-
第四章
句子结构及成分
第一部分
考点精讲精练
第
1
讲
相关概念
考点
1.
词性的英文缩写
在英语学习中,词性
的掌握是非常的重要的。如
果我们在记单词的时候只是把它们的拼写记下来而
没有把它相应的词性记下来的话,我们就不能正确
的使用它们,那么无论是
写作还是口语表达中就都
会犯错误,所以背单词的同时也要把他们的词性记
准记牢。
缩写字母
n.
v.
vt.
vi.
modal v
aux. v.
adj.
adv.
num.
interj.
pron
.
prep.
art
.
conj
原词
代表词性
名词
动词
及物动词
不及物动词
情态动词
助动词
形容词
副词
数词
感叹词
代词
介词
冠词
连词
noun
verb
transitive verb
intransitive verb
modal verb
auxiliary verb
adjective
adverb
numeral
interjection
pronoun
preposition
article
conjunction
He
walked
the dog every day.( w
alk
及物动词,
“
遛
”)
She
washes
clothes at home. (was
h
及物动词,
“
洗
”)
The clothes
washes
well.(wash
不及物动词,
“
耐洗
”)
③
英语中一些词及物与不及物的划分可能与汉语不同。
He
listens
to the
music every day.(listen
为不及物动
词,而汉语中
“
听
”
< br>是及物动词。
)
练习
1.
指
出下列句中划线动词是及物动词还是不及
物动词,及物填
vt.
,不及物填
vi.
1.
Most birds can
fly
.
(
)
2.
The children
are
flying
kites in the
park. (
)
3.
It
happened
yesterday.
(
)
4.
My
watch
stopped
.
(
)
5.
The
baby
stopped
crying
when
he
saw
his
mother.
(
)
6.
She
spoke
at the meeting this
morning.
(
)
7.
Shall I
begin
at
once?
(
)
8.
She
began
working
as a teacher after she
left
school.
(
)
(
)
9.
When did they
leave
Beijing?
(
)
10.
They
left
last
week.
(
)
考点
3.
实义动词、助动词与情态动词
实义动
词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作
用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。
实义动词
指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。如:
He
lives
quite near. (live“
住
”
,有明确的意义,单独作
谓语,为实义动词
)
I
like
reading.
(
like “<
/p>
喜欢
”
,
意思明
确,
单独作谓语,
为实义动词)
I
bought
a pen
yesterday.
(
bought “
< br>买
”
,意义明确,
单独作谓语,
为实义动词)
助动词
助动词的
“
助
”
,
是
“
帮助
”
之
意。
因此,
助动词是指那
些用来帮助构
成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、
考点
2.
< br>
及物动词和不及物动词
实义动词后面跟宾语时,这个动词是及物动词。
实义动词后面不跟宾语时,此时这个动词是不及物
动词。
The door
opened
.
< br>(open
后面没跟宾语,此时,
open
是不及物动词。
)
He
opened
the door.
(open
后面有宾语
the
door,
此时,
open
是及物动
词
)
注意:
英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词,
关键是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语<
/p>
。
①
有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词,词义
相同。如:
The meeting
began
at six. <
vi.>
We
began
the meeting at six.
<
vt.>
②
有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不
及物动词,但词
义不同。如:
The
man
walked
away.(walk
不及物,意为
“
走
”)
否定句和倒装句和帮助强调的词。这些词
本身无词
汇意义或意义不完全,不能单独作谓语。
①
帮助构成时态的:
The boy
is
crying.(is
用来帮
助构成现在进行时,
和
crying
一
起作谓语,是助动词
)
He
has
arrived. (has
用来帮助构成现在完成时,和
arrived
一起作谓语,是助
动词
)
I
have
been
painting all day.
(
have been
用来帮助
构成现在完成进行时,
和
painting<
/p>
一起作谓语,
都
是助动词。
)
②
帮助构成否定句和疑问句的:
Does
he like English? (does<
/p>
帮助构成一般疑问句,
没有具体意义,是助动词。
)
He
does
n?t
have lunch at home. (does
只是帮助构成
< br>否定句,没有具体意义,是助动词。
)
4.
He
does
(
)
some
washing after work.
5.
He
has
(
)
had
(
)supper already.
6.
The bridge
has
(
)
been
(
)
built
(
) now.
7.
I
have
(
)
been
(
)
waiting
(
) for you all
day.
8.
He
was
(
)
struck
(
)by a stone.
