西方思想经典书后问题答案

Unit1

does covenant mean?describe the old covenant and the new.

The Old Covenant is the first section of the Christian Bible, based primarily upon the

Hebrew

Bible

,

a

collection

of

religious

writings

by

ancient

Israelites.

It

is

the

counterpart

to

the

New

Covenant,

the

Christian

Bible's

second

section.

It

includes

such

diverse

materials

as

prophetic

oracles,

teachings

of

wise

men,

instructions

of

priests and ancient records of the royal courts. Some material is historical, some is

legendary; some is legalistic, some is didactic.

The books of the

Old Covenant

can be broadly divided into several sections: 1) the

first five books or Pentateuch (Torah); 2) the history books telling the history of the

Israelites, from their conquest of Canaan to their defeat and exile in Babylon; 3) the

poetic

and

books

dealing,

in

various

forms,

with

questions

of

good

and

evil

in

the

world;

4)

and

the

books

of

the

biblical

prophets,

warning

of

the

consequences of turning away from God.

The

New Covenant

is the second major part of the Christian biblical canon, the first

part being the Old

Covenant, which is based on the Hebrew Bible. The Greek New

Covenant

discusses

the

teachings

and

person

of

Jesus,

as

well

as

events

in

first- century

Christianity.

Although

Christians

hold

different

views

from

Jews

about

the Hebrew scriptures of the Old Covenant, Christians regard both the Old and New

Covenants together as sacred scripture. The New Covenant (in whole or in part) has

frequently accompanied the spread of Christianity around the world. It reflects and

serves as a source for Christian theology and morality. Both extended readings and

phrases directly from the New Covenant are also incorporated (along with readings

from the

Old

Covenant)

into the

various

Christian

liturgies.

The

New

Covenant

has

influenced religious, philosophical, and political movements in Christendom, and left

an indelible mark on its literature, art, and music.

The

New

Covenant

is

an

anthology,

a

collection

of

Christian

works

written

in

the

common

Greek

language

of

the

first

century,

at

different

times

by

various

writers,

who were early Jewish disciples of Jesus. In almost all Christian traditions today, the

New Covenant consists of 27 books.

is the meaning of the original sin?

Original sin

, also called ancestral sin,is the Christian doctrine of humanity's state of

sin

resulting

from

the

fall

of

man,

stemming

from

Adam's

rebellion

in

Eden

.

This

condition

has

been

characterized

in

many

ways,

ranging

from

something

as

insignificant

as

a

slight

deficiency,

or

a

tendency

toward

sin

yet

without

collective

guilt,

referred

to

as

a

nature

to

something

as

drastic

as

total

depravity

or

automatic guilt of all humans through collective guilt.

Jewish theologians are divided in regard to the cause of what is called

Some

teach

that

it

was

due

to

Adam's

yielding

to

temptation

in

eating

of

the

forbidden fruit and has been inherited by his descendants; the majority, however, do

not hold Adam responsible for the sins of humanity, teaching that Adam's sins are his

alone. However, Adam is recognized as having brought death into the world by his

1

disobedienceby

some

theologians.

Because

of

his

sin,

his

descendants

will

live

a

mortal life, which will end in death of their bodies. The doctrine of

not found in most of mainstream Judaism. Although some in Orthodox Judaism place

blame

on

Adam

for

overall

corruption

of

the

world,

and

though

there

were

some

Jewish

teachers

in

Talmudic

times

who

believed

that

death

was

a

punishment

brought upon humanity on account of Adam's sin, that is not the dominant view in

most

of

Judaism

today.

Modern

Judaism

generally

teaches

that

humans

are

born

sin-free and untainted, and choose to sin later and bring suffering to

concept

of

inherited

sin

is

also

not

found

in

any

real

form

in

Islam.

Some

interpretations of original sin are rejected by other Christian theologies.

3.

Justification, in Christian theology, is God's act of removing the guilt and penalty of

sin

while

at

the

same

time

declaring

a

sinner

righteous

through

Christ's

atoning

sacrifice. In Protestantism, righteousness from God is viewed as being credited to the

sinner's account through faith alone, without works.

Some

people

argue

that

natural

evils

are

a

mechanism

of

divine

punishment

for

moral evils that humans have committed, and so the natural evil is justified. God's

condemnation of evil is subsequently believed to be executed and expressed in his

created

world;

a

judgment

that

is

unstoppable

due

to

God's

all

powerful

will;

a

constant

and

eternal

judgment

that

becomes

announced

and

communicated

to

other

people

on

Judgment

Day

.

In

this

explanation,

God's

condemnation

of

evil

is

declared to be a good judgment.

4. Evaluating the Image of Eve from the feminist perspective

Feminist

movement

was

considered

as

one

of

the

most

influential

cultural

developments

in

western

civilization.

Interestingly,

if

we

traced

back

to

Christian

Bible,

the

primary

religious

texts

of

Christianity,

which

plays

the

dominant

role

in

western theology, we could hardly find any evidence of feminism or gender equality.

Instead, a patriarchal system formed in the Garden of Eden since Adam and Eve were

created. The following perspectives can illustrate this point of view explicitly.

