-
动词
16
个时态
一、
一般现在时
1.
概念:表示经常发生的情况;有
规律出现的情况;总是发生的;和事实真理。
2.
时间状语:
Always,
usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year,
month
?)
,
once a
week(day,
year,
month
?)
,
on
Sundays
(
on Mondays
?)
,
3.
基本结构:动词
原形
(如主语为第三人称单数,动词上要改为第三人称单数形式)
4.
否定形式:主语
+
am/is/are
+
no
t
+
其他;
此时态的谓语动词若为行为动
词,则在其前加
don't
,如主语为第三人称单数,则用
p>
doesn't
,同时还原行为动词。
5.<
/p>
一般疑问句:把
be
动词放于句首;用助
动词
do
提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用
< br>does
,同
时,还原行为动词。
6.
例句:
It seldom
snows here.
这里很少下雪。
He
is always ready to help
others.
他总是乐于帮助别人。
Action speaks louder than
words.
事实胜于雄辩。
二、
一般过去时
1.
概念:过去某个时间里发生的动
作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
2.
时间状语:
ago,
yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week,
last(year, night,
month
?)
,
in
1989,just now, at the age of 5,one day,
long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
3.
基本结构:主语
+
动词的过去式或
be
的过去式
+
名词
4.
否定形式:主语
+ was/were + not +
其他;在行为动词前
加
didn't
,同时还原行为动词。
5.<
/p>
一般疑问句:
was
或
< br>were
放于句首;用助动词
do
的过去式
did
提问,同时还原行为动词。
6.
例句:
She often
came to help us in those
days.
那些天她经常来帮助我们。
I
didn't know you were so
busy.
我不知道你是这么忙。
三、
一般将来时
1.
概念:表示将要发生的动作或存
在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
2.
时间状语:
Tomorrow,
next day(week, month,
year
?)
,
soon, in a
few minutes, by
?,
the day
after tomorrow, etc.
3.
基本结构:主语
+ am/is/are + going to + do +
其它;主语
+
will/shall + do +
其它
4.
否定形式:主语
+ am/is/are not going to do
;主语
+ will/shall
not do +
其它
5.
一般
疑问句:
be
放于句首;
will/s
hall
提到句首。
{
首字母大写
p>
}
6.
例句:
They are
going to have a competition with us in studies.
It is going to
rain.
天要下雨了。
四、
一般过去将来时
1.
概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从
过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。
2.
时间状语:
The next
day (morning ,
year
?)
,
the
following
month(week
?)
,
etc.
3.
基本结构:主语
+ was/were + going to + do +
其它;主语
+
would/should + do +
其它
4.
否定形式:主语
+ was/were + not + going to + do;
主语
+ would/should
+ not + do.
p>
5.
一般疑问句:
was
< br>或
were
放于句首;
woul
d/should
提到句首。
6.
例句:
He said he
would go to Beijing the next
day.
他说他第二天要去北京。
I asked who was
going there.
我问,谁要去那里。
五、
现在进行时
1.
概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在
进行的动作及行为。
2.
时间状语:
Now, at
this time, days, etc. look, listen
3.
基本结构:主语
+ be + doing +
其它
4.
否定形式:主语
+ be + not +doing +
其它
5.
一般疑问句:把
be
动词放于句首。
6.
例句:
How are you
feeling today?
你今天感觉如何?
He
is doing well in his
lessons.
在课上他表现得很好。
1
六、
过去进行时
1.
概念:表示过去某段时间或某一
时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
2.
时间状语:
at this
time yesterday, at that time
或以
when
引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间
状语等。
p>
3.
基本结构
主语
+was/were +doing
+
其它
4.
否定形式:主语
+was/were + not
+doing+
其它
5.
一般
疑问句:把
was
或
were
放于句首。
(第一个字母大写)
6.
例句:
At that time
she was working in a PLA
unit.
那段时间她在人民解放军部队工作。
When he came in, I was reading a
newspaper.