情态动词
情态动词同助动词一样,不
能单独作谓语,要和实
义动词一起作谓语。因此,情态动词也称为情态助
动词。情态动词同基本助动词的区别在于,基本助
动词本身无意义,而情态动词
有自己的意义。如:
He
can
swim across the
river.(can
的词义为“能够”
)
You
must
stay at
home. (must
词义为“必须”
)
I
might
leave
tomorrow.
(
might
的
词义为“或许”
)
③
帮助构成被动语态的
【具体用法参看
P
错误!未定义书签。错误!未找
Tr
ees
are
planted in spring. (
are
帮助构成被动语态,
到引用源。
】
没有具体意义,是助动词
)
考点
4.
谓语和非谓语
The house
has been
pulled down. (has b
een
帮助构
成时态和语态,是助动词
)
在英语中,
一个主谓结构中只能有一个谓语,
再出现
④
帮助构成虚拟语气
动词时,要变成非
谓语形式,即:在前面加
to
构成
If
he
had
come yesterday, I
wouldn
?
t
have
made
动词不定式,在
后面加
-ing
构成动名词或现在分词,
such a mistake.(had, have
帮助构成虚拟语气,是助
p>
在后面加
-ed
构成过去分词。
也就是说,
非谓语是指:
动词,属于谓语的一部分
。
)
动词不定式,动名词,现在分词和过去分词。
⑤
帮助构成倒装句的
So
did
he love
his mother that he bought her many
练习
3.
先找出句中的谓语,然后改正句中的错误,
presents
on her birthday.
并说明原因:
(
他如此爱他的母亲以至于他母亲生日那一天,他
1.
Get up early is good for
our health.
给她买了许多礼物。
did
只是帮助构成倒装句,没
早起有利于我们的身体健康。
< br>
有具体意义,是助动词
)
2.
I want go home
now.
我现在想回家。
⑥
帮助构成强调意义的
He
did
come yesterday. (
他昨天确实来过。
did
起强
调作用,没有具体意义,是助动词
)
因此可以看出,
常见的助动词为
do,
be, have
,
它们
为基本助动词
。
一个词既可以作实义动词也可以作助动词,
具体是
哪一种,主要看它们在句中的功能。
1.
H
e
did
his homework at seven o?
clock.(did
单独作谓
语,意为
“
做
”
,是实义动词
)
Did
he
do
his homework yesterday? (
did
是助动词,
帮
助构成一般疑问句
,
do
是实义动词,意为
“
做
”
,是
实义动词。
p>
)
2.
H
e
has had
breakfast. (has
是助动词,帮助构成现在
p>
完成时,
had
是实义动词,意为
“
吃
”
。
has
had
一起
构成了句子的谓语。
)
练习
2.
指出下列斜体单词是实义动词还是助动词:
1.
Does
(
) he
like
(
) swimming?
2.
He
does
(
)
like
(
) swimming.
3.
Where
does
(
) he
live
(
)?
3.
My favorite sport is play football.
我最喜爱的运动时踢足球。
4.
There is a
bird sings in the tree.
有一直鸟正在树上唱歌。
5.
The boy sits
over there likes singing.
坐在那边的那个男孩喜欢唱歌。
6.
The house was
built last year has been sold out.
去年建的那座房子已经出售了。
7.
The girls are
singing over there are my classmates.
在那边唱歌的那些女孩是我的同学。
8.
My parents
wanted him work hard.
我父母亲想让他努力学习。
9.
I remember saw
him that day.
我记得那天看见过他。
10.
I saw him
walked into the building.
我看到他跑进那座建筑物。
考点
5.
主动关系和被动关系
先看下面两个题:
1.
____
wonderful,
this
kind
of
food
enjoyed
a
good
sale .
A. Tasted
B. Being tasted
C. Tasting
D. Having tasted
2.
The food ____
delicious sells well.
A. smells
B.
smelled
C. smelling
D. is smelling
一
些同学分别选
A
和
B
< br>。
他们说,
食物是被尝起来、
被
闻起来,
和食物构成被动关系,
所以要用过去分词。
这种说法是错误的。
非谓语中的主动关系和被动关系,
不是从谁做了这个
动作着眼,
而是指“主动语态”和“被动语态”
。
1.
主动关系
:从逻辑关系上看,相当于主动语态。
如:
The boy
crying over there is
Tom.(
在那边哭的
那个男孩
)
从逻辑上讲,
the boy
-
cry,
男孩哭,
相当于主动语态,是主动关系。
2.
