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非限定动词是谓语的非谓语形式，不受人称和数的限制，在句中可以做除谓语以外的其他任何
成分，非限定动词有三种，即不定式、动名词和分词。
第一节
不定式具有动词性质，在句中
可有自己的宾语，并可被状语所修饰。
同时还具有名词、形容
词
和副词的性质，
在句中可作主语、宾语、宾语补语、定语、状语等成分。
动词不定式作主语
不定式短语可放在句首作动词
be, seem,
appear
等词的主语。
To
study the structure of the plant is necessary for
every student learning agriculture.
To
become a good teacher was my hope.
在现在英语中，
经常把代词
it
放在句首作形式主语，
而把真正的主语（不定式）放在句末。
It is impossible for her
to
buy the car with cash.
It took us three
weeks
to finish the work.
It
is very kind of you
to help
us
.
动词不定式作表语
动词不定式可以作表语，
通常说明或解释主语的内容，
也可表示将来的动作。
Our purpose is to finish the job in
three weeks.
The duties of a postman
are to deliver letters and newspapers.
动词不定式作宾语。
英语中有一部分动词常跟不定式作宾语。
She hopes to get something from the
sales.
I guarantee to pay off his debt.
The children refused to listen to me.
常这样用的动词有：
Agree
同意
Afford
担负得起
Arrange
安排
Ask
要求
Attempt
试图
Bother
麻烦
Care
愿意
Choose
愿意
Claim
声称
Consent
同意
Decide
决定
Demand
要求
Determine
决定
Endeavor
努力
Fail
未能
Forget
忘记
Happen
碰巧
Hesitate
犹豫
Hope
希望
Learn
学会
Long
渴望
Manage
设法
Neglect
忽视
Offer
提出
Plan
打算
Prepare
准备
Proceed
继续
Promise
保证
Prove
证明
Resolve
决心
Seek
试图
Seem
似乎
Tend
倾向于
Threaten
威胁
Trouble
麻烦
Try
努力
Undertake
承担
V
olunteer
志愿
Want
想要
Wish
希望
Guarantee
确保
Refuse
拒绝
Determined
决心
Pretend
假装
如果动词不定式作宾语而又跟宾补，这是要用
“it”
作形式宾语，而将不定式放到补语的后面。
I
believed it wrong
to tell it to
her.
I feel
it
an honor
to be asked to
speak here.
四．不定式作宾补
1.
有些动词后面常接不定式短语作宾语补足语。
She wished those books to be returned
sooner.
My parents won’t allow me to
stay out late.
这样的词有：
1
Advise
劝告
Allow
允许
Ask
要求
Beg
请求
Compel
强迫
Mean
意欲
Oblige
迫使
Order
命令
Permit
允许
Command
指挥
Encourage
鼓励
Expect
期望
Forbid
禁止
Prefer
宁愿
Remind
提醒
Request
要求
Teach
教
Force
迫使
Instruct
指示
Invite
邀请
Like
喜欢
Tempt
引诱
Urge
激励
Want
想要
Wish
希望
Entitle
给
< br>---
权利
Intend
打算要
Persuade
说服
2.
在某些动词短语
vote for , call on,
count on, rely on, depend on, long for, wait for <
/p>
等后面，也可
以跟
to
< br>不定式作补语。
You can’t depend
on him to come punctually.
We are longing for the holiday to come.
在
think, consider, believe,
find, feel, know, declare, guess, prove, suppose,
imagine
等词后面，
常跟
“to be +
形容词（也可以
是名词或反身代词）
”
结构，
但是
to be
常可以省去。
We
sometimes imagine a desert island (to be) a sort
of paradise, where the sun always shines.
I consider him (to be) my best friend.
五．不定式作定语
1.
不定式用在
the first,
the second, the last, the
only+
名词
等短语后面作定语。
He was
the first to arrive.
She was the only
one to survive the crash.
不定式常放在某些名词和代词后面作定语。
< br>不定式作定语与被修饰的中心词之间常表现为主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系或动状关系等。
I’m not sure which
restaurant
to eat at.
We are
in need of
nurses
to look
after the children.
He give me a week
to make up my mind.
Their decision to
give up the experiment surprised us.
常这样用的名词有：
Ability
能力
Agreement
同意
Ambition
雄心
Anxiety
焦急
Attempt
意图
Claim
声明
Decision
决定
Failure
失败
Intention
打算
Hope
希望
Need
需要
Plan
计划
Promise
诺言
Refusal
拒绝
Reluctance
不情愿
Resolution
决定
Tendency
倾向
Threat
威胁
Willingness
愿意
Readiness
愿意
Wish
希望
Determination
决心
3.
如果作定语的不定式为不及物动
词，其后需要加介词。
They have no
happiness to speak of.
Children use
pencils to write with.
“
介词
+which+
不定式
”
作定语，
which
代替前面的中心词。
I believe that is a proper standard by
which to judge people.
You have a
number of topics from which to choose.
六．动词不定式作状语。
1.
不定式也可跟在某些形容词后面或动词后面作原因状语。
She wept to see him in such a terrible
state.
He was an idiot not to have
realized it.
