英语词汇学教程参考答案

《英语词汇学教程》参考答案

(

注：参考答案仅供参考。有些题目 的答案并非是唯一的

)

Chapter 1

1.

The

three

definitions

agree

that

lexicology

studies

words.

Y

et,

they

have

different

focuses.

Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure

and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic

structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions uses different names for

the object of study

. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and

for Definition 3 the lexicon.

2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door.

(2) Y

ou boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o

‘

clock.

(3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting.

3. (1)

when it follows ?

-

t‘ and ?

-

d‘, it is pronounced as

[id];

(2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t];

(3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d].

4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of

―

tree

‖

.

(2)They represent the forms of the verb

―

fly

‖

and have a common meaning.

(3)They belong to a lexical field of

?

telephone communication

‘

..

(4)They

are synonyms,

related

to

human

visual

perception.

Specifically,

they

denote

various

kinds of

―

looking

‖

.

5. (a)

?

blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the

primary stress in on black)

?

blackbird:

a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be

black in colour (the primary stress in on black);

?

greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight

(the primary stress in on black),

?

White House: the residence of the US President in Washington

(the primary stress in on black). 0

(b) black

?

board: any board which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); black

?

bird:

any

bird

which

is

black

in colour

(both words

receive

primary

stress);

grey

?

hound:

any

hound that is grey in colour (both words receive primary stress);

?

white

?

house: any house that is

painted white (both words receive primary stress).

6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open

class words and 20 closed class words.

7. (a) The

?

bull

‘

is literal, referring to a male bovine animal.

(b)

?

Take the bull by the horn

‘

is an idiom, meaning

?

(having the courage to) deal with someone

or something directly.

1

(c)

?

Like

a

bull

in

a

china

shop

‘

is

an

idiom,

meaning

doing

something

with

too

much

enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone.

(d)

A

?

bull

market

‘

is

one where

prices rise

fast

because

there

is

a

lot

of

buying

of shares

in

anticipation of profits.

8. cup, mug, glass, tumbler, tankard, goblet, bowl, beaker, wineglass, beer glass, sherry glass

They can be organized in a number of ways, for example, by the drinks the vessel is used for.

Non-alcoholic: glass, tumbler, cup, mug, beaker, bowl

Beer: beer glass, tankard

Wine: wineglass, goblet

Spirits: sherry glass

Chapter 2

1.

Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants, for example,

sing

as against

sang,

sung.

Morpheme is the ultimate grammatical constituent, the smallest meaningful unit of language.

For example,

moralizers

is an English word composed of four morphemes:

moral< /p>

+

lize

+

e r

+

s

.

Any concrete realization of a morpheme

in a given utterance is called a morph, such as

cat,

chair

, -ing, -s

, etc.

Allomorphs are the alternate phonetic forms of the same morpheme, for example, [t], [d] and

[id] are allomorphs of the past tense morpheme in English.

2. quick-ly,

down-stair-s,

four-th,

poison-ous,

weak-en,

world-wide,

inter-nation-al-ly,

in-ject,

pro-trude

3. island,

surname,

disclose,

duckling,

cranberry

,

reading,

poets,

flavourfulness,

famous,

subvert

4.(a)[

?

]

(b)[ -ai]

5. (1)

–?

s, -s

(2) -est, -s

(3)

–

ing

(4)

–

ed

6. The connotations are as follows:

(1) slang, carrying the connotation of reluctance, (2)informal, carrying the connotation that the

speaker

is

speaking

to

a

child,

(3)

beastie

is

used

to

a

small

animal

in

Scotland,

carrying

the

connotation of disgust, (4) carrying the connotation of formalness, (5) carrying the connotation of

light- heartedness.

7. { -

?

m;

～

- n;

～

- n;

～

-i:

～

-s;

～

-z;

～

-iz}

8. court: polysemy

dart: polysemy

2

fleet: homonymy

jam: homonymy

pad: homonymy

steep: homonymy

stem: homonymy

stuff: polysemy

watch: polysemy

9.

(1)

—

(f),

(2)

—

(g),

(3)

—

(c),

(4)

—

(e),

(5)

—

(a),

(6)

—

(d),

(7)

—

(b)

10.(1) unpractical

(2) break

(3) impractical

(4) rout

(5) pedals

(6) Route

(7) raze

Chapter 3

1.

The history of English can be

divided

into four periods: the Old, Middle, Early middle and

Modern English periods.

In Old English period, there is a frequent use of coinages known as

?

kennings< /p>

‘

, which refers

to

vivid

figurative

descriptions

often

involving

compounds. The

absence

of

a wide-ranging

vocabulary

of

loanwords

force

people

to

rely

more

on word-formation

processes

based

on

native elements. The latter period of Old English was characterized by the introduction of a

number

of

?

loan

translations

‘

.

Grammatical

relationships

in

Old

English

were

expressed

by

the use of inflectional endings. And Old English is believed to contain about 24,000 different

lexical items.

In

Middle

English

period,

English

grammar

and

vocabulary

changed

greatly.

In

grammar,

English

changed

from

a

highly

inflected

language

to

an

analytic

language.

In

vocabulary

English was characterized by the loss of a large part of

the Old English word-stock and the

addition of thousands of words from French and Latin.

In

Early

Modern

English

period,

English

vocabulary

grew

very

fast

through

extensive

borrowing and expansion of word- formation patterns. And there was a great many semantic

changes, as old words acquire new meanings.

Modern

English

is

characterized

with

three

main

features

of

unprecedented

growth

of

scientific vocabulary, the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language,

and the emergence of other varieties known as

?

New Englishes

‘

.

2.

appeareth

in

(a)

becomes

appeared

in

(b),

and

dreame

becomes

dream.

The

passive

were

departed

becomes

the

active

had

gone.

With

the

change

of

word

forms,

(b)

looks

simple

morphologically.

3.

barf: American slang

kerchief: French

mutton: French

cadaver: Latin

goober: Kongo

leviathan: Latin

ginseng: Chinese

taffy: North American

kimono: Japanese

3

whisky: Irish

caddy: Malay

sphere: Latin

algebra: Arabic

giraffe: African

4.

t

rain:

meaning

changed

from

the

trailing

part

of

a

gown

to

a

wide

range

of

extended

meanings.

deer: meaning narrowed from

?

beast

‘

or

?

animal

‘

to

?

a particular kind of animal

‘

knight: meaning ameliorated from

?

boy, manservant

’

to

?

a man in the UK who has been given

an honor of knighthood

‘

meat: meaning narrowed down from

?

food

‘

to

?

the edible flesh of animals and the edible part

of fruit

‘

.

hose: meaning extended from

?

leg covering

‘

to

?

a long tube for carrying water

‘

.

5.

sell: specialized

hound: specialized

starve: specialized

wife: specialized

loaf: specialized

6.

American English

British English

Fall

Autumn

candy

sweet

corn

Maize

semester

term

apartment

flat

Dresser

Dressing table

Street car

Tram car

Chapter 4

1. read+-i+-ness

dis-+courage+-ing

kind+heart+-ed

un-+doubt+-ed+-ly

stock+room+-s

pre-+pack+-age+-ed

2.

book: books(n.); books(v.), booking, booked

forget: forgets, forgot, forgotten

short: shortter, shortest

snap: snaps, snapping, snapped

take: takes, taking, took, taken

goose: geese

heavy: heavier, heaviest

3.

–

ish: meaning

?

having the nature of , like

‘

de-: meaning

?

the opposite of

‘

-ify: meaning

?

make, become

‘

-dom: means

?

the state of

‘

4