被动关系
:从逻辑关系上看,相当于被动语态。
如:
The
house built last year is the strongest.(
去年建
的那座房子
)
从逻辑上讲,
the house was built,
p>
房子
被建,相当于被动语态,是被动关系
在上两题中,
逻辑关系可以表达为:
T
his kind of food
tasted
wonderful.
The
food
smells
delicious.
逻辑上
foo
d
和
taste
、
smell
是一种主谓关系,是主动语态,
因此填现在分词
。答案为:
C, C.
考点
6.
逻辑上的主谓关系
在判断是否是宾语
补足语时,一般说,
“
宾语和宾语
补足
语构成逻辑上的主谓关系
”
。一些同学对这句话
不理解。如:
He asked me to
lend him some
money.
他让我借给他一
些钱。
“me”
是宾语,
“me to
lend him some money”
意为“我
借给他一
些钱”
,
从意思上看,像一句话,<
/p>
“我”是
主语,
“借给他一些钱”是谓语
部分,但在英语原句
中,它们却不是真正的主谓关系。因此可以说:
“逻
辑上的主谓关系”
,是指,从意思上看像主谓关系,<
/p>
而实际上不是。
“to lend him some
money”
是宾语补足
语。
练习
4.
判
断下列句中划线不是是否是宾语补足语。
(
是的填
T
,不是的填
F)
1.
I want him to
come at once. (
)
2.
He lent me
some money. (
)
3.
He made the
boy cry again. (
)
4.
The teacher
found him cheating in the exam. (
)
5.
Don?t leave the door
open at
night. (
)
考点
7.
复合结构
在我们学习语法的过程中,我们可能会听说“复合
宾语”
,
“动名词的复合结构”和“动词不定式的复
< br>合结构”
。
实际上,
这几个
“复合”
,
都有
“逻辑上的主谓关系”
之意。如:
1.
He invited us
to come to the party.
(us
是宾语,
to come to
the party
是宾语补足语;
宾语和宾语补足语合一起称
为复合宾语。宾语和
宾语补足语是逻辑上的主谓关系。
)
2.
It?s important
for us to learn English well.
(it
是形式主语,真正的主语是
for
us
to
learn
English well
。
“
us
”是“
to learn
English well
”的
逻辑主语,二者构成了逻辑上的
主谓关系。
for
somebody to do some
thing
是动词不定式的复合结
构。
)
3.
It?s very
kind of you to help me.
(
of
you to help
me
也是动词不定式的复合结构。与
for
somebody
to
do so
mething
的区别参看,
you
和
to help me
构成
了逻辑上的
主谓关系。
)
4.
Tom?s coming
late made our teacher angry.(Tom
迟
到使我们老师生气。
coming
是动名词,
Tom?s
coming late
是动名
词的复合结构。
Tom
是
coming
late
的逻辑主语,二者是逻辑上的主谓关系。
)
考点
8.
没有人称和数的变化
先看下列三组句中
have, do
和
be
的变化形式
1.
I
have
a book
He
has
a book.
They
have
a book
2.
I
enjoy
watching TV.
You
enjoy
watching
TV
.
We
enjoy
watching TV.
3.
He
is
sleeping.
I
am
sleeping.
They
are
sleeping.
“
人称的变化
”
,
是指:谓语动词用什么形式,受前面
主语是第几人称的影响。
主语同为单数
(表示一个人)
,
be
在第一人称<
/p>
I
后用
am,
在
you
后用
are,
在
he
后用
is; do<
/p>
和
have
在一、
二人称后用原形,
在第三人称后
用为
does, has
“数”是指“单数和复数”
,
“数的变化”是指谓语
动词用什么形式,
还受前面主语是单数还是复数的影
响。如果主语是复数,
be
要用为
are
的形式,
do
和
have
用原形。
如果主语是第三人称单数,
be
用为
is, do
和
have
p>
要用为
does
和
has.
情态动词没有人称和数的变化。如:
He/I/We can swim.
第
2
讲
句子成分
英语的句子成分主要有六种:
即主语、
谓语、
< br>宾
语、定语、状语和补语。
(可以熟记为:主谓宾,定<
/p>
状补)
除了这六种主要成分之外,还有
“
表语
”
和<
/p>
“
同位语
”
的说
法。
但表语和系动词一起作谓语,
因此划分成分
时,
划分在谓语上。
同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同<
/p>
位语,属于主语或宾语的一部分。
考点
1.