2
I
have enjoyed my visit here. I’ll be very sorry to
leave.
Happy
幸福
Glad
高兴
Astonished
吃惊
Surprised
吃惊
Amazed
吃惊
Sad
伤心
Overjoyed
极度高兴
2.
不定式作目的状语。
不定式作目的状语即可放在句首也可放在句尾，
为了加强语气，
也可
用
“so as to
或
in order to do”
结构作目的状语。
In order
to
即可放在句首也可放在句尾，
so as to
只能放在句尾。
I worked
hard in order for my son to go to hospital.
To /in order to master English, you
must spend much effort on it.
They did
anything in order to/ so as to make money.
3.
不定式可与其他词搭配作结果状
语。
（
1
）
“
too+ adj/adv+ to do” ,
意为
“
太
----
而不能
”
They reached the station
too late to catch the train.
He was too
shrewd a businessman to accept the first offer.
The problem was too complicated for to
solve.
(2
) only/all +too+
adj/adv+to do, too+ adj/adv+not to do”
意为
“
非常
”
I am only too pleased to accept your
kind invitation.
We are all too willing
to help you.
He is too wise
not to solve the
problem.
他非常聪明必能解决这个问题。
（
3
）
“adj/adv+enough+to do”,
意为
“
足以
-----
”
She speak slowly enough to
make us hear her
clearly.
她讲的很慢，所以能使我们听清楚。
We found the newly-built hall big
enough to hold 2000 people.
我们发现这个新建的大厅很大，
足以
容纳
2000
人。
（
4
）
“only(just) to do”
表示令人失望的，不愉快的结果。
He hurried to the station just/only to
learn that the train had left.
He went
home from his holiday only to find that his house
had been stolen.
(5). “so+adj/adv+as to
do”, “ such+n+as to do”
表示结果。
She spoke
so quickly as to make us not understand what she
expressed.
He can’t have
do
ne such a terrible thing as to keep
you waiting for so long.
(6).
有时也可用
“
介词
+there+b
e”
结构，
不定式短语在句中作结果状语。
It
was too late________any taxi.
be
B. being
C. to have
D. for there to be
七．
“
连词
+
动词不定式
”
的用法
连接词
“what,
how, when, where, whether
等
+
动词不定式
”
结构可作主语、表语、宾
语等。
What to do next remains
undecided.
I wonder whether to write or
phone.
I asked him how to learn
English.
Our difficulty is where to get
enough food.
注：有时这一结构也可跟在介词后面。
例如：
I have no
idea of how to solve the problem.
八．动词不定式的逻辑主语。
不定式在使用中可以有自己的逻辑主语，
主要有两种形式。
1.“for+<
/p>
名词（或代词的宾格）
+
不定式
”
，即可放在句首也可放在句尾。
For foreigners to study Chinese is
difficult.
It is important for him to
attend the meeting.
His idea is for us
to go in two different cars.
2.
< br>在表示人物性格、特征等形容词之后，常用
of
引出不定式的逻辑主语，
of
引导的不定式短
3
语只能放在后面作主语。
It
was very nice of you to drink so much of us.
It’s very kind of you to think so much
of us.
It’s very kind of you
to help us.
How foolish of
him to say so!
常用的这类形容词有：
Absurd
荒唐的
Bold
大胆的
brave
勇敢的
careful
细心的
clever
聪明的
Courageous
有勇气的
cruel
残忍的
good
好心的
Honest
诚实的
Kind
善良的
nice
正派的
Wicked
邪恶的
wise
明智的
Wrong
错误的
Considerate
考虑周到的
Greatful
感激地
Careless
粗心的
Follish
愚蠢的
Polite
有礼貌的
silly
愚蠢的
Right
正确的
rude
无礼的
Stupid
愚蠢的
Thoughtful
考虑周到的
九．不带
to
的动词不定式
1.
在表示感觉的动词如
feel,
hear, see, watch, observe, listen to, look at,
notice
以及使役动词
let,
make,
have
等后面作宾补的不定式要省去
to .
I felt the house shake.
His
neighbor observed a stranger go into his house.
Have you noticed her cry?
但如果变为被动语态时不能省去
to .
He was seen to take the money.
He was made to leave school by his
father’s death.
后面的不定式，
可以带
to
也可以不带
to .
但是，
当变为被动语态时，不能省略
to .
She helped me to hang the curtains.
This book can help you to arrange your
time scientifically.
The boy was helped
by a woman to collect his scattered coins.
3.
不定式通常不能直接跟在介词后面，
但是可以接在介词
but
和
except
后面作宾语。
在这一用法中，如介词前面有实义动词
do
,
介词后跟省去
to
的不定式；否则，
要跟带
to
的
不定式。
I don’t have any choice except(but) to
give up the plan.
There was
nothing for them to do but remain silent.
I did not know what to do with the
dying cat except clasp it to my bosom.
4.
当主语部分有实义动词
do
时，
作表语的不定式可以省略
to,
如没有实义动词
do
，
表语中的
to
不能省去。
What we can do is continue to wait.
The thing for them to do is manage to
raise enough money for the project.
