-
一、副词的概念
副词(
adverb
,简写为
adv
)是一
种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词,说明时间、地点、
程度、方式等概念的词。副词是
一种半虚半实的词。副词可分为:地点副词、方式副词、程
度副词、疑问副词、连接副词
。
二、副词的分类
1
.根据意义分类
(
1
)方式
副词
,一般用来回答
“
怎样地?
”
这类问题,具有最典型的状语形式,绝大部分都
是由一个形容词加词尾
-ly
构成。如:
< br>
calmly
冷静地,
p>
carefully
仔细地,小心地,
ca
relessly
粗心地,
patiently
耐心地,
politely
礼貌
地,
proudly
自豪地,
pro
perly
适当地,
quickly
快
速地,
rapidly
迅速地,
sud
denly
突然,
successfully
< br>成功地,
wi1lingly
情愿地,
< br>warmly
热情地。
句子中的位置:
①
.
修饰不
及物动词的方式副词要放在被修饰词之后
1
)
His sister
sings well.
2
)
The baby is
sleeping soundly.
②
< br>.
修饰及物动词的方式副词可放在被修饰词之前或宾语之后
;
如果宾语较长
,
也可放在动
词和宾语之间
1
)
He
speaks French fluently.
2
)
All this
morning Liu Ying has been writing carefully some
English letters to her teachers.
(
2
)地点副词
,包括表示地点的副词和表示位置关
系、方向的副词,如:
here<
/p>
这里,
there
那里,
upstairs
楼上,
downstairs
楼下,
anywhere
任何地方,
above
在上方,
up
上面,
down
下面,
east
p>
向东,
west
向西,等。
句子中的位置
:
地点副词和方式副词
(
here
,
there
,<
/p>
down
,
anywhere
,
everywhere
,
inside
;
well
,
quickly
,
kindly
常放在
宾语之后,或不及物动词之后。其中
here
,
there
,
up
,
down
等副词与不及物动
词
< br>go
,
come
,
stand
,
walk
,<
/p>
lie
等词连用时,副词可置于句首。
如句子主语是名词或名词
短语时,句子需用完全倒装语序。
Eg
:
1) There stands the
tower
.
2) Down came the
rain
.
3) We looked for the lost wallet here
and there
,
but in
vain
.
(
3
)时间副词,有的表示确定时间,
如:
yesterday
昨天,<
/p>
today
今天,
tomorrow
p>
明天,等;
有的表示不确定的时间,如:
rec
ently
最近,
nowadays
现
今,
still
仍然,
already
已经,
immediately
,立刻
,
just
刚
刚,等;
有的表示时间顺序,如:
now
现在,
then
然后,
first
首先,
next
其次,
later
后来,
befo
re
以前,等;
有的表示时间频率,如:
alway
s
总是,
often
常常,
usually
通常,
seldom
很少,
never
从不,
s
ometimes
有时,等。
句子中的位置
:
1
、
时间副词可以放在整个句子或从句之前或后,并通常放
在句末。其中
then
,
recently
可
以放在动词之前;
still
常放在动词之前或系动词、助动词、情态动词之后;而
yet
常放于句
末,并且句子常用否定形式。<
/p>
E.g.
1) I‘ll then turn to my
classmates for help
.
2) We haven't finished the
work yet
.
2
、
表示确定时间的副词和表示地点的副词一般放在
句尾
.
若句中同时有地点副词和时间副
词
,
地点副词通常在前
,
时间副词在后
3
)
They went to
the Summer Palace yesterday.
4
)
We often goes
there.
5
)
I will
go there tomorrow
3
、
< br>表示不确定时间的副词的位置
(
如
: always,
usually, often, never, ever, seldom, sometimes,
rarely, generally,
frequently)
< br>当句子谓语是
be
时
,
位于其后
;
句子谓语是单个完全动词时
,
位于其前
;
句子谓语由不完
全动词与完全动词一起组成时
,
位于第一个不完全动词之后
.
She always helps her mother with the
housework.
2
)
The
old man seldom goes out.
3
)
He is always
the first to come to class.
4
)
They have
already done their homework.
(
4
)程度副词
,有时又叫强调副词,有的从程度上强调,用
来回答
how
much
这类问题,<
/p>
可用来修饰形容词、副词,有的还可用来修饰动词、介词短语、名词、代词和从句等。如:
a bit
有点,
very
很,
quite
p>
十分,
rather
颇,
< br>much
很,
just
正好,<
/p>
only
仅仅等。
句子中的位置
程度副词除
enough
之外常放在被修饰词之前,但放于情态动词和助动词的后面。
但当
very
修饰动词时,常与
much
连用并置于句末。
E.g.