划分句子成分时的常用符号
英语中划句子成分的符号
主语
在下面划一直线
谓语
在下面划曲线
宾语
在下面划双横线
定语
在下面划虚线
(一行点使我们想到一
排钉子,
p>
“
钉
”
谐音为
p>
“
定语
”
的
p>
“
定
”
)
状语
下面为短横线
(短横线使我们想到短
木桩,
木桩撞(状)钟)
补语
上一短
横,
下一短横
(下一短横好像是
为了弥
补上面短横间的空隙)
同位语
上下双曲线,
(虽都有曲折,上下位
臵
基本相同
考点
2.
主语
was ill.
3.
Beyond the
mountains lie a small village.
4.
Gone is the
days when I had to go to school on foot.
5.
Play
basketball is my favorite sport.
6.
Give up
English is not an option.
考点
3.
谓语
谓语由动词充当,说明主语所做
的动作或具有的特
征和状态。谓语的构成如下:
1
、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:
He
practices
running every
morning.
He
reads
newspapers every day.
2
、复合谓语:
(
1
)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如:
You
may
keep
the book for two weeks.
He
has
caugh
t
a bad cold.
My sister
is
crying
over there.
I
have
been
waiting
for you all the
time.
I
would
stay
at home all day.
(
2
)
由系动词加表语构成
。
系动词不能单独作谓语,
要和表语一起作谓语。如:
We
are
students
.
Your
idea
sounds
great
.
主语是一个句子所叙述
的主体,
一般位于句首,
通常
考点
p>
4.
表语
由名词性的词来充当。
可以作主语的词性或语法结构:
表语
多是形容词,
用以说明主语的身份、
特征和状态,
1.
名词
2.
代词
3.
数词
4
.
名词化的形容词
(如
the ric
h
)
它一般位于系动词(如
be,
become,
get,
look,
grow,
5.
不定式
6.
动名词
7.
主语从句等表示。
turn,
seem
等)之后。表语
一般由名词、代词、形容
词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词
练习
1.
在下面句子的
主语下面划横线,并说出由什
及表语从句表示。
么充当
练习
3.
划出下列句中的表语,并说明有什么充当。
1.
During
the
1990s,
American
country
music
has
1.
Our teacher of
English is an American.
become more and more popular.
2.
Is
it yours?
2.
We often speak English in class.
3.
One-third of
the students in this class are girls.
4.
To swim in the
river is a great pleasure.
5.
Smoking does
harm to the health.
6.
The rich should help the poor.
7.
When we are
going to have an English test has not
been decided.
8.
It is necessary to master a foreign
language.
9.
That he isn?t at home is not
true
练习
2.
改正下列句中的错误,并说明原因
1.
He
failed
the
exam
is
the
reason
why
he
dropped
out.
2.
That why he
was late for school was that his mother
3.
The weather has turned cold.
4.
The speech is exciting.
5.
Three times
seven is twenty one.
6.
His job is to teach English.
7.
His
hobby
(爱好)
is playing
football.
8.
The machine must be under repairs.
9.
The truth is that he has never been
abroad.
考点
5.
宾语
宾语由名词性的词充当,表示动
作的对象或承爱者,
一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语,
分别构成动宾结构和
介词结构。
练习
4.
划出下列句中的宾语
,
并说明有什么充当。
1.
They planed
many trees yesterday.
2.
(How many dictionaries do you have?) I
have five.
3.
They helped the old with their
housework yesterday.
4.
I wanted to
buy a car.
5.
I enjoy listening to popular music.
6.
I think
(
that
)
he is
fit for his office.
考点
6.
宾语补足语
英语中有些及物动词,<
/p>
除有一个直接宾语以外,
还要
有一个宾语
补语,
才能使句子的意义完整。
宾语补足
语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
换句话说,
在意思
上,宾语相当于宾补的主语。
带有宾语补足语
的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如
make
等)
+
宾语
+
宾补。宾补可由名词
、形容词、副
词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。
练习
5.
用
p>
线划出下列句中的宾语补足语,
并指出
是什
么词充当,同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关
系。
1.
His father
named him Dongming.
2.
They painted
their boat white.
3.
Let the fresh
air in.
4.
You mustn?t force him to lend his money
to yo
u.
5.
