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语法精讲多练系列4英语基本句子

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2021-02-28 10:23
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2021年2月28日发(作者:seaway)



第四章



句子结构及成分




第一部分



考点精讲精练






1




相关概念




考点


1.



词性的英文缩写



在英语学习中,词性 的掌握是非常的重要的。如


果我们在记单词的时候只是把它们的拼写记下来而

< p>
没有把它相应的词性记下来的话,我们就不能正确


的使用它们,那么无论是 写作还是口语表达中就都


会犯错误,所以背单词的同时也要把他们的词性记


准记牢。



缩写字母




n.




v.




vt.





vi.





modal v


aux. v.



adj.





adv.





num.



interj.



pron


.




prep.




art


.



conj

















原词





代表词性



名词



动词



及物动词




不及物动词



情态动词



助动词



形容词



副词



数词



感叹词



代词



介词



冠词




连词




noun





verb




transitive verb


intransitive verb


modal verb





auxiliary verb


adjective




adverb





numeral




interjection



pronoun




preposition



article




conjunction



He


walked


the dog every day.( w alk


及物动词,




”)



She


washes


clothes at home. (was h


及物动词,



”)



The clothes


washes


well.(wash


不及物动词,



耐洗


”)





英语中一些词及物与不及物的划分可能与汉语不同。



He


listens


to the music every day.(listen


为不及物动


词,而汉语中




< br>是及物动词。


)



练习


1.



指 出下列句中划线动词是及物动词还是不及


物动词,及物填


vt.


,不及物填


vi.


1.



Most birds can


fly


.








2.



The children are


flying


kites in the park. (



)


3.



It


happened


yesterday.







4.



My watch


stopped


.







5.



The


baby


stopped



crying


when


he


saw


his


mother.


(




)


6.



She


spoke


at the meeting this morning.







7.



Shall I


begin


at once?







8.



She


began


working as a teacher after she


left


school.











9.



When did they


leave


Beijing?







10.



They


left


last week.








考点


3.



实义动词、助动词与情态动词



实义动 词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作


用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。




实义动词



指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。如:



He


lives



quite near. (live“



,有明确的意义,单独作


谓语,为实义动词


)


I


like


reading.



like “< /p>


喜欢




意思明 确,


单独作谓语,


为实义动词)



I


bought


a pen yesterday.



bought “

< br>买



,意义明确,


单独作谓语, 为实义动词)




助动词



助动词的







帮助



之 意。


因此,


助动词是指那


些用来帮助构 成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、


考点


2.

< br>


及物动词和不及物动词



实义动词后面跟宾语时,这个动词是及物动词。



实义动词后面不跟宾语时,此时这个动词是不及物


动词。


The door


opened


.


< br>(open


后面没跟宾语,此时,


open


是不及物动词。


)


He


opened


the door.


(open


后面有宾语


the door,


此时,


open


是及物动 词


)



注意:


英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词,


关键是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语< /p>






有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词,词义


相同。如:



The meeting


began


at six. <


vi.>



We


began


the meeting at six. <


vt.>





有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不 及物动词,但词


义不同。如:



The man


walked


away.(walk


不及物,意为




”)




否定句和倒装句和帮助强调的词。这些词 本身无词


汇意义或意义不完全,不能单独作谓语。





帮助构成时态的:



The boy


is


crying.(is


用来帮 助构成现在进行时,



crying


一 起作谓语,是助动词


)


He


has


arrived. (has


用来帮助构成现在完成时,和


arrived


一起作谓语,是助 动词


)


I


have been


painting all day.



have been


用来帮助


构成现在完成进行时,



painting< /p>


一起作谓语,



是助动词。






帮助构成否定句和疑问句的:



Does


he like English? (does< /p>


帮助构成一般疑问句,


没有具体意义,是助动词。


)


He


does


n?t have lunch at home. (does


只是帮助构成

< br>否定句,没有具体意义,是助动词。


)


4.



He


does


(




)


some


washing after work.


5.



He


has


(




)


had


(




)supper already.


6.



The bridge


has


(




)


been


(




)


built


(




) now.


7.



I


have


(




)


been


(




)


waiting


(




) for you all day.


8.



He


was


(




)


struck




(




)by a stone.