在
cannot, cannot help but,
can’t choose but, had better, would( will, could)
you please, may( might)
as well, would
rather, would sooner
等习惯用法中跟不带
to
的不定式。
She
can’t help but weep at the painful
news.
I would sooner resign
than work under that boss.
Will you
please drive me home?
We had better
start at once.
在用
and, rather
than, or, than
等连接两个不定式并且作用相同时，
常省略第二个不定式符号
to .
He always prefers to start early rather
than (to) leave everything to the last minute.
She started to shout and cry.
4
I intend to
sit in the garden and written letters.
I would rather ( sooner) stay at home
than go out with them.
7.
在
why
和
why not
后常接不带
to
的不定式构成问句。
< br>
Why not come and see me tomorrow?
Why give up the plan?
8
。
在下列固定词组搭配中，
如
let fall(
故意说出
)
，
let go(
放开
)
，
let slip(
失言，
无意说出
)
，
make do(
凑合
)
，
make believe(
假装
)
，
hear say/hear tell
(
听说
)
等，
要用不带
to
的不定式。
Can we make
do with canned food tonight?
Grant let
fall one or two remarks about Rome.
He
made believe he was rich.
十．
To
后面省略动词原形的动词不定式。
为了避免重复，
常用省略了动词原形的动词不定式。
You may go if you want to (go)
I won’t do it, unless I
have to (do it).
十一。动词不定式的时态。
一般时。
一般时表示表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，
或表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的
动作之后。
I heard him talk about it.
He made up his mind to sell the house.
进行时
不定式的进行时可用于表示该动作正在进行中，
或与谓语动作同时进行。
其形式为：
“to
be+
现在分词
”
He
appears/seems to be living in the area=It appears
/seems that he is living in the area.
I
happened to be standing next to him when he
collapsed.
I promised to be waiting at
the door when he came out.
They were
found to be doing an experiment.
He is
believed to be living in Mexico.
完成时
不定式的完成式形式为
“ to have +
过去分词
”
其用法如下：
<
/p>
假如不定式所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态之前发生，要用不定式的完成式。
She seems to have been ill.
We knew him to have once been arrested
by the police.
I happened to have come
across the book once.
He is said to
have been a popular singer.
It is a
great satisfaction to have revisited the city.
(2) be , wish, hope, mean, intend,
plan, want
等动词的过去式以及
would
like, should like
与动词不
定式的完成时
连用，表示过去想做而未做的事。
I was to have met her at the station,
but I forgot.
I wanted to have attended
the meeting.
I wished to have helped
you, but I had no money then.
He would
like to have attended the meeting, but he was ill.
十二。动词不定式的否定形式。
动词不定式的否定形式为：
“not+to
do”
They decided not to call
off the plan.
Try not to disappoint
your parents.
十三。动词不定式的被动结构。
5
根据句意的需要，
不定式常用被动语态。
To be
obeyed was natural to her.
They will
not allow such things to be done.
The
matter remains to be discussed.
There
are some problems to be solved at once.
在
there be
引起的句子中，
用来修饰主语的不定式可用被动式，也可用主动式。
There is a lot of work to do.=( to be
done) this week.
There are some
problems to solve=
（
to be
solved
）
< br>当不定式与它修饰的词之间有动宾关系，并且与句子的主语在意思上有主谓关系时，虽然表示
的意思为被动，
但却用主动形式。
We have
many difficulties to overcome.
I’ll
show you right path to take.
当不定式作表语
（或补语）
形容词的状语，
< br>
又与句子的主语
（或宾语）
有
逻辑上的动宾关系时，
虽然不定式有被动意义，但只能用主动形式。
Some books are interesting to read, but
boring to learn.
They found the subject
hard to understand.
第二节
动名词
动名词作主语
Seeing is
believing.
Learning a foreign language
is not easy.
2.
动名词在
“it is no
use/no good/fun/a waste of time/a good
pleasure
等名词
+doing”
结构中作主语，
it
为形式主语。
It’s no
good writing to him, he never answers
letters.
It is no use
complaining, the company won’t do anything about
it.
3.
动名词在
“it is usel
ess/
nice/good/worthwhile
等形容词
+doing”
结构中作主语，
it
为形式主语。
It is good
playing chess after supper.
It is
useless speaking.
动名词在
“there
is(was)+doing”
结构中作主语。
There is no denying that she is very
efficient.
There is no telling what he
is going to do.
动名词作表语
动名词也可作表语，用来表示主语的内容。
My hobby is collecting stamps.
Seeing is believing.
动名词作宾语
有些动词后面要求跟动名词作宾语。
He admitted borrowing the book.
I don’t anticipate meeting any
opposition.
Will you admit
having broken the window?
I imagined
becoming a writer in my children.
常见要求跟动名词作宾语的动词有：
Admit
承认
Anticipate
期望
Avoid
避免
Consider
考虑
Delay
耽误
Excuse
原谅
Fancy
想象
Forbid
禁止
Postpone
拖延
Practise
练习
Prevent
防止
Propose
建议
Appreciate
欣赏
Finish
完成
Forgive
宽恕
Recollect
回忆
Imagine
想象
Resent
厌恶
6
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