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英语修辞学考试复习
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Rhetorical
options
*
1
、
What is rhetoric?( Definitions of
rhetoric)
the art or science of
communication in words; this art or science
practiced or taught as
a formal
discipline, esp. the doctrine formulated by
Aristotle and taught throughout
the
Middle ages; overornate or ostentatious language.
(Longman Modern English
Dictionary)
2
、
What
'
s the purpose of rhetoric
(
?
两种说法
)
①
T
he
prevailing view about the purpose of rhetoric is
to express oneself well and to
communicate effectively in order to
secure a desired result by employing rhetorical
means efficiently.
②
“
to
enlighten the understanding , to please the
imagination, to move the passion ,or
to
influence the will.
促进理
”
解
“
、引起想象、调动感情、或者说影响人们的
< br>意
志
”
(18
世纪苏格兰修辞学家
George Campbell
)
*
3
、
What is discussed in
rhetoric?
(
contents of rhetorical
)
Rhetoric is composed of theoretical
rhetoric and practical rhetoric. Theoretical
rhetoric deals with the theoretical
problem of rhetoric, while practical rhetoric
helps
us improve our ability to use the
English language effectively.
rhetoric
covers all the elements of oral and written
things, including structure, diction.
Rhythm, tone, style, and anything
related to the effective use of language.
4
、
The Highest
Principles of Rhetoric
the highest
principle of rhetoric is to adapt to specific
situation, that is,
“
adaptability
”
or
“
appropriateness
”
.
Sentence
(
syntactic device
)
1
、
What is
sentence
？
A
sentence is a group of words which expresses a
complete thought. Generally, an
effective sentence must possess five
essential qualities: correctness, clearness,
unity,
coherence and emphasis
正
.
（
确、清楚、统一、连贯、强调）
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2
、句子的组成
A sentence must contain a subject and a
verb
（
although one may be
implied
）
.
①
w
ords
②
c
orrect grammar
③
m
eaning
3
、句子的分类
Sentences may be classified according
to Grammar or Rhetoric as to meaning and as to
form:
Grammatical
Classification of Sentences
I. As to
meaning:
II. As to Form:
1.
Declarative Sentence
2. Interrogative
Sentence
3. Imperative Sentence
1. Simple Sentence
2. Compound Senten
（
ce
并列）
3.
Complex Sentenc
（
e
复合）
4.
Compound
–
C omplex Sentence
4. Exclamatory Sentence
Rhetorical Classification of Sentences
III. As to Arrangement
1.
Periodic
Sentence
（
圆周句）
left-
branching sentence
2.
Loose
Sentence
（松散句）
right-branching sentence
3.
Balanced
Sentence
4
、
The
short and long sentence
①
S
hort sentences, on the
whole, are characterized by their brevity, quick
tempo and
force. The short sentence is
relatively simple in form, clear in grammatical
relation,
and terse and forceful in
style.
②
L
ong sentence is relatively
complex in form, fully expressive in capacity, and
often
used in formal style to show
one
'
s complicated mentality
or various kinds of
relationship of
different things.
5
、
the
simple
，
compound and complex
sentence
①
A Simple sentence
has only one clause to make a statement, and so it
is good for
directness and clearness.
②
The Compound Sentence
consists of two or more independent clauses which
are
of equal status, that is, the
clauses are paratactic (parallel; coordinate) in
relationship.
③
T
he complex sentence makes
clear the logical relationship between events or
ideas
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through subordination. Subordinate
clauses are named according to their functions.
Left-branching sentence(periodic
sentenc
：
e)
*
6
、
the branching sentences
Right-branching
sentenc
(
e loose
sentence
)
：
Left-branching sentence(periodic
sentence
：
) the periodic
sentence has its main idea
at the end
of the tive or qualifying information are placed
before the
main clause or assertion.
Right-branching
sentence
(
loose
sentence
)
：
in a loose sentence, the main idea is
put
at the beginning of the
sentence,and supportive or qualifying information
comes from
it.
*
7
、
Balanced
sentence
：
When a
sentence contains tow parallel clauses similar in
structure but contrasted in meaning,it
is balanced main ideas are often
presented in parallel phrases or
clauses.
⑴
Parallelism
排比：
the main function of parallelism is to
add clarity and
coherence
to
what one wishes to
communicate
。
⑵
Antithesis
对比：
antithesis is the deliberate
arrangement of contrasting words or
ideas in balanced structural forms to
achieve force and emphas
。
is
⑶
Chiasmus
回文
and
antimetabole
交叉：
chiasmus is a device that consists of
two
balanced
statement
，
s the second of
which reverses the order of the words in the
first
，
with or without a repetition of
words
。
For
example
：
①
we eat
for live
，
not live for
eat
。（
here the
key words in the
first statement are
repeate
，
d and reversed in
order in the secon
。
d This is
called
antimetabole
。）
②
he was an angle on the
surfac
，
e but at heart a
knave
。（
here
there is no
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repetition of words;but the position of
the nouns and adverbials are reversed. This is
called chiasmus.
）
⑷
climax
（
渐进
）
：
it is extremely
effective in stirring up feelings and
emotions
，
or in
driving home a point
。
⑸
anti-climax or
bathos
（突降或渐降）：
is
a device that involves stating
one
‘
s
thoughts in
a descending order of significance or
intensit
，
y from strong to
weak
，
from weight
to light or frivolous
。
It is often used to ridicule or
satirize
。
*
9
、
syntactic schemes of
inversion
（句子的倒装）：
分为
grammatical
inversion
（语法倒装）和
rhetorical
inversion
（修辞倒
装）；一
个倒装句能倒回到正常的顺序是修辞倒装，不能倒回的是语法
倒
装。
The inversion is not a
factor of correctness, but effectiveness of that
sentence.
Function of emphasis,
vividness, balance, close connection and
compactness and
rhyming
verse
。
10
、
the function
of sentence
：
The
four basic sentence functions in the world's
languages include the declarative,
interrogative, exclamative, and the imperative.
Lexical device
（
word
词）
1
、
the meaning of
word
：
两种
Associative
meaning and conceptual
meanin
。
g
或者七种
conceptual
meaning
，
connotative
meaning
，
social
meaning
，
effective
meaning
，
reflective
meaning
，
collocating
meaning
，
thematic
meaning
。
2
、词的分类
①
three layers of
words
：
The learned, the
common and the colloquial.
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