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《英语词汇学教程》参考答案
(
注：参考答案仅供参考。有些题目
的答案并非是唯一的
)
Chapter 1
1.
The
three
definitions
agree
that
lexicology
studies
words.
Y
et,
they
have
different
focuses.
Definition 1
focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while
definition 2 on the overall structure
and history. Definition 3 regards
lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses
on the semantic
structure of the
lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three
definitions uses different names for
the object of study
. For
Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the
vocabulary of a language, and
for
Definition 3 the lexicon.
2. (1) They can go into the room, and
if they like, shut the door.
(2)
Y
ou boys are required to give in your
homework before 10 o
‘
clock.
(3) I watch the
football match happily and find it very
interesting.
3. (1)
when it follows
?
-
t‘ and
?
-
d‘, it is pronounced as
[id];
(2) when it follows voiceless
consonants, it is pronounced as [t];
(3) when it follows voiced
consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d].
4. (1)They are words that
can be included in a semantic field of
―
tree
‖
.
(2)They
represent the forms of the verb
―
fly
‖
and have a common meaning.
(3)They belong to a lexical field of
?
telephone
communication
‘
..
(4)They
are
synonyms,
related
to
human
visual
perception.
Specifically,
they
denote
various
kinds of
―
looking
‖
.
5. (a)
?
blackboard: a board with a
dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing
with chalk (the
primary stress in on
black)
?
blackbird:
a particular kind of bird, which may
not necessarily be
black in colour (the
primary stress in on black);
?
greyhound: a slender, swift
dog with keen sight
(the primary stress
in on black),
?
White House:
the residence of the US President in Washington
(the primary stress in on black). 0
(b) black
?
board:
any board which is black in colour (both words
receive primary stress); black
?
bird:
any
bird
which
is
black
in colour
(both words
receive
primary
stress);
grey
?
hound:
any
hound that is grey in
colour (both words receive primary stress);
?
white
?
house: any house that is
painted white (both words receive
primary stress).
6. There are 44 orthographic words,
i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There
are 24 open
class words and 20 closed
class words.
7. (a) The
?
bull
‘
is literal, referring to a male bovine animal.
(b)
?
Take the bull by the
horn
‘
is an idiom, meaning
?
(having the courage to)
deal with someone
or something
directly.
1
(c)
?
Like
a
bull
in
a
china
shop
‘
is
an
idiom,
meaning
doing
something
with
too
much
enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly
in a way that may damage things or upset someone.
(d)
A
?
bull
market
‘
is
one where
prices rise
fast
because
there
is
a
lot
of
buying
of shares
in
anticipation of profits.
8. cup, mug, glass, tumbler, tankard,
goblet, bowl, beaker, wineglass, beer glass,
sherry glass
They can be organized in a number of
ways, for example, by the drinks the vessel is
used for.
Non-alcoholic: glass,
tumbler, cup, mug, beaker, bowl
Beer:
beer glass, tankard
Wine: wineglass,
goblet
Spirits: sherry glass
Chapter 2
1.
Lexeme is an
abstract linguistic unit with different variants,
for example,
sing
as
against
sang,
sung.
Morpheme is the ultimate grammatical
constituent, the smallest meaningful unit of
language.
For example,
moralizers
is an English
word composed of four morphemes:
moral<
/p>
+
lize
+
e
r
+
s
.
Any concrete realization of a morpheme
in a given utterance is called a morph,
such as
cat,
chair
, -ing, -s
,
etc.
Allomorphs are the alternate
phonetic forms of the same morpheme, for example,
[t], [d] and
[id] are allomorphs of the
past tense morpheme in English.
2. quick-ly,
down-stair-s,
four-th,
poison-ous,
weak-en,
world-wide,
inter-nation-al-ly,
in-ject,
pro-trude
3. island,
surname,
disclose,
duckling,
cranberry
,
reading,
poets,
flavourfulness,
famous,
subvert
4.(a)[
?
]
(b)[ -ai]
5. (1)
–?
s, -s
(2) -est, -s
(3)
–
ing
(4)
–
ed
6. The connotations are as
follows:
(1) slang,
carrying the connotation of reluctance,
(2)informal, carrying the connotation that the
speaker
is
speaking
to
a
child,
(3)
beastie
is
used
to
a
small
animal
in
Scotland,
carrying
the
connotation of disgust,
(4) carrying the connotation of formalness, (5)
carrying the connotation of
light-
heartedness.
