
T
C
= 66.67,
L
C
= 1333.33,
T
F
= 53.33,
L
F
= 266.67;
When
L = 2,000, T
C
= 93.33,
L
C
= 1866.67,
T
F
= 26.67,
L
F
= 133.33;
When
L = 2,400, T
C
= 120,
L
C
= 2400,
T
F
= 0,
L
F
= 0. (In this case, the
economy
has complete specialization.)
c.
If the labor supply continues to
increase, excess supply will exist. At that time,
factor price will adjust; otherwise,
unemployment will show up.
Q3:
“
The
world
’
s poorest countries
cannot find anything to export. There is no
resource that is abundant --- certainty
not capital or land, and in small poor nations not
even labor is
abundant.
”
Discuss.
“
世界上的一些最贫穷的国家找不到
什么产品来出口。在这些国家里，没有
一种资源是充裕的。不用谈资本，也不用说土地，
在一些又小又穷的国家，甚至
连劳动也不充裕。
”
讨论分析这段话。
A3:
“
A
bundance
”
is a relative
term, rather than an absolute term. One country is
abundant in one factor, which means
that the country is abundant in one factor
relative to the other factor. According
to Heckscher - Ohlin Theorem, an economy
will tend to export goods that are
intensive in the factors with which they are
abundantly supplied. Compared with
developed countries, in developing countries,
labor is more abundant than capital.
Q4:
In many developed countries, labor
movements represent blue-collar workers
rather than professionals and highly
educated workers, and traditionally favor limits
on imports from less-affluent
countries. Is this a shortsighted policy or a
rational one
in view of the interests
of union members? How does the answer depend on
the model
of trade?
在许多
发达国家，劳工运动代表了蓝领工人，而不是专业人士和受过高等教
育的工人
.
并且传统上支持政府限制从发展中国家进口产品。
从工会成员利益的
角度来看，这个政策是否合理？如何用相关贸易的理论来回答本题
？
A4:
Based on different models, this question will have
different answers.
3