-
高中语法
——
定语从句
在复合句中充当定语的从句叫
定语从句
。
定语从句的作用相当于形容词，
用来修
饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句，
所以，
也称作形容词
性从句。
被定语从
句修饰的词叫先行词，
定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。
在先行词和
定语
从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词两种。
提示：
关系词在定语从句中有三大作用
1.
连接作用
——
连接先行词和定语从句。
I
gave her all the money that I had.
我把我所有的钱都给了她。
（
that
连接先特词
money
和定语从句
I
had
）
2.
替代作用
——
< br>在定语从句中替代从句所修饰的先行词。
The man who lives nest door
is a famous teacher.
住在隔壁的那个人是个名师。
（
who
替代
the
man
）
3.
成分作用
——
< br>在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或状语。
I like pictures which are
painted in the traditional Chinese style.
我喜欢传统的中国画。
（
which
在定语从句中作主语）
定语从句的引导词：关系代词（
6
）
who whom which that whose as
关系副词（
3
）
when
（时间状语）
where
（地点状语）
why
（原因状语）
关系词分类：
①
指人还是物
只指人
who whom
只指物
which (when where why)
指人和物
that whose as
②
做成分
主语
who
宾语
whom
who(
口语中
)
主语和宾语
which that
as
定语
whose
状语
when where why
③
代替先行词还是整个主句
只代替先行词
who whom that whose when where why
代替先行词和代替整个句子
which as
④
关系代词和先行词的关系。
等于先行词
who whom which that as
等于先行词
’
s
whose
等于介词
+
先行词
when where why
⑤引导限制性
/
非限制性定语从句
只引导限制定语从句
that
why
引导限制性
/
非限制性定语从句
who whom which whose as when where
( That why
不能引导非限制性定语从句
)
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
引导定语从句的关系代词有
who,
whom, which, that, whose, as
。它们分别代替
前面的先行词，并在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语。
A
．
Who
指人，在定语从句中作主语。
What was the name of the
man who lent you the money?
借钱给你的那人叫什么名字？（定语从句修饰先行词
the
man
）
The chairman of the meeting, who spoke
first, sat on my right.
会议主席坐在我右边，他先发言。
（
定语从句修饰先行词
the
chairman
）
只用
who
而不用
that
1
．先行词是
one,
someone, anyone, those
等指人时：
One who has
nothing to fear for himself dares to tell the
truth.
一个无所畏惧的人敢说真话。
Anyone who breaks the law
shall be published.
任何犯法的人都将受到惩罚。
Those who are against the
plan put up your hands please.
凡是反对这项计划的人，请举手。
2
．在非限制定语从句中指人时：
His mother, who
loves him very much, is strict with him.
他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。
3
．在
there/here
be
开头的句子中。
Here is a boy who wants to
see you.
有个男孩想见你。
B
．
Whom
指人，在定语从句中做宾语。在口
语或非正式文体中，
whom
可省略或可用
who
来代替，
There are some people
whom/who we like and others whom/who we dislike.
有些人我们是喜欢的，有些人则是
我们讨厌的。
（定语从句分别修饰先行词
people,
others
）
The people whom/who I work
with are all friendly.
和我一起
工作的人都很友好。
（定语从句修饰先行词
the
people
）
但是在下列情况下，
只用
whom
不用
that
1.
在介词
+
关系代词
结构中指人时只能用
whom
。不能用
who
或
that
Mr.
Carter, to whom I spoke on the phone last night,
is very interested in our plan.
2
.
非限制性定语从句中指人做宾语时只能用
whom
。不能用
who
或
that
Mr. Carter, whom I spoke to on
the phone, last night, is very interested in our
plan.
昨晚我在电话里和卡特先生交谈过，他对我们的计划很感兴趣。
C
．
Which
1
．
指物，代替先行词，在定语从句中做主语或宾语。做宾语时常可省
略。
English is a language which is easy to
learn.
英语是一门容易学的语言。
（
which
在定语从句中作主语，不能省略）
The children like cookies
(which) my wife makes.
孩子们喜欢我夫人做的饼干。
(
关系代词
which
作
makes
的宾语，可以省略
)
2
．
在非限
制性定语从句中
Which
可以代替前面的整个主句，相当于<
/p>
and this
。
Jim passed his
driving test, which surprised everybody.
吉姆通
过了驾驶考试，这使大家都感到惊讶。
（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，
< br>而不是
the driving
test
）
Sheila couldn't come to the
party, which was a pity.