他进来时,我正在读报纸。
七、
将来进行时
1.
概念:
表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作,
或表示要在将来某一时间开始,
并继续下去的动作。
常用来表示询问、请求等。
2.
时间状语:
Soon,
tomorrow,
this
evening
,
on
Sunday,
by
this
time
,
in
two
days,
tomorrow
evening
3.
基本结构:主语
+ shall/will + be +
现在分词
+
其它
4.
否定形式:主语
+ shall/will + not + be +
现在分词
+
其它
5.
例句:
This time
next day they will be sitting in the cinema.
下一天的这个时间,
他们正坐在电影
院。
He won
’
t be
coming to the
party.
他不去参加聚会了。
八、
过去将来进行时
1.
概念:表示就过去某一时间而言
,将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作,主要用于宾语
从句中,尤其多用于间接引
语中。
2.
基本结构:
should/wou
ld + be +
现在分词
3.
例句:
They said
they would be
coming.
他们说了他们将要来。
He
said he could not come because he would be having
a meeting.
他说他不能来因为要开会。
九、
现在完成时
1.
概念:过去发生或已经完成的动
作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在
的动作或状态。
2.
时间状语:
yet,
already ,just, never, ever, so far, by now, since
+
时间点,
for +
时间段,
recently,
lately, in the past few years, etc.
3.
基本结构:主语
+ have/has +
p.p
(过去分词)
+
其它
4.
否定形式:主语
+ have/has + not +
p.p
(过去分词)
+
其它
5.
一般疑问句:
< br>have
或
has
放句首。
p>
6.
例句:
I've written
an article.
我已经写了一篇论文。
The countryside
has changed a lot in the past few
years.
在过去的几年,农村发生了巨大的变化。
十、
过去完成时
1.
概念:
以过去某个时间为标准,
在此以前发生的动作或行为,
或在过去
某动作之前完成的行为,
即“过去的过去”
。
< br>
2.
时间状语:
Before, by
the end of last year (term,
month
?)
,
etc.
3.
基本结构:主语
+ had + p.p
(过去分词)
+
其它
4.
否定形式:主语
+ had + not
+p.p
(过去分词)
+
其它
5.
一般疑问句:
< br>had
放于句首。
6.
例句:
As soon as
we got to the station, the train had left.
< br>当我们到车站的时候,
火车已经开走了。
By
the end of last month, we had reviewed four
books.
到上个月底,我们已经复习了四本书。
基本结构:主语
+ had +
p.p
(过去分词)
+
其它
①肯定句:主语
+ had + p.p
(过去分词)
+
其它
②否定句:主语
+ had +
not + p.p
(过去分词)
+
其它
2
③一般疑问句:
Had
+
主语
+ p.p
< br>(过去分词)
+
其它
④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词
+
一般疑问句
十一、
将来完成时
1.
概念:在将来某一时刻之前开始
的动作或状态
2.
时间状语:
by the
time of; by the end of +
时间短语(将来)
;
by the
time +
从句(将来)
3.
基本结构:主语
+ be going to/will/shall + have +
p.p
(过去分词)
+
其它
4
例句:
By the time
you get back, great changes will have taken place
in this area.
到你回来的时
候,就将发生巨大的
变化。
十二、
过去将来完成时
1.
概念:表示在过去某一时间对将
来某一时刻以前所会发生的动作,常用在虚拟语气中,表示与
过去的事实相反。
2.
基本结构:
should/would
have done sth.
3.
例句:
I thought
you'd have left by this
time.
我想这会儿你已经走了。
He told them he
would have finished it by 8 o'clock.
他告诉
他们他会在
8
点以前干完。
十三、
现在完成进行时
1.
概念:表示从过去某一时间开始
一直延续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚刚开始,也可能仍在
继续,并可能延续到将来。
2.
基本结构:主语
+ have/has + been + doing +
其它
3.
时间状语:
since +
时间点,
for +
时间段等。
4.
例子:
I have been
sitting here for an
hour.
