IGOR Pro 6.2使用方法详细介绍-睿驰整理

IGOR Pro doesn't require any programming; most functionality is available using standard

menus, dialogs, and the mouse.

IGOR Pro

不需要任何代码编写，大都功能仅需要标准的菜单、对话框和鼠标即可完成。

IGOR

Pro

runs

on

Macintosh

and

Windows

computers,

and

IGOR's

data

files

are

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cross-platform compatible.

IGOR Pro

支持

Macintosh

和

Windows

系统，

IGOR

的数据文件是跨平台支持的。

IGOR Pro

程序主要模块分为：

1

、

数据导入模块，支持多种数据格式：

Delimited text.

Fixed-field (FORTRAN) text.

General Binary.

Excel spreadsheet.

HDF.

HDF5.

Matlab.

JCAMP

.

Nicolet Instruments.

SDTS DEM and DLG.

National Instruments TDM (DIAdem).

2

、

数据存储模块。

3

、

如何创建图形。

4

、

图形处理模块。

5

、

数据分析，数据操作以及应用数学函数。

6

、

图形数据的探测。

7

、

用户扩展编程模块。

相关图片展示：

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图

3

学术期刊图片页面布局

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2

IGOR Pro

使用方法

2.1

数据导入方法

Igor Pro provides you with the ease and flexibility to import a wide variety of

data file formats so you can concentrate on the important aspects of analyzing

and displaying your data. The main data formats supported are:

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

Delimited text.

Fixed-field (FORTRAN) text.

General Binary

.

Excel spreadsheet.

HDF

.

HDF5

.

Matlab.

JCAMP

.

Nicolet Instruments.

SDTS DEM and DLG.

National Instruments TDM (DIAdem).

Igor Pro can import data as integer or single- or double-precision floating point

numbers, import data in various common date and time formats, or import

values simply as text.

Import a wide variety of image file formats to take full advantage of Igor

Pro's

Image Analysis

capabilities:

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?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

GIF

.

PNG.

JPEG.

PICT

.

TIFF

.

BMP

.

PhotoShop.

Silicon Graphics.

Sun Raster

.

Targa.

For multimedia and sound analysis, you can import sound data encoded in the

following formats:

?

?

Audio Interchange File Format (AIFF & AIFF-C, Mac only).

Movie Audio Track (MooV

, Mac only).

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北京环中睿驰科技有限公司

?

?

?

MPEG Audio Layer 2 (MP2, Mac only).

MPEG Audio Layer 3 (MP3, Mac only).

Waveform Audio File Format (WAVE, Windows only).

With Apple's QuickTime installed, you can not only create movies but can also

extract individual frames.

You can also import data in Igor Pro's native file formats such as Igor Text and

Igor Binary. You can easily view data stored in other Igor Pro experiments,

using the Browse Experiment feature of the

Data Browser

, and import such data

directly into your current experiment file.

Importing Data

Igor Pro's file loaders are accessed via the Load Waves submenu, which includes

all of the built-in file loaders and other data importation facilities added

via

Procedures

or

XOPs

.

You can load most common text file formats using Igor Pro's Load Waves dialog.

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This dialog includes the Load Data Tweaks subdialog that you can use to specify

any unusual aspects of the data you are importing.

The Load Waves menu also includes shortcuts, such as the Load General Text

and Load Delimited Text items, that you can use to access the respective file

loading routines with default options.

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Programming Flexibility

If you need to go beyond the built-in file loaders and have a file format that Igor

Pro cannot already import, then you have the flexibility of creating your own

custom file loaders using Igor Pro's powerful built-in

programming

language or

by creating an plug-in module using the optional

XOP Toolkit

.

If you have many data files to import into Igor Pro, you can save yourself much

time and effort by creating your own procedures to completely automate the

process. Igor Pro's manual and online help files include several detailed and

fully-described programming examples to help you write your own data import

procedures.