We saw her
entering the room.
6.
We found everything in the lab in good
order.
7.
We will
soon make our city what your city is now.
8.
I want your
homework done on time.
考点
7.
主补
对主语的补充。
(含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动
语态,宾语作主语时,原来的宾补就成了主
语补足
语。
He was
elected
monitor
.
She was
found
singing in the next
room
.
He was advised
to teach the lazy boy a
lesson
.
考点
8.
定语
定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限
定作用的词、短语
或句子,汉语中常用“…的”表示。定语通常位于
被修饰的成分前。
在英语中,许多情况下,定语是放在所
修饰词后面
的,这点与汉语习惯不同,也是许多同学不能读懂
长
句的主要原因。
①
副词用作定语一般要后臵。
People there are very friendly.
(
那儿的人们
)
He
didn
?
t like the man
downstairs.
(
楼下的那个人)
②
形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后
单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前,
而形
容词短语作
定语一般放在所修饰词之后
The next man is
a scientist.
The man next to me is a
scientist.
(我旁边的那个人)
③
介词短语作定语时要后臵
The
boy under the tree is
Tom.
(树下的那个男孩)
The
tallest boy in our class is John.
(
我们班最高的
那个男孩)
④
现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动
词不定式做定
语常后臵
I have
something to say.
(
直译:我有要说的话
)
The
boy crying over there is my classmate.
(
在那边
哭的那个男孩)
The
house built last year is impressive.
(去年
建的
那座房子)
练习
6.
口头翻译下列句子,
用下划线标出定语部分,
< br>留意定语的位臵,并说明定语是什么词性或结构充
当。
1.
The letter on
the desk is for Mr. Wu.
2.
The woman with a baby in her arms is
his mother.
3.
We
need a place twice larger than this one.
4.
She carried a
basket full of eggs.
5.
It?s a book worth no more than one
dollar.
6.
It?s a city far from the
coast.
7.
He has money enough to buy a car.
8.
The man
downstairs was trying to sleep.
9.
There are lots
of places of interest needing repairing
in our city.
10.
Tigers
belonging
to
meat-eating
animals
feed
on
meat.
11.
A boy calling
himself John wanted to see you
12.
He
picked
up
a
wallet
lying
on
the
ground
on
the
way back home
13.
There are
many clothes to be washed.
14.
Most
of
the
singers
invited
to
the
party
were
from
America.
15.
Then the great day came when he was to
march past
the palace in the team.
考点
9.
状语
修饰动词、
形容词、
副词或整个句子
,
说明
动作或状
态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。
He writes
carefully
. He walks
slowly
.
(
< br>写地认真,走地慢,修饰动词用副词,作状语
)
This material is
environmentally
friendly.
(修饰形容词用副词,作状语)
He runs
very
slowly.
(修饰副词
slowly,
因此
p>
very
是副词,做状语)
Unfortunately
, he lost all
of his money.
(修饰整个句子用副词,做状语)
1.
几个并列状语的先后顺序:方式
→
地点
→
时间
一个句中有几个并列状语时,其顺序较灵活,但一
般是:方式
→
地点
→
p>
时间。
如:
He
worked hard
at his lessons
last year.
I
found
a
lost
pen
outside
our
school
yesterday
morning.
2.
频度副词
often,
always,
usually,
sometimes,
never
等在句中的位臵
位于情态动词、
系动词、
助动词之后
,
实义动词之前。
You can never tell what he will do.
He is often late.
He is
always helping others.
He often came
late.
3.
状语按意义分类
6.
In
order
to
catch
up
with
the
others,
I
must
work
harder.
7.
To make his
dream come true, Tom becomes very
interested in business.
8.
The boy needs
a pen very much.
9.
The boy really
needs a pen.
10.
He was so tired that he fell asleep
immediately.
11.
She works very hard though she is old.
12.
I
am taller than he is.
13.
I shall go
there
if it doesn?t rain
.
14.
On
Sundays,
there
is
no
student
in
the
classroom.
15.
Having to finish his homework, the boy
needs a
pen.
考点
10.
同位语
同位语是在名词或代词之后并
列名词或代词对前
者加以说明的成分,近乎于后臵定语。如:
We students should study hard. / (stude
nts
是
we
的同
位语,都是指同一批
?
学生
?
p>
)
We all are
students. / (all
是
we
的同位语,都指同样
的
?
我们
p>
?
)
在句子成分中,主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、
It?s
good to
us students.