希拉不能来参加聚会，
真遗憾。
（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，
而不是
th
e party
）
在下列情况下，只用
which
不用
that
1
．在介词
+
关系代词结构中指物时<
/p>
只能用
which,
< br>不能用
that
。
He climbed up
to the top of a large rock, from which he got a
good view.
他爬到一块巨大的岩石顶上，
从那里他看到很好的景色。
（也可用
from
where
）
2.
在非限制性定语从句中指物时只能用
which,
不能
用
that
。
The weather was
very terrible, which we hadn't expected.
天气非常糟糕，这我们没有料到。
D
．
That
指人时，相当于
who
或
whom
；指物时，相当于
which
。在定语从句中作主语
或宾语（做宾语时常可省略）
。
He is the man that lives next door.
他就是住在隔壁的那个人。
（定语从
句修饰先行词
the
man
，作主语）
I don't like stories that
have unhappy endings.
我不喜欢结尾悲伤的故事。
（定语从
句修饰先行词
stories
，作主语）
Is there
anything (that) I can do for you?
有我能为你效劳的事吗？（定语从
句修饰先行词
anything
，
th
at
作宾语，可省
略）
只用
that
的情况
(
常指用
that
而不用
which
的情况
)
1
．
当先行词为
< br>everything, anything, nothing, all, none, few, little
等词时，
或当先行
词被<
/p>
every, any, all, some, no, little, few,
much
等词修饰时。
Everything that they said
was true.
他所说的一切都是真的。
He is dead and
there's nothing that can be done.
他死了，再也没有什么办法了。
There was little that we
could do to help her.
我们没有什么能帮助她的。
提示
:
something
后面可用
whi
ch
引导定语从句。
There is something(which/
that) I'd like to tell you.
有些事我想告诉你。
2
．当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
The first place (that) they
visited in London was the Big Ben.
在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。
She was
probably the hardest working student (that) I have
ever taught.
她也许是我教学生中学习最勤奋的。
3
．当先行词被
the very(<
/p>
形容词
“
恰恰是，正是
< br>”), the only
修饰时。
This is the
very grammar book (that) I want to buy.
这正是我要买的语法书。
Beauty is the only thing
(that) Emily can be proud of.
美丽是埃米莉唯一能骄傲的东西。
4
．当先行词为人与事物或动物时。
The driver and
his car that fell into the river have not yet been
discovered.
掉入河里的司机与车都还没有找到。
The boy and his dog that
were believed to be lost in the wood were rescued
this
morning.
被认为在森林里迷路的孩子与狗，今天早上已经获救了。
5
．当先行词为
who
或前面有
who,
which
等疑问代词时。
Who that has
common sense will believe such nonsense?
有常识的人谁会相信这种无聊的事情？
Who is the man
that is standing by the gate?
站在门口的那个人是谁？
Which is the T-shirt that
fits me most?
哪件
T
恤衫最合我的身？
6
．先行词在定语从句中做表语时。
She is no
longer the sweet girl (that) she used to be.
她再也不是过去那个甜美的女孩了。
He is not the man (that) he
seems.
他这人不貌相。
E
．
Whose
人、物皆可，做定语，后面要紧跟被修饰的名词，先行词和后面的名词之间往
往是从属关系。
There are some people whose faces you
can never forget.
有些人，他们的脸你永远难以忘怀。
（定语从句修饰先行词
people
）
I saw some
trees whose leaves were black because of the
polluted air.
我看见一些树的树叶由于空气污染而发黑。
（定语从句修饰行词
trees
）
F
．
As
as
可以在限制性定语从句和非限制
性定语从句中作主语或宾语。
<
/p>
①在限制性定语从句中，
as
跟在由
such, so, the same
修饰的先行词之后，代替<
/p>
先行词在从句中做成分。
Such men as heard him were
deeply moved.
听过他说话的人，都会深受感动。
（
a
s
在定语从句中作
heard
的主语）
I've never heard such stories as he
tells.
我从未听过像他讲的这样的故事。
（
as
在定语从句中作
tell
的宾语）
< br>
He lifted
so heavy a stone as no one else can lift.
他搬起别人都搬不起的大石头。<
/p>
（
as
在定语从句中
lift
的宾语）
比较：
在
the same as
结构中，<
/p>
as
也可用
that
代替。
但严格地说，
the same
as
强调相同，
the same
that
注重同一。
She wore the same dress as
her younger sister wore.
