米国各种教授职称称呼

Version A

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Adjunct professor usually refers to someone has cross- discipline academic

appointments. For example, one can have a primary appointment in the

Department of Immunology, and, at the same time, have an adjunct appointment

in Dept. of Pathology.

Assistant Professor

–

in related to the Adjunct, this one is just a single

primary academic appointment in a specific field.

If you have further interest, read the following chunk of text for details:

North American

Main positions:

【

Assistant professor

】

the entry-level position, for which one usually needs a

Ph.D., sometimes only a masters degree (at some schools/colleges and

exceptions* such as Clinical Professorship). The position is generally not

tenured, although in most institutions, the term is used for

positions; that is, the candidate can become tenured after a probationary

period. However, strictly speaking the position is related to a pay grade

rather than to tenure status, so in unusual circumstances it is possible to

receive tenure but to remain in the assistant professor pay grade.

【

Associate professor

】

the mid-level position, usually awarded (in the

humanities and social sciences) after the

—

although the

requirements vary considerably between institutions and departments. Can be

tenured or not. In most institutions, the position is tenured, however

strictly speaking the position is related to a pay differential and can be

awarded to non-tenured persons. If awarded to a non-tenured person, the

position is generally tenure-track.

【

(Full) professor

】

the senior position. In a traditional school this is

always tenured. However, this may not be the case in a for-profit private

institution.

【

distinguished professor

】

,

【

distinguished teaching professor

】

,

【

distinguished research professor

】

,

【

University Professor

】

,

【

Institute

Professor

】

: these titles, often specific to one institution, generally are

granted to the top few percent of the tenured faculty (and sometimes to under

one percent).

EXCEPTIONS

】

: In real life, to balance academic and practical knowledge,

full Professorship (say,Accounting scholarship Professor in Accounting or

Entreprenurship/Directorship) by invitation are top MBAs from senior ranking

professionals from Big 4 accounting firms/CFO of public corporations and

institutions etc. Refer to professional and executive-oriented professional

schools/colleges with international admission for such certified expert-level

professorship. Their post-MBA uprading/lifelong learning as practitioner are

professionally accredited and on-the- job exposure as professional rather than

by pure academic research towards a PhD.

Other positions:

【

Professor emeritus

】

after full professors retire from active duties, they

may continue to teach and to be listed; they also draw a very large percentage

of their last salary as pension (as tenure is technically for life). NB: The

concept has in some places been watered down to include also associate tenured

professors; in some systems and institutions, it needs a special act or vote.

【

Visiting professor

】

someone visiting another college or university to teach

for a limited time; this may be someone who is a professor elsewhere or a

distinguished scholar or practitioner who is not.

【

Adjunct professor

】

someone who does not have a permanent position at the

academic institution; this may be someone with a job outside the academic

institution teaching courses in a specialized field; or it may refer to

persons hired to teach courses on contractual basis (frequently renewable

contracts); it is generally a part-time position, although the number of

courses taught can vary from a single course to a full-time load (or even an

overload); these positions are generally not obligated to participate in

administrative responsibilities at the institution often expected of other

full-time professors. The pay for these positions is generally very poor,

especially considering that most adjuncts have a PhD. In other cases, an

adjunct may hold one of the standard ranks in another department, and be

recognized with adjunct rank for making significant contributions to the

department in question.

【

Named chair

】

a particularly senior full professor who is awarded a specific,

endowed chair that has been sponsored by a fund, a person, etc. Named chairs

are usually similar to the Continental European model in that they are a

position rather than a career rank.

【

professor by courtesy

】

a professor who is primarily and originally

associated with one academic department, but has become officially associated

with a second department, institute, or program within the university and has

assumed a professor's duty in that second department as well. Example:

T. Greely is Professor of Law and Professor, by courtesy, of Genetics at

Stanford University

fewer responsibilities and fewer benefits than a single full appointment.

【

Professor - research

】

a professor who does not take on all four of the

classic duties (see overview) but instead focuses on research. Typically, such

a professor may be invaluable to his university department in procuring

research funding and/or in publishing scholarly works, and therefore the

department would prefer that he not distract himself with teaching duties that

are not directly linked to his research activities.

By analogy with the above, one often sees

【

assistant

】

or

【

associate research

professors

】

, and

【

assistant or associate

—

but seldom if ever full

—

teaching professors

】

who focus on teaching and supervising Teaching

Assistants.

【

Honorary professor

】

normally granted to those who with significant

contribution to the school and community. Say, by donation for furtherance of

research and academic development.

【

Gypsy scholar

】

is an informal term given to some academics who might be

eligible for a tenure-track assistant professorship but cannot afford to live

by their college and so move between institutions, or perhaps simultaneously

teach at more than one. Due to the high cost of housing this appears to have

become a fairly common situation in California.

【

Version B

】

【

adjunct professor

】（兼职教授）

: someone who does not have a permanent

position at the academic institution; this may be someone with a job outside

the academic institution teaching courses in a specialized field; or it may

refer to persons hired to teach courses on contractual basis (frequently

renewable contracts); it is generally a part-time position, although the

number of courses taught can vary from a single course to a full-time load (or

even an overload); these positions are generally not obligated to participate

in administrative responsibilities at the institution often expected of other

full-time professors.

【

assistant Professor

】（助理教授）：

a member of a college or university

faculty who ranks above an instructor and below an associate professor.

【

associate professor

】（副教授）：

a member of a college or university faculty

who ranks above an assistant professor and below a professor.

【

tenure-track professor

】（终身教授）：

relating to or being a professor that

may lead to a grant of tenure, who holds this position all his or her life.

【

Version C

】

【

Affiliate Faculty

】

Qualified individuals who have a limited time commitment

to the Department or School (for example, teaching a single course) may be

given the title affiliate professor, affiliate associate professor, affiliate

assistant professor, or lecturer. Affiliate faculty are not on the tenure

track and normally would not teach more than two courses per semester.

Affiliate faculty are defined as those individuals that do not have direct

teaching responsibilities for students on or off campus and who do not receive

monetary compensation by the University through the payroll system for