补语都比较好辨认,如果这几个成分都不是,那很
可能就是状语了。因此,状语的种类很多,可以表
练习
8.
选择正确答案,并口头说出句中那个是同位
示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、
语
方式和让步
1.
The young man,
___ ,works in the office.
A. me brother B. my brother C. my
brothers D. me
练习
7.
指出下列划线部分属于什么状语
2.
Our English
teacher, ___ , often helps us with study.
1.
How about
meeting again at six?
A.
Mrs. Wang
B. Mrs. Wangs
C.
Mrs. Wang's .
D. of him
2.
Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.
3.
Last night she didn?t go to the dance
party
because
of the rain.
4.
She put the eggs into the basket with
great care.
5.
She came in with a dictionary in her
hand.
3.
___,
some
railway
workers,
are
busy
repairing
the
train.
A. Them B. He
C. They
D. Theirs
第
3
讲
简单句的五种基本结构
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型
及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装
。掌握这五种基本句
型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
英语五种基本句型结构如下:
主语
谓语
用符号表示为:
①
S
V
(主+谓)
②
S
V
O
(主+谓+宾)
③
S
V
o
O
(主+谓+间宾+直宾)
④
S
V
O
C
(主+谓+宾+宾补)
⑤
S
V
P
(主+系+表)
< br>主语(
subject
)
谓语(
p
redicate
)
、
vi.
vt
.
①
宾语
②
③
宾语(
间)宾语(直
)
宾语
宾语补足语
④
⑤
link.v.
表语
宾语(
object
)
状语
(adverbial)
表语(
predicative
p>
)
定语(
attribute
)
< br>
补语(
complement
)
II.
常
见的系动词
①
状态系动词
用来表示主语状态,只有
be
一词,例如:
< br>
He is a teacher.
他是一名教师。
②
持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要
有
keep,
remain, stay, lie, stand,
例如:
He kept
silent at the meeting.
他开会时保持沉默。
This matter remains a mystery.
此事仍是一个谜。
The food
stays fresh in the fridge.
食物在冰箱里仍然很新鲜。
The
house stood empty for
years.
房子空了数年。
He
lies awake in bed.
他躺在床上,醒着。
③
表
“
p>
像
”
系动词
p>
用来表示
看起来像
这一概念,主要有
seem,
appear, look,
例如:
Something seems wrong.
好像出差了。
He appears
young.
他看起来很年轻。
④
感官系动词
感官系动词主要有
look
看起来,
feel
< br>摸起来
, smell
闻起来
,
sound
听起来
,
taste
尝起来:
This
kind of cloth feels very soft.
这种布手感很软。
This
flower smells very sweet.
这朵花闻起来很香。
⑤
变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成
什么样,变化系动词主
要有
become, grow,
turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
He
became mad after that.
自那之后,他疯了。
She
grew rich within a short time.
她没多长时间就富了。
He
fell ill yesterday.
他昨天病了。
Eggs go bad easily in
spring.
鸡蛋夏天容易变坏。
His face went
red.
他的脸变红了。
What
he had dreamt of came true.
他的梦想实现了。
Still
waters run deep.
静水流深。
⑥
终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作,主要有
prove,
turn
out,
表
达
证实
,
变成
之
意,例如:
The rumor proved
false.
这谣言证实有假。
His plan turned out a success.
他的计划终于成功了。
(
turn
out
表终止性结果)
What
he predicted turned out (to be) wrong.
他预言的结果是错的。
练习
3.
用下划线划出下列句中的系动词。
1.
His advice
proved right.
2.
The shop stays open till 8
o?clock.
3.
The machine
went wrong.
4.
All these efforts seem in vain.
考点
1.
基本句型
一:S
V
(主+谓)
这类句子的谓语动词都是
不及物动词,
都不带宾
语,
但可以带状
语,
常见的不及物动词有:
act,
come,
go,
work,
last,
fall,
cry,
disappear,
appear,
smile,
rise,
ring
,
live, look,
listen, laugh, hurry, talk, sleep, retire,
graduate, die, care, agree, jump, fail,
wait, succeed, stay,
sit, lie, shine,
happen, take place, rain, snow, ect.
如
:
It
is raining now. (
S
V
)
We've worked
for 5 hours. (
S
V
)
The meeting
lasted half an hour. (
S
V
)
Time flies.
(
S
V
)
练习
1.