1) I like her very
much
.
2) With one false
movement
,
he nearly loses the
whole
game
.
3
)
The student is
very careful with his work.
4
)
He swims quite
well.
5
)
The boy is old
enough to go to school.
I often help
him these days.
这些日子我经常帮助他。
I always remember the day when I first
came
to this school.
我常常记得我第一次来学校的那一天。
You mustn't always help me.
你不能老是帮助我。
He seldom comes to see us.
他很少来看我们。
We usually go shopping once
a week.
我们通常一周买一次东西。
The new students don't always go to
dance.
新学生并不时常去跳舞。
重点提示
这类副词一般位于它所修饰的词的前面。如:
If you don’t
try
,
you will never
succeed
.
你如果不尝试,就
决不会成功。
(修饰动词
succeed
)
It looks a bit ugly as it
is
.它现在这样子很难看。
(修饰形容词
ugly
)
So what exactly are you suggesting?
那么,你到底想建议什么呢?(
so
修饰句子
)
其它:
1
、
及物动词和副词小品词
(down, on, off, in, out, up)
组成的动词词组有名词作宾语时
,
该名词可放在副词之后或副词之前
;
若有代词作宾语时
,
则代词一定放在副词之前。
1
)
He cut down
the tree. =He cut the tree down.
2
)
He cut it down.
2
、
修饰名词的副词放在被修饰词之后
The villagers there are
busy getting in wheat.
3
、
p>
修饰全句的副词通常放在句首
1
)
Truly he is an
honest man.
2
)
Still, in spite of what you say, I
don
’
t think it is true.
4
、
疑问副词
,
连接副词
,
关系副词以及修饰整个句子的副词
,
通常放在句子或从句的前面。
When do you study everyday?
你每天什么时间学习
?
Can
you tell me how you did it?
你能告诉我你如何做的吗
?
First, let me ask you some questions.
先让我来问几个问题。
How
much does this bike cost?
这辆车子多少钱?
Either
you go or he comes.
不是你去就是他来。
The
students were reading when the teacher came into
the classroom.
当老师进教室时,学生们正在读书。
2
.根据形式分类
(
1
)简单副词
。如:
back
在后,
just
刚刚,
enough
足够,
near
在附近,
very
很,
well
好,等等。<
/p>
有些简单副词和形容词同形,
要根据上
下文才能确定其词性,
有时意义也不一样,
这类词有:
cheap,
daily,
deep,
direct,
early,
enough,
far,
fast,
firm,
hard,
high,
late,
low,
much, near, pretty, straight,
wrong
等。如:
The bus
arrived
early
.这趟车到得早。
(副词)
an
early
bus
早班车(形容词)
(
2
)复合副词
,如:
nowhere
无处,
everywhere
处处,
somehow
不知怎么地,
somewhat
有点,
therefore
因此,
anyway
p>
不管怎样,
somewhere
在某处,<
/p>
outdoors
在户外,在野外,等等。
(
3
)
派生副词(方式副词)
,许多副词由形容词或分词后面加后缀
-
ly
构成。如:
obvious<
/p>
显然的→
obviously
显然地,<
/p>
curious
好奇的→
curious
ly
好奇地,
surprising
吃
惊的→
surprisingly
吃惊
地,
skilled
熟练的→
skil
ledly
熟练地,等等。
注意:以
辅音字母+
y
(读作
/i/
)结尾的形容词变为副词时,要把
y
变为
i
,再加
-ly
,如<
/p>
easily
,
happily
等;以
-ll
结尾的形容词变为副词时,直接加
-y
,
如
ch
illy
,
fully
等;
以辅音字母
+
le
结尾的
形容词变为副词时,
去
-le
加
-ly
,
如
ably
,
idly
,
simply
等;
以
-ue
结尾的形容词变为副词时,去
-e
加
-ly
,
如
truly
p>
等;以
-ic
结尾的形容词变为副词时,加
-ally
,
如
basically
,
heroically
,
tragically
等。
有些副词有两种不同的形式,一种和形容词同形,另
一种由形容词加后缀
-ly
构成,
二者
有时没有什么区别,如
high
—
hi
ghly
,
slow
—
slowly
等。
副词除了常见的后缀
-ly
外,还有一
些后缀,如:
-wise,
-ward
(s),
-ways
等。有些
副词带有前缀
a-
,如:
abroad, ahead, around, aloud, alike, alone
等。
3
.根据功用分类
(
1
)
句子副词
,
这类副词往往和整个句子具有松散的语法关系,
而
并非修饰某个动词。如:
Surprisingly
, the weather
report on the evening before the storm said there
would
be strong winds, but not a hurric
ane
.令人惊奇的是,风暴发生之前的那天晚上,天气
预报说
将有强风,但没有飓风。
Worse still
, it could even
carry off the baby from its
mouth
.