我已经在这里坐了一个小时。
The
children have been watching TV since six o'clock.<
/p>
从
6
点起,孩子们一直看电视。
十四、
过去完成进行时
1.
概念:表示某个正在进行的动作
或状态,持续到过去某个时刻,还未完成,一直持续到之后的
当前才结束。
2.
基本结构:主语
+ had + been + doing +
其它
3.
例子:
She had been
suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.<
/p>
她在考试之前一直患重
感冒。
Had
they been expecting the news for some time?
他们期待这个消息有一段时间了吧?
4.
特殊含义:①尚未完成:
He
had been writing the novel.
他已经在写小说了。
(他没写完)
②企图:
He had been
studying the meaning of this proverb.
他曾
经学习过这个谚语。
(他曾努力学
习过它)
③未得结果:
We had been studying
what our enemy had said.
我们一直致力于敌人所说的。
p>
(但
是我们没有理解)
④最近情况:
He had been
quarrelling with his wife.
他和他的妻子吵了一场架。<
/p>
(最近)
⑤反复动作:
He had
been asking me the same question.
他一直问我相
同的问题。
(屡次)
⑥情绪:
What had he been
doing
?他做了什么?(不耐烦)
十五、
将来完成进行时
1.
概念:表示动作从某一时间开始
一直延续到将来某一时间。是否继续下去,要视上下文而定。
2.
基本结构:
shall/will
have been doing
3.
例子:
I shall have
been working here in this factory for twenty years
by the end of the year.
到今
年年底
,我将在这个工厂工作
20
年了。
If
we don't hurry up the store will have been closing
before we get there.
咱们如不快一点儿,等
< br>我们到了那儿,店门就会关了。
十六、
过去将来完成进行时
1.
概念
:表示从过去某时看至未来某时以前会一直在进行的动作。
2.
基本
结构:
should/would + have + been
+
现在分词
3.
例子:
He told me
that by the end of the year he would have been
living there for thirty
years.
他告诉
3
我,到年底时,他就在那住了
30
年了。
主动语态和被动语态
一、
被动语态的用法:
1.
一般现在时的被动语态构成:
is / am / are +
及物动词的过去分词
Our classroom
is cleaned every day.
我们教室每天都被打扫。
I am asked to
study hard.
我被告知要努力学习。
Knives are used for cutting things.
刀是用来切东西的。
2.
一般过去时的被动语态构成:
was / were +
及物动词的过去分词
A new shop was
built last year.
去年修了一座新商店。
Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.
恐龙蛋被放置了很久很久。
3.
一般将来时的被动语态构成:
will+ be +
及物动词的过去分词
A new hospital
will be built in our city.
我们城市将要修建一家新医院。
Many more trees
will be planted next year.
明年会种更多的树。
4.
现在进行时的被动语态构成:
am / is / are +
being +
及物动词的过去分词
Uncle Wang is mending my bike
now.
→
My bike is
being repaired by Tom now.
王叔叔正在修理我的自行车。
They are
planting trees over there.
→
Trees are being planted over there by
them.
他们在那里种植的树木。
5.
现在完成时的被动语态构成:
has / have +
been +
及物动词的过去分词
This book has
been translated into many languages.
这本书被翻译成多种文字。
Many man-made
satellites have been sent up into space by many
countries.
在许多国家有许多人
造卫星被送上了太
空。
6.
过去进行时的被动语态构成:
was/were + being +
及物动词的过去分词
The boy was
being operated on when his parents hurried to the
hospital.
当他的父母赶到医院的
时候这个男孩正在做
手术。
The new road was being
made.
这条新路正在修筑。
<
/p>
7.
过去完成时的被动语态构成:
had
+ been +
及物动词的过去分词
The
classroom hadn
’
t been
cleaned before the teacher came.
在老师来之前,教室尚未打扫。
The tickets had been sold
out before I came to the
cinema.
在门票被销售一空前我赶到了电影院。
8.
