-
Combination
(合译法)
所谓合译法,
是指把原文中两个或两个以上的词合译成一个词,
将两个或两个以上的简
单句合译为一个句子,
或将一个复合句在译文中用一个单句来表达。
英汉两种语言在句法结
构上存在很大差异。英语重
“
形合
”
,连接词较为发达,句子
结构层层包孕,句子在空间上呈
大树型结构,长句较多。汉语重
“
意合
”
,句子与句子之间缺乏必要的
连接词,积词成句,积
句成章,
流水句较多,
< br>呈线性排列,
一句接一句,
短句较多,
< br>句子结构呈竹竿型分布。
另外,
英语的后置修饰语有时很
长,而汉语的修饰语一般前置,
不宜过长。因此,为了符合汉语表
达习惯
,
也为了更清楚地表达原文意思,在翻译时需要对原
来的句子结构进行调整,即适当
改变原文结构。
与分译法把原文
的某个成分从原来的结构中分离出来,
译成一个独立分句相
反,
合译法是将不同的句子成分组合在一起,
用一个单句来表达,<
/p>
使其更符合汉语的表达方
法。
由于英语句
子一般比汉语句子长,
英译汉时切分用得较多,
但是较口语化的
英语句子也
比较短,英译汉时有时也得用合并
,
故合译法多用于英语简单句的翻译,特别是两个或两个
以上的英文句子共用相同
的主语的时候,
汉语一般不喜欢重复某一名词,
或重复使用某一
代
词作主语,在这种情况下,往往将原文数句合译为一句。
Combination in E-C
Translation
(合译法在英译汉中的应用)
A.
Words
(词的合译)
This
technique is used to integrate two words of close
meaning into one expression.
词的合译是指把两个或
两个以上的同义词合译成一个词,使译文清楚整齐。
Examples:
1. You will supply
financial power, and we’ll supply man power. Isn’t
that
fair and square
?
译文:你们出钱,我们出人,这难道还不公平吗?
2. His father is a man who
forgives and forgets
.
译文:他的父亲非常宽容。
3. Her son was
wise and clever
, but her
daughter was
silly and
foolish
.
译文:她的儿子非常聪明,可女儿却很笨。
4. He suffered
aches and pains
.
译文:他遭受百般疼痛。
5. He is a man of
culture
and learning
.
译文:他是个很有学问的人。
Try to translate:
1. He was kindly, generous and
obliging.
2.
He
was
jealous
and
envious
of
his
brother.
He
resented
that
his
younger
brother
was
so
successful.
参考译文:
1.
他乐善好施。
2.
他嫉妒他弟弟,痛恨弟弟取得了这么大的成功。
B.
Phrases (
固定词组的合译
)
英语和汉语各自有一套独特的语言表达系统。在英语中,词的粘合力和搭配力较强,一<
/p>
个动词往往可以同多个名词或多个介词搭配,一个介词也往往与多个名词搭配,构成不
p>
同的动词短语和介词短语,在翻译时,无需逐词译出,可考虑用汉语的固定搭配,或者
四字结构、四字成语去翻译,这样译文会更流畅,更符合汉语的行为习惯。
Examples:
1.
All the ones we have seen here have
four-star abilities with five-star
ambitions
.
译文:我们在此看到的所有人都是些眼高手低之辈。
2.
He threw on a
coat and left home
in a
hurry
.
译文:他套上一件衣服,匆匆忙忙地离开了家里。
3.
I was
examined and re-examined
.
译文:我受到再三诘问。
4.
Kino hurrying
towards his house, felt
a surge of
exhilaration
.
译文:基洛加快步伐,兴致勃勃地朝自己家走去。
5.
The sooner he
changes his
mind
,
the better for him.
译文:还是越早叫他回心转意越好些。
Try to translate:
1. He likes to make
lengthy
speech.
2. It’s obvious that she is the
one who
stands out from the
rest
.
参考译文:
1.
他发言喜欢长篇大论。
2.
很明显,她就是出类拔萃的那一个。
C.
Idioms and
slangs
(习语、谚语和俚语的合译)
Examples:
1.
To be mindful
of personal gains and losses
译文:患得患失
2.
To be on thin
ice
译文:如履薄冰
3.
To be wild
with joy
译文:欣喜若狂
4.
Beyond cure
译文:不可救药
5.
To blow one’s
own horn
译文:自吹自擂
Try to translate:
1. To call white black
2. As
easy as turning over one’s hand
3. To fish in troubled waters
参考译文:
1.
颠倒黑白
2.
易如反掌
3.
浑水摸鱼
D
.
Simple
Sentences
(简单句的合译)
在英译汉中,有时会把原文中的两个或两个以上的简单句合并成一个句子,这样能使译
文更为简洁明了
.