更为糟糕的是,狮子甚至有可能把婴儿叼走。
类似的副词有:
actually,
by
all
(no)
means,
decidedly,
evidently,
generally,
frankly,
indeed,
in
my
opinion,
unexpectedly,
no,
now,
obviously,
yes,
undoubtedly,
luckily,
seriously
等。
(
2
)连接
副词
,用来连接句子、分句或从句,表示各种关系。
表示结果,如:
therefore
因此,
p>
accordingly
从而
表示添补,如:
besides
此外,
moreover
再者
表示对比,如:
however
不管怎样,
nevertheless
然而
表示条件,如:
otherwise
否则
表示时间,如:
then
然后,<
/p>
lastly
最后
(
3
)解释
副词
,常用来举例或列举。如:
<
/p>
as
如,
e
.<
/p>
g
.
(
=
for example)
例如,
for e
xample
例如,
i
.
e
.
(
=
< br>that is)
那就是
<
/p>
(
4
)关系副词
,常用来引导定语从句,有
when
,
where
,
why
等。如:
An estuary is the
body of water
where
a river
meets the ocean
.
河口是河流与海洋会合的水域。
Childhood is a time
when
we solidify our
personalities
.
童年是我们形成个性的时期。
This is the reason
why
he was
late
.这就是他迟到的理由。
(
5
)缩合连接副词
< br>,由先行词和关系副词缩合而成,用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语
从句,有<
/p>
when (
=
the time
when)
,
where
(
=
the place
where)
,
why
(
=
the reason
why)
。如:
When
it will be finished
depends on the
weather
.什么时候能完成要看天气。
I don’t know
where
we are going to have
this meeting
.
我不知道这个会放到哪里开。
That is
why
Einstein and his
family left Europe for the USA in
1933
.
这就是为什么爱因斯坦和他的家属于
1933
年离开欧洲去美
国的原因。
带有
-ever
的副词如
whenever
(
=
any
time
when)
,
wherever
(
=
any
place
where)
,
however
(
=
no matter how)<
/p>
常用来引导状语从句,表示“任何”
、
“
不论”的意思。如;
Whenever
we found an unknown plant, we
had to describe it in our notebooks
.我
p>
们无论什么时候发现一种不认识的植物,就记在笔记本上。
Sit
wherever
you
like
.你随便坐哪里都行。
He will never succeed,
however
hard he
tries
.
无论他如何努力尝试,他都不会成功。
(
6
)疑问
副词
,常用来引导特殊疑问句,有
when
,
where
,
why
,
how
。如:
When
do you take
your next exam?
你什么时候参加下次考试?
Why
not buy some
English tapes?
为什么不买些英语录音带呢?
Where
did you
last have it?
你最后一次有这东西时是在什么地方呢?
How
are you
getting on with your English lessons?
你的英语课学得怎么样?
(
7
)感叹副词
。如:
How
well he
looks!
他看起来多么健康啊!
三、副词在句中的用法
1
.修饰动词
Advertisements appear
everywhere
in modern
society
.
广告在现代社会无处不在。
I
haven’t read that book
carefully
.I’ve just only
dipped into it.
我没有认真读过那本书,只是随便翻阅过。
2
.修饰形容词
Training by yourself in a gym can be
highly
dangerous
。
你独自在体育馆训练是非常危险的。
I think at the beginning we’d rather
have some
fairly
quiet and
peaceful music
.
我认为开始时我们应该来点稍微轻柔平和的音乐。
3
.修饰副词
He worked out just
how
much the light would
bend; he could also work out
how
far
the stars
would appear to have moved
.他把光的弯曲度计算了出来
;他还能把星球看上
去移动了的距离也计算出来。
If the feeding place was toward the
sun, the dancer headed
straight
upward during
the straight part of the wagging
dance
.
如果喂食地点向着太阳
,跳舞的蜜蜂在跳摆尾舞的直线部分就一直向上。
4
.修饰全句
You are
obviously
a person of great courage
.
显然你是个极有勇气的人。
Often,
all we need is a good
friend who will listen to us while
we
“
talk things
through
”.
往往我们所需要的,不过是一位能倾听我们“畅叙衷肠”的好朋友。
Then
it
turned
in
a
semicircle,
ran
straight
again,
and
turned
in
another
semicircle
to the opposite
side
.
然后它转半个圈,再沿直线跑,在另一边又转半个圈。
5
.副词的其他用法
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