分析下列句子成分,并在后面括号内标明属
于五种基本句型中的
哪一种
1.
Dark clouds hung overhead. (
)
2.
Gradually a
smile appeared on her face. (
)
3.
He is smiling all over his face. (
)
4.
I did well in
English. (
)
5.
He talked
loudly in the classroom yesterday. (
)
考点
2.
基本句型
二:
S
V
P
(主+系+表)
系动词主要是
be.
但还有一些动词
有些时候也可作
系动词,有人称之为半系动词。
I.
如何辨别系动词
有些动词既可作连系
动词,又可以作实义动词。如
何来辨别呢?有一个最简便的方法,
即用连系动词
be
替换句子中的这些动词,句子仍然成立就是
连系
动词;反之,不能替换的,就是行为动词。如:
①
She
looks
beautiful. (looks
变为
is
之后,
她是美丽的,
句意没有大的变化,
looks
是系动词
< br>)
。
Look
at
the
picture.(l
ook
不能换为
be,
look
p>
为实义
动词。
)
②
He
felt
the book with his right
hand.(feel
是
“
摸
”
的
意思,不能换为
w
as,
是实义动词
)
。
The silk
feels
soft.(
这种丝绸摸
起来很柔软,
feels
换为
is
p>
之后,句意变化不大,因此是系动词。
)
练习
2.
辨别下列粗体动词是系动词还是实义动词
1.
The door
stays
open at night.
2.
He
tasted
the food, and the
food
tasted
delicious.
3.
The book still
lies
open on the desk.
4.
What he said
proved
true..
5.
He
can?
t
proved
his
theory(
理论
).
5.
These words
sound reasonable.
6.
The room soon
became crowded.
7.
The days are
getting longer and longer.
8.
He fell ill
yesterday.
9.
Trees turn
green in spring.
10.
What you said
sounds great.
III.
系动词不能单独作谓语,要和表语一起作谓语
He is a student.
(
S
V
P
)
Your idea
sounds great. (
S
V
P
)
IV.
在一个英语单句中,一般情况要有谓语动词。
要注意:
介词短语和形容词不能单独做谓语,
要和系<
/p>
动词一起做谓语。
改错:
①
Our school very beautiful
and we like it very much.
②
Your book on the desk.
答案及解析:
Our
school
is
very
beautiful
and
we
like
it
very
much.(
句中没有谓语动词
)
Your book
is
on
the desk.
(句中没有谓语动词)
考点
3.
基本句型
三:
S
V
O
(主+谓+宾)
此结构是由
“
主语
+
及物动词(词
组)
+
宾语
”
构成。
宾语可以是名词、代词、数词,动名词、动词不定
式或词
组、
the
+
形容词、分词以及从句等。如,
She likes English.
We
planted a lot of trees on the farm
yesterday.
练习
4.
用下划线划出下列句中的宾语。
1.
People all
over the world speak English.
2.
Jim cannot
dress himself.
3.
All of us
believe that Jack is an honest boy.
4.
He did not
know what to say.
5.
He just wanted
to stay at home.
6.
He practices speaking English every
day.
考点
4.
基本句型
四:
S
V
o
O
(主+谓+间
宾+直宾)
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,如:
give
给,
pass
递,
bring
带,
show
显示。
这两个
宾语通常一个指人,
为间接宾语;
一个指物,
< br>为直接宾语。
间接宾语一般
位于直接宾语之前。
一般的顺序为:动词
+
间接宾语
+
直接宾语。
如:
He gave me
a cup of tea. (
S
V
o
O
)
强调间接宾语顺序为:
动词
+
直接宾语
+
介词
+
间接宾语。如:
Show this house to Mr. Smith.
若直接宾语为人称代词:动词
+
代词直接宾语
+
介
词
+
间接宾语。
如:
Bring
it
to
me,
please.
(
不能说
Bring
me
it,
please
。
)
常跟双宾语的及物动词有:
(需借助
to
的)
a
llow,
bring,
deny,
give,
grant,
hand,
leave, lend, offer,
owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read,
refuse, sell, send, show, teach,
tell
,
wish,
write
等
(需借助
for
的)
buy, choose,
fetch, get, make, order,
paint, play(
p>
演奏
)
,
save
, sing, spare
等
『一
般用
to
多些,
用
for
的记住常用的三个就行:
get,
buy, make
』
He sent me an English-Chinese
Dictionary.
= He sent an
English-Chinese Dictionary to me.