Examples:
1. He has been ill for many years. He
died in loneliness finally.
译文:他病了很多年。他最终在孤独中死去。
(
√
)
他生病多年后孤独的死去。
2.
The river is very wide. One cannot see the
opposite bank.
译文:那条河很宽。一个人看不到对岸。
(
√
)
河宽得看不到对岸。
3. He
came back to his hometown. He has left it for
quite many years.
译文:他回到了他的故乡。他离开它已经很多年了。
(
√
)他回
到了阔别已久的故乡。
4. He was very
stupid. He even didn’t know how to do the
s
imple counting.
译文:他很笨。他甚至不懂做简单的算数。
(
√
)他笨
得连简单的算数都不会。
5. There are men
here from all over the country. Many of them are
from the South.
译文:这里这些人都是从全国各地来的。他们当中很
多人是从南方来的。
(
√
)从全国各地来的这些人中有很多是南方人。
Try to translate:
1. He took
out a match and lit the candle. A light lit up the
darkness.
2. She wasn’t really
listening. She was thinking about something
else.
3. We are all alike.
We all have families.
参考译文:
1.
他掏出火柴,点燃蜡烛,照亮黑暗。
2.
她没有真的在听,而在想着别的什么事情。
3.
我们同样都有家。
D.
Compound Sentences
(并列复合句的合译)
英译汉中有时候可以将一个并列句合并成一个单独的句子。
Examples:
1.
In 1844 Engles met Marx, and they
became friends.
译文:
1844
年恩格斯遇见马克思,然后他们成为了朋友。
(
√
)
p>
1844
年恩格斯与马克思相遇并成了朋友。
2.
The river
ran down to Pisa from Florence, and then it
reached the sea.
译文:那条河从佛罗伦萨流到比萨,然后到达大海。
(
√
)那条河从佛罗伦萨流经比萨入海。
3. It was in mid-August, and
the repair section operated under the blazing sun.
译文:时间是八月中旬,维修人员在烈日下工作。
(
√
)八月中旬,维修人员在烈日下工作。
4.
Mark
wasn’t able to escape from the fire. Neither were
the children.
译文:马克没能从火里逃生。孩子们也没能逃生。
(
√
)马克
和孩子都没能从火里逃生。
5.
The Post Office was helpf
ul,
and Marconi applied in June, 1896, for the world’s
first radio
patent.
译文:邮局提供了
帮助,马可尼于
1896
年
6
月获得了世界上第一项无线电专利。
(
√
)在邮局的帮助下,马可尼于
1896
p>
年
6
月获得了世界上第一项无线电专利
p>
。
Try
to translate:
1. Neither has Mary
wanted to rent a house
,
nor
does her husband
.
2. Overwork may cause physical
decline
,
and then insomnia
may result.
3. The time was half past
ten, and the traffic on the street was light.
参考译文:
1.
玛丽和她丈夫都不想租房子。
2.
工作过度会造成体力下降进而导致失眠。
3.
十点半的时候街上的车辆已经很少了。
E.
Complex Sentences
(复杂句及主从复合句的合译)
在英
译汉中,
有时可以把原文中的主从复合句合译成一个简单句。
例
如定语从句的翻译
中,即将定语从句翻译成一个短语,放在被修饰名词之前。
Examples:
1. He is
not the one who will give up easily.
译文:他不是一个轻易服输的人。
2. Our two countries are neighbors
whose friendship is of long standing.
译文:我们两国是友谊长存的友好邻邦。
3. When I negotiate, I get nervous.
When I get nervous, I eat.
译文:我在谈判时总是有些紧张,而我紧张时,就想吃东西。
4. It was my liver that was out of
order.
译文:我的肝脏出了毛病。
5. When we praise the Chinese
leadership and the people, we are not merely being
polite.
译文:我们对中国领导人和中国人民的赞扬不仅仅是出于礼貌。
Try to translate:
1. There many people who want to see
the film.
2. I was wandering when I saw
a notice outside a Sunday School.
3.
The judge said it was difficult to comprehend why
the police acted so in this matter.
参考译文:
1.
许多人要看这部电影。
2.
闲逛时看到主日学校门外贴着一张广告。
3.
法官认为很难理解警察这么做的动机。
Part IV Combination in C-E
Translation
合译法在汉译英中的运用:
因为汉语
多短句和流水句,
在汉译英中经常采用合译法将汉语的
两个或以
上的短句合成一个较长的英语复合句。
A.
汉语短句译为英语复合句
Examples:
1.
对长辈们不能没大没小的。祖父是一家之主,尤其要尊敬。
译文:
Show respect
to your elders, particularly to your grandpa, head
of the family.
2.
战士们无所畏惧地奋勇向前。他们的脚步很坚定。