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Unit 1
1.
Identity is
determined by genetic endowment (what is
inherited from parents), shaped by
environment, and
influenced by chance
events.
Who we are
is determined by three things: First, our
genes, or what our parents have given
us, our legacy; second,
environment;
and third, luck or opportunities.
2.
In fact, it
may be heightened by their choice to pursue a
college education.
Actually,
if the students choose to go to college to
continue
their education, they will
face an even more serious struggle
between the desire to be independent
and the need to
depend on the financial
support of their parents.
e students
need to stand back and see where they are
in the independence/dependence
struggle.
(In the face of the arrays
of challenges,) it is necessary for
college students to avoid getting too
emotionally involved in
the struggle
and try to get a clear idea of their situation.
4.
. Probably
nothing can make students feel lower or higher
emotionally than the way they are
relating to whomever they
are having a
romantic relationship with.
Perhaps
nothing can make a student experience such a big
emotional change except his/her
relationships with his/helover.
Unit 2
1.I realized that
while my satisfaction in the sheer act of
reading had not abated in the least,
the world was often
as hostile, or as
blind, to that joy as had been my
girlfriends.
I realized that
while my joy in reading had not
weakened a bit, the world was just as
blind or hostile to
my joy as my
girlfriends had been.
2.
. America is also a nation that prizes
sociability and
community, that accepts
a kind of psychological domino
effect:
alone leads to loner, loner to loser. Any sort of
turning away from human contact is
suspect, especially
one that interferes
with the go-out-and-get-going ethos
that seems to be at the heart of our
national character.
America is a
nation that highly values sociability and
community, and believes that being
alone will naturally
lead to being a
loner, and being a loner is sure to end up
being a loser. Therefore if someone
separates himself or
herself from other
people, people have a good reason to
suspect him or her, especially if it
prevents that person
from going out and
starting to get things done, which is
the most important part of the American
character.
3.
Reading for
pleasure, spurred on by some interior
compulsion, became as suspect as
getting on the subway
to ride aimlessly
from place to place.
Some people did
not believe that there was such a thing
as reading for pleasure driven by a
strong desire from the
heart. They
regarded it as an idle, aimless, meaningless
occupation just like driving from place
to place aimlessly
on the subway.
4.
And in circles
devoted to literary criticism…there was
sometimes a kind of horrible
exclusivity surrounding
discussions of
reading.
When literary critics
discussed the problem of reading,
they
sometimes showed the terrible attitude that
reading
was a right that only belonged
to the elite, not to be
shared with
other people.
Unit 3
1.
I am just as ignorant for all your
telling me.
I am still as ignorant as
before of the names of flowers
although
you had told me.
2.
But now, as he spoke, that memory
faded. His was the
truer.
Now, that memory about the ridiculous scene
gradually
disappeared. His memory was
more accurate. They did
have a good
time that afternoon.
3.
He was certainly far better looking now
than he had
been then. He had lost all
that dreamy vagueness and
indecision.
Now he had the air of a man who has found
his place in life.
He was
no longer impractical or unrealistic and
uncertain what to do with his life.
4.
Now he had the
air of a man who has found his place
in
life.
At that time, the man was much
younger, full of
dreams, very
impractical, very unclear about what he
should do with his life. But now he
looks like a man who
has a successful
career.
5.
As he
spoke, …she felt the strange beast that
ha
d
slumbered so long within
her bosom stir, stretch itself,
yawn,
prick up its ears, and suddenly bound to its feet,
and fix its longing, hungry stare upon
those far away
places.
As he
spoke, she felt that her lifelong dream of
traveling around the world, which had
been lying at the
back of her mind all
these years because her health
conditions had not allowed her to do
that, now began to
wake up. It was just
like a strange beast waking up with
longing and hungry eyes for those
wonderful places.
6.
As he spoke she lifted her head as
though she drank
something; the strange
beast in her bosom began to
purr.
when she heard those beautiful words,
she felt
good. And her long-buried love
for him seemed to wake
up again.
Unit 4
1.
Lying on the bare earth, …he looked
like a beggar
or a
lunatic.
He was lying on the ground which
was not covered
with anything, and he
didn’t wear shoes but wore a
beard and
kept his body half-naked, so he looked like a
beggar or a mad man. He was a beggar,
but not a mad
man.
2.
He had opened
his eyes…, done his business like a
dog
at the roadside,
He had emptied his
bowels or passed water like a dog
at
the roadside.
3.
Sometimes they threw bits of food, and
got scant
thanks; sometimes a
mischievous pebble, and got
a shower of
stones and abuse.
Sometimes
people would throw bits of food to him,
but he hardly thanked them at all.
Sometimes they would
throw a pebble at
him for fun, but get a shower of stones
and a stream of abuse in return.
4.
He knew they
were mad,
each in a different
way
.
They amused him.
He knew that other people were all
insane in this way or
another. For
example, some were mad about money;
some were mad about power; some were
mad about sex,
etc. Their folly was
funny to him.
5.
It was not
…even a
squatter
’s hut
He thought that everybody’s life was
too complicated,
too costly, and thus
gave them too much pressure. (He
argued
that people should live a simplest life possible.)
6.
He spent much
of his life in the rich, lazy, corrupt
Greek city of Corinth
,
mocking and satirizing its
people, and
occasionally
convert
one of
them.
He chose to live among the
wealthy, lazy and dishonest
citizens of
Corinth for many of his years, ridiculing and
criticizing them. And he occasionally
persuading one of
them into adopting
his belief.
7.
He
was not the first to inhabit such a thing. But he
was the first who ever did so by
choice,
out of
principle.
He was
not the first to live in a cask. Yet he was the
first
to do so because he wanted to,
based on his principle, not
because he
was forced to by necessity.
8.
But he taught
chiefly by example.
Diogenes sometimes
taught by talking to people, but
he
mainly taught by setting an example for others to
follow.
9.
Live without conventions, which are
artificial and
false; escape
complexities and extravagances:
only so
can you live a free life.