When creating data import procedures you have available a number of

programming operations such as LoadWave, ImageLoad, LoadData, LoadPICT,

Open, FReadLine, FBinRead, and Close.

Import Binary Files

With Igor Pro's Load General Binary dialog and GBLoadWave external operation,

you can import a wide variety of binary data file formats.

You can import binary data in the following numeric formats:

?

?

8 bit, 16 bit, or 32 bit signed or unsigned integers.

32 or 64 bit IEEE floating point numbers.

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?

32 or 64 bit VAX floating point numbers.

2.2

数据存储方法

IGOR Pro stores your data in named data objects called waves. Wave is short for

waveform and emphasizes IGOR's unique support for evenly spaced data. Here

are the properties of waves:

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?

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?

?

?

?

Size limited only by memory

Number of data objects limited only by memory

Up to four dimensions

Two floating-point and six integer formats, strings

Numeric formats may be real or complex

Special support for waveform (equally-spaced) data

Maintains additional information such as modification time, notes

IGOR also supports another class of named data objects that store just a single

number or string. Numeric variables may be real or complex and string

variables, like string waves, are unlimited in size and may contain binary data.

Unlike spreadsheet programs, IGOR's data objects need not clutter up your

screen by being displayed in a table.

You can efficiently organize your data into a hierarchy of IGOR's

Data Folders

in

much the same way that you organize files in a hierarchy of folders on your hard

drive. With IGOR's

Data Browser

window you can navigate through the different

levels of data folders, examine values of variables, strings and waves, and load

data objects from other Igor workspaces (called experiments).

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Experiments

Your data, graphs, tables, programs, notebooks and control panels for a given

project are organized in a workspace called an experiment. Experiments can be

stored in a single disk file which can be easily exchanged with colleagues. Data

and program files can also be external so that they may be shared among

experiments.

Data Formats

Numeric data in waves may be real or complex with the following number types:

?

?

?

Single precision floating point (32 bits)

Double precision floating point (64 bits)

Signed and unsigned 8, 16 and 32 bit integer

String data can be of unlimited size and there are no limits on what it may

contain, i.e., it may be binary.

Waveform Support

If you work with data with evenly spaced x values, you will appreciate IGOR's

unique support for waveform data. Normally, you would have to create a vector

of data that contains x values, but in IGOR, you can simply specify x-scaling for

a wave using two numbers. This not only saves memory and reduces clutter but

it also allows IGOR to automatically use the x-scaling as needed. For example,

the Fourier transform of a wave of time sampled data automatically creates a

result with the correct frequency x-scaling. See

Signal Processing

for an

example.

While x-scaling is handy for vector data, matrices and higher dimensional

objects can benefit from dimensional scaling as well. For example, image data

can have x and y-scaling in physical units such as meters or arcseconds. For an

example, see

Images

.

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2.3

如何创建图形

Creating Graphics

IGOR Pro is first and foremost a publication quality scientific and engineering

graphics program. Each element of a graph can be finely adjusted to meet your

(or your journal's) exacting requirements. For example, line thickness may be

specified as 1.35 Points -- not just 1 or 1.5. Not only are many dash patterns

provided, but you can also customize them with a graphical dash pattern editor.

Virtually any graph you see in your favorite scientific or engineering journal

could have been made using Igor -- and many of them have been.

Simultaneously, Igor's graphs are exploratory tools of the first order. Graph

updating is extremely fast allowing you to smoothly zoom in and out and pan in

all directions even with millions of data points. And unlike some competitors,

Igor always plots all of your data so you don't miss features that others may skip.

Igor's cursors provide live readouts of your xy or image data and can be used to

specify data subsets for analysis. You can compose fancy text annotations called

tags that dynamically update as the data changes or as you move a tag to a

different data point. Graphs automatically update to take full advantage of the

available space when you resize a graph window.

