-
1 Modernism
（现代主义）
Modernism is
comprehensive but vague term for a
movement
，
which begin in the late
19th
century and which has had a wide influence
internationally during much of the 20th
century.
2> modernism takes the
irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-
analysis as its
theoretical
case.
3> the term pertains
to all the creative arts. Especially
poetry
，
fiction
，
drama
，
painting
，
music and architecture.
现代主义
是全面但运动模糊的术语
,
在
19
世纪末期开始
,
在国际上有广泛影响的在<
/p>
20
世
纪的大部分时间。
2
>
现代主义以非理性哲学和精神分析理论为其理论的情况。
3
>
这个词属
于所有的创造性艺术。特别是诗歌、小说、戏剧、绘
画、音乐和建筑。
2
Transcendentalism
（超验主义）
（
来
Transcendentalism is
literature
，
philosophical and literary movement
that flourished in new
England from
about 1836 to 1860. it is the summit of American
Romanticism. it originated
among a
small group of intellectuals who were reacting
against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and
the rationalism of the Unitarian
Church
，
developing instead their own faith
centering on the
divinity of humanity
and the natural world. Transcendentalism derived
some of its basic idealistic
concepts
from romantic German
philosophy
，
and
from such English authors as Coleridge and
Wordsworth. Its mystical aspects were
partly influenced by Indian and Chinese religious
teachings. Although Transcendentalism
was never a rigorously systematic
philosophy
，
it
had
some basic tenets that were
generally shared by its adherents. The beliefs
that God is immanent
in each person and
in nature and that individual intuition is the
highest source of knowledge led
to an
optimistic emphasis on
individualism
，
self-reliance
，
and rejection of traditional authority.
The ideas of Transcendentalism were
most eloquently expressed by Ralph waldo Emerson
in
such essays as
Nature
，
and by
Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden.
超验主义是从
1836
至
1860
于新英格兰发
起的一场文学，哲学以及艺术运动。即浪漫
主义的顶点。
由于一
小群知识分子反对加尔文教派和唯一神论教派理性的形式主义，
他们从
< br>而提出人与自然的神圣这一信念。
超验主义受到德国浪漫主义哲学以及英国浪漫主
义作家柯
勒律治和沃兹华斯的影响，
还在一定程度上受到东方古
典哲学和宗教的影响。
尽管超验主义
思想并不能算是严格意义上
的哲学，
但是它还是有一些基本原则的。超验主义者认为人人
都有内在的神性，
只有通过接触自然才能使神性与人的天性相互
融合。
从而超验主义十分强
调个人主义，
自立，
拒绝传统权威思想。
超验主义思想在爱默生的
<
论自然
>
和梭罗的
<
瓦尔
登湖
>
等书中表现得淋漓尽致
源：自考
365
网
）
3
American
Naturalism
（美国自然主义文学）
The American naturalists accepted the
more negative interpretation of Darwin‘s
evolutionary theory and used it to
accout for the behavior of those characters in
literary works
who were regarded as
more or less complex combinations of inherited
attributes
，
their
habits
conditioned by social and
economic forces.
2
）
naturalism is evolved from realism when
the author’s tone in writing becomes less
serious and less sympathetic but more
ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a
gloomy
philosophical approach to
reality
，
or to
human existence.3>Dreiser is a leading figure of
his
school.
美国自然主义者接受了达尔文的进化理
论的负面解读
,
用它来解释行为的那些被认为
< br>是文学作品中的人物或多或少地继承的属性的复杂组合
,
他们的习惯受制于社会和经济力
量。
2)
自然主义是从现实主义当作者在写作的语气变得严肃和同情
,
但更多的讽刺和悲观。
它只不过是一个悲观的哲学方法现实
,<
/p>
或人类生存。
3
>
德莱塞是学校的一位领军人物。
4
Local
Colorism
（乡土文学）
Generally
speaking
，
the
writings of local colorists are concerned with the
life of a small
，
well-defined region or province. The
characteristic setting is the isolated small
town.
2
）
Local colorists were consciously
nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of
life
，
recorders
of a present that faded before their eyes. Yet for
all their sentimentality
，
they
dedicated themselves to
minutely accurate descriptions of the life of
their regions
，
they worked
from personal
experience to record the facts of a local
environment and suggested that the
native life was shaped by the curious
conditions of the local.
3
）
major local colorists is Mark Twain.
一般来说
,
地方色彩的著作关注的生活小<
/p>
,
定义良好的地区或省。
特点设置是孤立
的小镇。
2)
当地色彩设计师有意识地怀旧历史学家的消失的生
活方式
,
记录消失在他们眼前的一份礼
物。
然而
,
尽管他们的多愁善感
,
他们致力于详细准确描述他们生活的地区
,
他们从个人工作经
验记录当地环境和事实表明
< br>,
本地生活是由当地的好奇的条件。
3)
主要地方色彩是马克·吐
温。
5 The Lost
Generation
（迷惘的一代）
The lost
generation is a term first used by Stein to
describe the post-war I generation of
American writers
：
men and women haunted by a sense of
betrayal and emptiness brought
about by
the destructiveness of the war.
2>full of
youthful idealism
，
these individuals sought the meaning of
life
，
drank
excessively
，
had love affairs and created some of
the finest American literature to date.
3>the three
best-known representatives of lost generation are
F. Scott Fitzgerald
，
Hemingway and John dos Passos.
迷惘的一代是第一次使用的一个术语来描述战后一代美国作
家
:
男人和女人被背叛和空虚的感觉带来的破坏性的战争。
2
>
充满年轻的理想主义
,
这些人寻
求生命的意义
,
饮酒过度
< br>,
有爱情
,
创建了一些最好的美
国文学。
3 >
这三个著名的迷惘的一代的
代表是菲茨杰拉德
,
海明威和约翰·多斯帕索斯。