7. {
-
?
m;
～
- n;
～
- n;
～
-i:
～
-s;
～
-z;
～
-iz}
8. court: polysemy
dart: polysemy
2
fleet: homonymy
jam: homonymy
pad: homonymy
steep: homonymy
stem: homonymy
stuff: polysemy
watch: polysemy
9.
(1)
—
(f),
(2)
—
(g),
(3)
—
(c),
(4)
—
(e),
(5)
—
(a),
(6)
—
(d),
(7)
—
(b)
10.(1) unpractical
(2)
break
(3)
impractical
(4)
rout
(5) pedals
(6) Route
(7) raze
Chapter 3
1.
The history of
English can be
divided
into
four periods: the Old, Middle, Early middle and
Modern English periods.
In
Old English period, there is a frequent use of
coinages known as
?
kennings<
/p>
‘
, which refers
to
vivid
figurative
descriptions
often
involving
compounds. The
absence
of
a
wide-ranging
vocabulary
of
loanwords
force
people
to
rely
more
on word-formation
processes
based
on
native elements. The
latter period of Old English was characterized by
the introduction of a
number
of
?
loan
translations
‘
.
Grammatical
relationships
in
Old
English
were
expressed
by
the use of inflectional endings. And
Old English is believed to contain about 24,000
different
lexical items.
In
Middle
English
period,
English
grammar
and
vocabulary
changed
greatly.
In
grammar,
English
changed
from
a
highly
inflected
language
to
an
analytic
language.
In
vocabulary
English was characterized by the loss
of a large part of
the Old English
word-stock and the
addition of
thousands of words from French and Latin.
In
Early
Modern
English
period,
English
vocabulary
grew
very
fast
through
extensive
borrowing and expansion of word-
formation patterns. And there was a great many
semantic
changes, as old words acquire
new meanings.
Modern
English
is
characterized
with
three
main
features
of
unprecedented
growth
of
scientific vocabulary,
the assertion of American English as a dominant
variety of the language,
and the
emergence of other varieties known as
?
New
Englishes
‘
.
2.
appeareth
in
(a)
becomes
appeared
in
(b),
and
dreame
becomes
dream.
The
passive
were
departed
becomes
the
active
had
gone.
With
the
change
of
word
forms,
(b)
looks
simple
morphologically.
3.
barf: American slang
kerchief:
French
mutton: French
cadaver: Latin
goober: Kongo
leviathan: Latin
ginseng: Chinese
taffy: North
American
kimono: Japanese
3
whisky: Irish
caddy: Malay
sphere:
Latin
algebra: Arabic
giraffe: African
4.
t
rain:
meaning
changed
from
the
trailing
part
of
a
gown
to
a
wide
range
of
extended
meanings.
deer:
meaning narrowed from
?
beast
‘
or
?
animal
‘
to
?
a particular kind of
animal
‘
knight:
meaning ameliorated from
?
boy,
manservant
’
to
?
a man in the UK who has
been given
an honor of
knighthood
‘
meat:
meaning narrowed down from
?
food
‘
to
?
the edible flesh of
animals and the edible part
of
fruit
‘
.
hose: meaning extended from
?
leg
covering
‘
to
?
a long tube for carrying
water
‘
.
5.
sell: specialized
hound:
specialized
starve: specialized
wife:
specialized
loaf:
specialized
6.
American English
British
English
Fall
Autumn
candy
sweet
corn
Maize
semester
term
apartment
flat
Dresser
Dressing
table
Street car
Tram car
Chapter 4
1. read+-i+-ness
dis-+courage+-ing
kind+heart+-ed
un-+doubt+-ed+-ly
stock+room+-s
pre-+pack+-age+-ed
2.
book:
books(n.); books(v.), booking, booked
forget: forgets, forgot, forgotten
short: shortter, shortest
snap: snaps,
snapping, snapped
take: takes, taking, took,
taken
goose: geese
heavy: heavier, heaviest
3.
–
ish: meaning
?
having the nature of ,
like
‘
de-:
meaning
?
the opposite
of
‘
-ify: meaning
?
make,
become
‘
-dom:
means
?
the state of
‘
4
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