<
/p>
她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的衣裙。
（
a
s
指的是与先行词相似的同类事物）
She wore the same dress
that she wore at Mary's wedding.
她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一
条连衣裙。
（
that
指的是与先行词
同一事物）
②在非限制性定语从句中，
as
可代表主句整个句子，
引导的定语从句可以放在
主句之前或主句之后，一般用逗号与主句分
开。
As everyone knows, Taiwan belongs to
China.
众所周知，台湾属于中国的领土。
He is from the south, as we
can know from his accent.
他是南方人，这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。
必背：
一些由
as
引导的非限制性定语从句常
位于句首，已形成了固定的说法。
常翻
译成
“
正如
”
。
例如：
As we know, smoking is
harmful to one's health.
如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
as
是关系代词。
as
作
know
的宾语
As is known to all, smoking
is harmful to one's health.
as
是关系代词做从句的主语，谓语
动词
know
要用被动式。
as is known to
all
这是众所周知的
as has been
said before
如前所说
as is often the case
情况常常如此
as may be
imagined
这可以想象得出
as has been pointed out
正如已经指出的那样
as
often happens
这种情况常常发生
由
as, which
引导的非限定性定语从句，
as
和
which
均可代整个主句，
在从句中
做成分，相当于
and
this
或
and
that
。
区别为：
引
导的从句一般放在主句前，
which
引导的从句一般放在主句
后。例如：
As we know, smoking is
harmful to one's health.
如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
The sun heats the earth, which is very
important to us.
太阳使地球暖起来，这
对
我们人类很重要。
2.
as
代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语
必须是系动词；
若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用
wh
ich.
。
二、介词
+
关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词代替先行词在从句中做宾
语时可能是动词的宾语也可能是介词的宾
语，如果做介词的宾语，从句中的介词往往可以
提到先行词前面构成介词
+
关系
代词结
构引出定语从句。
1.
关系代词的选择
在介词
+
关系代词结构中
<
/p>
常用
which
指物，用
whom
之人。
2.
关系代词前介词的选择
在介词
+
关系代词引导的定语从句中，应注意介词的正确选择。
①根据从句中动词或形容词和介词的搭配关系选择。
The two things
of which they felt proud were Jim's watch and
Della's hair.
他
们引以为豪的两样东西是吉姆的手表和德拉的头发。
（
feel
proud of
是固定搭
配词组）
In the dark
street there was not a single person to whom she
could turn for help.
在漆黑的街道上没有一个她可以求助的人。
（
tu
rn to sb. for
help
是固定搭配词
组）
②根据与先行词的搭配关系选择。
I'll never forget the day
on which I first met him.
我永远忘不了我第一次遇见他的那一天。
(the
day
前面一般用介词
on)
Can you imagine a proper
situation in which the expression can be used?
你能设想一个使用这个词语的场合吗？
(a
situation
前面一般用
in)
③有时须同时考虑从句中动词和介
词的搭配关系及介词和先行词的搭配关系。
Is that the
house in which you once lived
那就是你曾经住过的房子吗？
(Live in the
house)
④根据所要表达的意思来确定。
This is my pair of glasses,
without which I cannot see clearly.
这是我的眼镜，离了它我什么也看不清。
3.
介词
+
关系代词中介词的位置
关系代词
whom, which
在从
句中作介词宾语时，
可以把在从句中动词后面的介
词提到关系代
词前面，使介词紧跟它所修饰的先行词。
He is a man of rich
experience, from whom much can be learned.
= He is a man of rich
experience, whom much can be learned from.
他是个经验丰富的人，从他那儿可以学到很多。
The school in
which he once worked is a key school.
=The school (which that) he once worked
in is a key school.
他曾经工作过的学校是一所重点学校。
提示
:
1.
含有固定搭配的动词短语，由于其关系紧密，不宜拆分，所以不能将介词置于
关系代词之前。这类常见的动词短语有：
look after,
take care of, listen to, look at,
look
into, run across, look forward to, break
into
等。
2.
介词短语在定语从句中作表语，构成
“
主系表
”
结构时，不能将介词提到关系
代词前。这类介
词短语有：
be for, be against, be after, be
with
等。
< br>4
．介词
+
关系代词的常见结构
①介词
+which/whom
This is the famous singer
about whom we have often talked.