Igor's

2D graphs

are exceedingly flexible. You can create graphs with an

unlimited number of traces, axes,

contor plots

,

images

and annotations. You

can

embed

graphs within other graphs and can compose

page layouts

with

multiple graphs,

tables

, annotations and pictures.

Speaking of flexible, Igor's image plots can use any data type from unsigned

byte to double precision complex (complex data is automatically presented as

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magnitude.) Pixels can even have uneven spacing as with a log axis or user

specified x or y values. Images can be true color or many different forms of false

color. You can even specify what happens for out-of-range data.

You can use Igor's powerful

drawing tools

to annotate your graphs or page

layouts with lines, arrows, rectangles, Bezier curves and many other types.

Multiple layers are provided and all tools may be used programatically. Unique

to Igor is the ability to specify the coordinate system for draw objects. For

example, you might specify the coordinates of a background shaded area to be

in terms of a pair of axes. This would allow you to zoom or otherwise adjust the

axis ranges but still have the shaded area remain in the correct location relative

to the data.

You can use Igor's

annotation editor

to create precise and sophisticated text

annotations. Igor goes way beyond simple sub- or superscripts with precise and

flexible layout. Annotations can be designed to automatically respond to

changes in font or size and can dynamically include data values.

You can create visually stunning

3D graphics

using Igor's Gizmo and Surface

Plotter modules. Be sure to visit the

gallery

as well as the 3D graphics web pages

to see these

2D graphs

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IGOR Pro's 2D graph types include highly customizable

X-Y

(line, marker, area

and bar) plots,

contour

,

image

, and

category plots

. As illustrated by the graph

to the right, you can combine any or all of these forms in a single graph window.

IGOR places no limits on the number of graph objects or the size of your data.

In IGOR, as you expand or shrink a graph window, the graph automatically

takes full advantage of the available space, expanding or shrinking font, marker

and line thickness to optimum values approprate for the new size. Of course,

you can force a graph to specific size or aspect ratio and can override automatic

adjustments.

IGOR's annotation dialog enables you to create arbitrarily complex text boxes,

legends (including color scales) and dynamic tags that can automatically

present data values. Dynamic tags can not only be attached to points on an XY

plot but can even be attached to pixels on an image plot. Tags can be set to

automatically rotate tangent to the point on the curve to which they are

attached.

Graphics Speed

Dramatically faster than competing programs

Graphs refresh almost instantly

Special support for real-time data

Graphics Flexibility

Unlimited number of curves and axes on a graph

Unlimited number of graphs

Precise control of graph features

Customizable dashed lines

Full support for error bars

Text markers and 62 built-in marker symbols, arrows and wind barbs;

user- defined markers

72 fill patterns, positive and negative fills, and fill between curves

Display of

date and time data

in a wide variety of formats

Fully

customizable axes

,

reciprocal axes

Text annotations with subscripts, superscripts, font and style changes

Text annotations with automatic readout of data values

High-resolution drawing tools

IGOR's graphics are publication- quality, and have graced the pages of

respected scientific journals. You can extensively

graphs to meet the demanding requirements of scientific and engineering

publications.

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Page layouts

A page layout, or layout for short, is a type of window that you can use to

compose pages containing:

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?

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?

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graphs

tables

annotations (textboxes and legends)

pictures

drawing elements (lines, arrows, rectangles, polygons, etc.)

Each layout represents one page. You can have as many layouts as memory

allows. Here is an example of a layout window.

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A page layout has a number of layers. One layer, the layout layer, is for graphs,

tables, annotations and pictures. The other layers are for drawing elements.

Here are the notable features of page layouts.

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?

You can combine graphs, tables, pictures, annotations and drawing elements.

Graphs, tables and legends in layouts are updated automatically.

Complex graphs can be quickly and smoothly positioned.

Layouts print at the full resolution of the printer

.

You can export all or part of a layout to another program.

There are two ways to add a graph or table to the layout layer:

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?

By creating a graph or table object. An object is a representation of a separate

standalone graph or table window.