情态动词



情态动词同助动词一样,不 能单独作谓语,要和实


义动词一起作谓语。因此,情态动词也称为情态助


动词。情态动词同基本助动词的区别在于,基本助


动词本身无意义,而情态动词 有自己的意义。如:



He


can


swim across the river.(can


的词义为“能够”


)


You


must


stay at home. (must


词义为“必须”


)


I


might


leave tomorrow.



might


的 词义为“或许”






帮助构成被动语态的



【具体用法参看


P


错误!未定义书签。错误!未找


Tr ees


are


planted in spring. ( are


帮助构成被动语态,


到引用源。




没有具体意义,是助动词


)


考点


4.



谓语和非谓语



The house


has been


pulled down. (has b een


帮助构


成时态和语态,是助动词


)


在英语中,


一个主谓结构中只能有一个谓语,


再出现




帮助构成虚拟语气



动词时,要变成非 谓语形式,即:在前面加


to


构成


If he


had


come yesterday, I wouldn


?


t


have


made


动词不定式,在 后面加


-ing


构成动名词或现在分词,


such a mistake.(had, have


帮助构成虚拟语气,是助


在后面加


-ed


构成过去分词。

< p>
也就是说,


非谓语是指:


动词,属于谓语的一部分 。


)


动词不定式,动名词,现在分词和过去分词。





帮助构成倒装句的




So


did


he love his mother that he bought her many


练习


3.



先找出句中的谓语,然后改正句中的错误,


presents on her birthday.


并说明原因:



(


他如此爱他的母亲以至于他母亲生日那一天,他


1.



Get up early is good for our health.


给她买了许多礼物。


did


只是帮助构成倒装句,没


早起有利于我们的身体健康。

< br>


有具体意义,是助动词


)


2.



I want go home now.


我现在想回家。





帮助构成强调意义的



He


did


come yesterday. (


他昨天确实来过。


did


起强


调作用,没有具体意义,是助动词


)


因此可以看出,


常见的助动词为


do, be, have



它们


为基本助动词 。



一个词既可以作实义动词也可以作助动词,


具体是


哪一种,主要看它们在句中的功能。



1.



H


e


did


his homework at seven o? clock.(did


单独作谓


语,意为





,是实义动词


)


Did


he


do


his homework yesterday? ( did


是助动词,



助构成一般疑问句 ,


do


是实义动词,意为


< p>



,是


实义动词。


)


2.



H


e


has had


breakfast. (has


是助动词,帮助构成现在


完成时,


had


是实义动词,意为






has had


一起


构成了句子的谓语。


)



练习


2.



指出下列斜体单词是实义动词还是助动词:



1.



Does


(




) he


like


(



) swimming?



2.



He


does


(




)


like


(



) swimming.


3.



Where


does


(




) he


live


(



)?



3.



My favorite sport is play football.


我最喜爱的运动时踢足球。



4.



There is a bird sings in the tree.


有一直鸟正在树上唱歌。



5.



The boy sits over there likes singing.


坐在那边的那个男孩喜欢唱歌。



6.



The house was built last year has been sold out.


去年建的那座房子已经出售了。



7.



The girls are singing over there are my classmates.


在那边唱歌的那些女孩是我的同学。



8.



My parents wanted him work hard.


我父母亲想让他努力学习。



9.



I remember saw him that day.


我记得那天看见过他。



10.



I saw him walked into the building.


我看到他跑进那座建筑物。



考点


5.



主动关系和被动关系



先看下面两个题:



1.



____


wonderful,


this


kind


of


food


enjoyed


a


good


sale .


A. Tasted





B. Being tasted






C. Tasting




D. Having tasted


2.



The food ____ delicious sells well.


A. smells





B. smelled






C. smelling




D. is smelling


一 些同学分别选


A



B

< br>。


他们说,


食物是被尝起来、


被 闻起来,


和食物构成被动关系,


所以要用过去分词。

< p>


这种说法是错误的。



非谓语中的主动关系和被动关系,


不是从谁做了这个


动作着眼, 而是指“主动语态”和“被动语态”




1.



主动关系


:从逻辑关系上看,相当于主动语态。


如:


The boy crying over there is Tom.(


在那边哭的


那个男孩


)


从逻辑上讲,


the boy



cry,


男孩哭,


相当于主动语态,是主动关系。



2.



被动关系


:从逻辑关系上看,相当于被动语态。


如:


The house built last year is the strongest.(


去年建


的那座房子


)


从逻辑上讲,


the house was built,


房子


被建,相当于被动语态,是被动关系



在上两题中,


逻辑关系可以表达为:


T his kind of food


tasted


wonderful.