将来完成时的被动语态构成:<
/p>
shall/will + have done
They will have
been married for 20 years by then.
届时,他
们结婚将满
20
周年。
The
project will have been completed before
May.
该项目将在五月前完成。
9.
含有情态动词的被动语态构成:情态动词
< br>
+ be +
及物动词的过去分词
Young trees
must be watered often.
小树需要经常浇水。
Your mistakes
should be corrected right now.
你应该现在就改正你的错误。
The door may be
locked inside.
这扇门可以反锁。
Your homework can be handed in
tomorrow.
你的家庭作业可以明天交。
二、
怎样把主动语态改成被动语态
?
把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单,可以遵循以下几个步骤:
1.
先找出谓语动词;
2.
再找出谓语动词后的宾语;
3.
把宾语用作被动语态中的主语;
4.
注意人称、时态和数的变化。
例:
1. Bruce
writes a letter every week.
→
A letter is written by
Bruce every week.
2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this
morning.
→
The broken bike
was mended by Li Lei this
4
morning.
李雷今天上午在修理坏的自行车。
3. He has written two
novels so far.
→
Two novels
have been written by him so far.
至今他已
写了两部小说。
4.
They will plant ten trees tomorrow.
→
Ten trees will be planted
by them tomorrow.
5. Lucy is writing a letter
now.
→
A letter is being
written by Lucy now.
露西正在写信。
6. You must lock the door
when you leave.
→
the door
must be locked when you leave.
三、
使用被动语态应注意的几个问题:
1.
不及物动词无被动语态。
What will happen in 100
years
?一百年里会发生什么事?
The
dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
约
65
万年前恐龙灭绝。
2.
有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。
This pen writes
well.
这支钢笔很好写。
This new book
sells well.
这本新书卖的很好。
3.
感官动词或使役动词使用省略
to
的动词不定式,主动语态中不带
t
o
,但变为被动语态时,须加
上
to
。
例:
Make somebody
do something
→
somebody+ be
+made to do something
See somebody do something
→
somebody +be +seen to do
something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she
passed by.
→
My wallet was
seen to drop by a girl when she
passed
by.
一个女孩看到我的钱夹掉了,当她经过的时候。
The
boss made the little boy do heavy work.
→
The little boy was made to
do heavy work by the
boss.
这个老板让这小男孩干重活。
4.
如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时,直接宾语(物)
做主语,那么动词后要用介词,这个介
词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
He gave me a book.
→
A book was given to me by
him.
他给了我一本书。
He showed me a
ticket.
→
A ticket was shown
to me by him.
他给我展示了一张票。
My father bought me a new
bike.
→
A new bike was bought
for me by my father.
5.
一些动词
短语用于被动语态时,动词短语应当看作一个整体,而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
We
can
’
t laugh at him.
→
He
can
’
t be laugh at by us.
我们不能嘲笑他。
He listens to
the radio every day.
→
The
radio is listened to by him every day.
The nurse is taking care of the sick
man.
→
The sick man is being
taken care of by the nurse.
句子基本句型结构
句子按其结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。
一、简单句
基本形式:
简单句的基本形式是由一个主语加一个谓语构成。
其它各种句子形式都是由此句型发展而
来,如五大基本句型:
1.
主
+<
/p>
谓
这种句型简称为主谓结构,其谓语一般都是不及物动词,例:
Things
change.
事物是变化的。
Nobody went.
没有人去。
--Did you go by
sea
?你们走的是海路吗?
--NO
,
we
flew.
不,我们是飞去。
p>
2.
主
+
联系动词
+
表
这种句
型称为主系表结构,其实联系动词在形式上也是一种谓语动词,但实质上表语成了谓语,例:
Mr. Turner is an
artist.
特纳先生是位画家。
The milk turned
sour.
牛奶变酸了。
She became a
lawyer.
她当了律师。
p>
3.
主
+
谓
+
宾
这种句型可称为主谓宾结构,它的谓语一般多是及物动词,例:
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