She
bought John a book
.
= She
bought a book for John.
练习
5.
分
析下列句子成分,口头说出间接宾语和直
接宾语。
1. She ordered herself a new dress.
2. She cooked her husband a delicious
meal.
3. He brought you a
dictionary.
4. He denies
her nothing.
5. I showed
him my pictures.
6. I gave my car a
wash.
7. I told him that the bus was
late.
8. He showed me how to run the
machine.
考点
5.
基本句型
五:SVOC
(主+谓+宾+宾
补)
此句型的句子的特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但
是只跟一个宾语还不能表达
完整的意思,必须加上
一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。
宾语补足语:
位于宾语之后对宾语做出说明的成分。
p>
宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构
成复合宾语。
p>
The war made him
a soldier.
(SVOC他成为一个士
兵,构成逻辑上
的主谓关系)
New methods make the
job easy.
(SVOC)
I often find him at work.
(SVOC)
The
teacher
asked
the
students
to
close
the
windows.
(SVOC)
I saw a cat running across the road.
练习
6.
分
析下列句子划分成分,在后面括号内标明
是什么充当句子的宾语补足语
< br>
1. They appointed him manager.
(
)
2. They painted the door green.
(
)
3. He pushed the door open.
(
)
4. They found the house deserted.
(
)
5. What makes him think so?
(
)
6. We saw him out.
(
)
7. He asked me to come back soon.
(
)
8. I saw them getting on the bus.
(
)
9.
We
all
think
it
a
pity
that
she
didn?t
come
here.
(
)
10. I?ll have my bike repaired.
(
)
11. We elected him monitor.
(
)
12. Don?t keep the lights burning.
(
)
考点
6.
there be
句型
此句型是由
there
+
be
+
主语
+
状语
构成,用以
表达某地存在有,它其实是倒装的一种情况,主语
位于谓语动词
be
之后,
there
仅为引导词,并无实
际意义。
1.
be
与其后的主语在人称和数上一致,
有时态和数
的变化。
现在时
there is / are …
过去时
there was / were…
将来时
there will
be…/
there is / are going
to be...
完成时
there has / have been…
可能有
there might
be...
肯定有
there must be …/ there must have
been...
过去曾经有
there used to be …
似乎有
there seems / seem / seemed to be
…
碰巧有
there happen / happens / happened to be
…
2.
可用
live,
stand,
come,
go,
lie,
remain,
exist,
arrive,
等词代
替
be
动词。
此时还表示存在有,但表意要更具体一些。
Eg. There lived an old man at the foot
of the mountain.
There came a shout for
There exists no air on the moon.
There lies a book on the desk.
There stands a tree on the
hill.
1.
a certain doubt among the students as
to
the necessity of the work.
A. It existed
B. There
existed
C. They had
D. There had
2.
___ a beautiful palace ___ the foot of
the hill.
A. There stand; at
B. There
stands; under
C. Stands
there; under
D.
There stands; at
答案:
B, D
3.
there be
与
have
的区别
there be …
某地有某物,某时有某事;
have
表示某人拥有某物。
改错:
1.
There has a book on the desk.
2.
There will have a meeting this evening.
答案:
1.
把
has
改为
is; 2.
把
have
改为
be
。<
/p>
提示:没有
there have
p>
这种表示
“
有
”<
/p>
的方法。
第
4
讲
简单句、并列句和复合句
句子按结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。
考点
1.
简单句
只有一个主语(或并列主语)
和一个谓语(或并列
谓语)。
e.g. He often reads English in the
morning.
Tom and Mike are American
boys.
She likes drawing and often draws
pictures for the wall
newspapers.
(划线部分为并列谓语
,
只有一个主语,
仍为简单
句。)
< br>
考点
2.
< br>并列句(参看
P
错误!未定义书签。错误!
未找到引用源。
)
由并列连词(
and,
but, <
/p>
or
等)或分号(;)把两个
或两个以上
的简单句连在一起构成。要注意哟
,
逗号
是不可以连接句子的,这一点和汉语不同。
e.g.
You help him and he helps you.
The
future is bright; the road is tortuous.
前途是光明的,道路是曲折的。
①
表示连接两个同等概念,常用
and,
not
only…but
also…, neither…nor…,
then
等连接。
The teacher?s name is Smith, and the
student?s name
is John.
He
not
only
stole
my
money,
but
he
also
took
my
watch away.
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