By creating an embedded graph or table subwindow. A subwindow is a

self-contained graph or table embedded in a layout window.

2.4

图形处理方法

Image Processing

IGOR Pro contains a full set of operations and functions for scientific image

analysis applications which make it an ideal cross-platform tool for image

acquisition, display and processing.

Image acquisition

can be as simple as loading multi-dimensional data from disk

file or as complicated as using an XOP to grab live video frames to disk (see

XOP

Toolkit

for information on creating your own XOP). In both cases the images can

be displayed on the screen for visual inspection and analysis or they could be

automatically analyzed without user intervention. The processing and analysis

stage depends on the nature of the images and the information of interest.

The main component of the image processing tools are the ImageXXX

operations which are supplemented by the image processing procedure files.

The latter are combined as the Image Processing Package which you can load

from Analysis menu. In addition to the dedicated ImageXXX operations you can

also take advantage of general analysis functions such as FFT and curve fitting

in image processing applications. Rounding up the list of built-in operations is

MatrixOP which provides efficient means for formulating and performing

mathematical operations on images.

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Image display

can be as simple as placing an RGB image in a graph window or

as complicated as creating an overlay of multiple images combined with contour

lines and legend. Being able to display images in false color or using a non-linear

level mapping is sometimes helpful when trying to visually analyze images.

The conventional approach to image processing involves the following steps:

(1)

image transformations

and

color conversions

where the acquired image is

converted into standard form in colorspace and in range.

(2) Image filtering (cleaning up the image to improve S/N ratio) can be

accomplished using

localized filters

or mathematical transforms.

(3)

Threshold

operation to convert the image from a gray-scale to a binary

form.

(4)

Morphological filtering

usually follows the threshold operations but some

morphological operations can actually precede the threshold step. Typical

morphological filters include: erosion/dilation, opening/closing, tophat and

watershed.

(5)

Particle analysis

is the operation where the filtered binary image is analyzed

by quantifying various spatial properties of different

regions) in the image. The spatial measurements include location, area,

perimeter and moments for calculating a fitting ellipse.

Image Transforms

Image transforms can be simple arithmetic operations on images or complex

mathematical operations which convert images from one representation to

another.

Mathematical Operations

include simple image arithmetic, Fourier, fast Hartley

transform, Hough transform and Radon transform.

Histogram Modification

include histogram equalization and adaptive histogram

equalization.

Image Interpolation

includes various methods for scaling, Kriging, image

warping and radial aberration correction.

Image Registration

is a tool for registering two 2D or 3D similar images and

finding an affine transformation that can be used to convert one into the other.

The operation is suitable for registering medical images of the same object.

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Background Removal

is a process to correct an image for non-uniform

background or non-uniform illumination.

Image Rotation

is a simple tool to rotate an image about its center by the

specified number of degrees.

Mathematical Transformations

Mathematical transformations of images may be as simple as image arithmetic

or as complex as an iterating Fourier transform. You can handle most image

arithmetic by executing IGOR commands. For example, to subtract a

background image:

Duplicate noisyImage,outputImage

outputImage=inputImage- backgroundImage

When working with images that are 8 or 16 bit per pixel you can perform level

mapping using

outputImage=LUT[inputImage[p][q]]

here LUT is a lookup table for the mapping. For example, LUT can be used for

Gamma correction using an expression like

LUT=p^(1/Gamma)

Most arithmetic operations are performed more efficiently using MatrixOP.

Fourier Transforms

The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) can be used to decompose a grayscale image

into its spatial frequency components or to perform efficient 2D convolutions

and correlations (RGB images are usually handled on a channel by channel

basis).

In the following example we illustrate simple FFT filtering. We created an image

that consists of a one dimensional slow quadratic ramp and added single

frequency sinusoidal noise. The filter consists of a 2D constant wave with a

single null pixel. The filtering consists of a single command line:

MatrixOP/o filtered=IFFT(filter*FFT(inputImage,2),3)

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