The creation of Eve: Patriarchy can be found from the reason why Eve was created

as well as the process how Eve was created. The beginning of Genesis portrayed how

God created the heaven and the earth in seven days, followed by the arrangement of

the Garden of Eden and a man named Adam. After completing all these work, God

made a woman named Eve from Adam’s rib by saying “It is not good that the man

should

be

alone;

I

will

make

him

an

help

meet

for

him.”

(Zhu,

5)

Considerable

debates

were

aroused

on

the

word

—the

“help

meet”.

The

literal

meaning

of

the

“help meet” undoubtedly refers to someone who is a helper to the other person and

belongs to the second-class status. In other words, woman was born to help man, to

accompany man, and to please man in order to prevent him from loneliness. Based

on this explanation, some people would insist that women can still share an equal

position with men, for they could work together. However, Thomas Aquinas argued

that

the

woman

was

created

“not

indeed

to

help

him

in

any

other

work,

as

some

2

have

maintained,

because

where

most

work

is

concerned

man

can

get

help

more

conveniently from another man than from a woman; but to help him in the work of

procreation.” (Aqu

inas, 35) Thus, it was clearly that woman was created not to share

the same status with man.

Another fact can also demonstrate that woman was created to subordinate to

man. For the first woman, Eve, was blamed as the symbol of original sin. She could

not resist the temptation of the serpent, and also induced Adam to eat the forbidden

fruit. She was the reason why human beings were cast of the Eden garden. However,

from

the

feminist

perspective,

such

criticism

on

Eve

is

unfair.

Because,

Eve

herself

wad

induced

by

the

serpent.

She

didn’t

mean

to

betray

the

Lord’s

will.

Besides,

without Eve, human beings would still be naked and don’t know shame. And if so,

human

beings

can

never

be

different

from

animals.

Therefore,

Eve

should

be

the

origin of the history of civilization of human beings.

The Old Testament written in the patriarchal society was meant to consolidate

the dominate status of man. And at that time, women were treated as appendant to

men.

可以参考

“

《圣经

·

旧约》中夏娃、大力拉及路德形象的女 性主义解读

”

5.

旧约中的主更严苛，新约中的耶稣更仁爱。

< br>旧约《圣经》中关于耶稣基督的预言，在新约中得到完全应验。新约首先在四福

音 书向我们揭示这位奇妙的人物是神的儿子，神的话、神的解释、说明和彰显。

祂将无限的 神带到有限的人里，

将三一神与三部分人联调在一起，

借着祂芬 芳的

美德，

在祂的人性里彰显全备之神丰富的属性，

赎。新约《圣经》继续解释这位奇妙人物在 复活里成了赐生命的灵，生为神的长

子，并为着祂的身体祂的教会重生信徒。祂这赐生命 的灵要进入信祂的人里面，

作他们的生命与他们成为一，

使他们 在生命性情上与祂一样，

成为神的众子。

这

些众子建造在一起，

成为基督的身体，

终极完成于新耶路撒 冷。

这是神对人永远

的定旨。

Christian canon is contained in the Bible, comprised of the Old and New Testaments.

The word bible comes from a Greek word meaning books. Appropriately, the Bible is

a

collection

of

scripture (as

separate

books)

considered

sacred

and

inspired by the

Holy Spirit. The Jewish Bible, the Tanakh, contains books of the Old Testament. The

reverence

and

respect

for

the

Jewish

Old

Testament

in

the

Christian

faith

is

evidenced in Christ's own words. He says

it.

Old Testament

focuses on the Hebrews' covenant with God,

their

history,

wisdom

and

laws.

The

New

Testament

centers

on

Christ's

life

and

ministry, crucifixion and resurrection

Old Testament:

Moses leads the Isrealites out of Egypt

Old

Testament

books

include

the

study

of

creation

in

Genesis,

the

flight

of

the

Israelites

out

of

Egypt

in

Exodus

and

the

beautiful

Psalms.

Many

phrases

used

in

everyday life come from the Old Testament.

Ecclesiastes 3.1-8. The Old Testament is valued in the Bible as a source of prefiguring

3

the coming of the Messiah.

New Testament:

The New Testiment begins with the birth of Christ

New Testament books include the four Gospels, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, the

testimony

of

Jesus'

apostles.

Other

books

include

the

works

ascribed

to

Paul,

including Corinthians, Romans, Ephesians and Timothy. The New Testament records

the life and ministry of Jesus. Through the eyes of Jesus' apostles, the story of Jesus'

humble birth in the manger and the angels telling the shepherds,

life.

6.

十诫，有时可能写做十戒，是 《圣经》记载的上帝借由以色列的先知和众部族首

领摩西向以色列民族颁布的十条规定， 即《摩西十诫》

。耶稣复活以后，十诫成

为给全世界的人的诫命 。

十诫对以色列人的生活有广泛的影响，

但是耶稣也曾经指出，

犹太人故意寻找律

法的空子，即绕过 律法的约束。在新约圣经中，由于耶稣的降临，使得现在的基

督徒已经不是活在