The


food


smells


delicious.


逻辑上


foo d



taste


smell


是一种主谓关系,是主动语态,


因此填现在分词 。答案为:


C, C.


考点


6.



逻辑上的主谓关系



在判断是否是宾语 补足语时,一般说,



宾语和宾语


补足 语构成逻辑上的主谓关系



。一些同学对这句话


不理解。如:



He asked me to lend him some money.


他让我借给他一


些钱。



“me”


是宾语,


“me to lend him some money”


意为“我


借给他一 些钱”




从意思上看,像一句话,< /p>


“我”是


主语,


“借给他一些钱”是谓语 部分,但在英语原句


中,它们却不是真正的主谓关系。因此可以说:

“逻


辑上的主谓关系”


,是指,从意思上看像主谓关系,< /p>


而实际上不是。


“to lend him some money”


是宾语补足


语。



练习


4.



判 断下列句中划线不是是否是宾语补足语。


(


是的填


T


,不是的填


F)


1.



I want him to come at once. (



)


2.



He lent me some money. (



)


3.



He made the boy cry again. (



)


4.



The teacher found him cheating in the exam. (



)


5.



Don?t leave the door


open at night. (



)


考点


7.



复合结构



在我们学习语法的过程中,我们可能会听说“复合






宾语”



“动名词的复合结构”和“动词不定式的复

< br>合结构”




实际上,


这几个


“复合”



都有


“逻辑上的主谓关系”


之意。如:



1.



He invited us to come to the party.


(us


是宾语,


to come to the party


是宾语补足语;


宾语和宾语补足语合一起称 为复合宾语。宾语和


宾语补足语是逻辑上的主谓关系。


)


2.



It?s important for us to learn English well.


(it


是形式主语,真正的主语是


for


us


to


learn


English well




us


”是“


to learn English well


”的


逻辑主语,二者构成了逻辑上的 主谓关系。


for


somebody to do some thing


是动词不定式的复合结


构。


)


3.



It?s very kind of you to help me.



of you to help me


也是动词不定式的复合结构。与


for


somebody


to


do so mething


的区别参看,


you



to help me


构成


了逻辑上的 主谓关系。




4.



Tom?s coming late made our teacher angry.(Tom



到使我们老师生气。


coming


是动名词,


Tom?s


coming late


是动名 词的复合结构。


Tom



coming


late


的逻辑主语,二者是逻辑上的主谓关系。


)


考点


8.



没有人称和数的变化



先看下列三组句中


have, do



be


的变化形式



1.



I


have


a book


He


has


a book.


They


have


a book


2.



I


enjoy


watching TV.


You


enjoy


watching TV


.


We


enjoy


watching TV.


3.



He


is


sleeping.


I


am


sleeping.


They


are


sleeping.



人称的变化




是指:谓语动词用什么形式,受前面


主语是第几人称的影响。


主语同为单数


(表示一个人)




be


在第一人称< /p>


I


后用


am,



you


后用


are,



he


后用


is; do< /p>



have


在一、


二人称后用原形,


在第三人称后


用为


does, has



“数”是指“单数和复数”

< p>


“数的变化”是指谓语


动词用什么形式,


还受前面主语是单数还是复数的影


响。如果主语是复数,


be


要用为


are


的形式,


do



have


用原形。


如果主语是第三人称单数,


be

用为


is, do



have


要用为


does



has.



情态动词没有人称和数的变化。如:



He/I/We can swim.



2




句子成分




英语的句子成分主要有六种:


即主语、


谓语、

< br>宾


语、定语、状语和补语。


(可以熟记为:主谓宾,定< /p>


状补)



除了这六种主要成分之外,还有



表语



和< /p>



同位语



的说 法。


但表语和系动词一起作谓语,


因此划分成分


时,


划分在谓语上。


同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同< /p>


位语,属于主语或宾语的一部分。




考点


1.



划分句子成分时的常用符号



英语中划句子成分的符号



主语








在下面划一直线





谓语








在下面划曲线





宾语








在下面划双横线





定语








在下面划虚线



(一行点使我们想到一


排钉子,






谐音为



定语











状语








下面为短横线



(短横线使我们想到短


木桩,



木桩撞(状)钟)



补语








上一短 横,


下一短横


(下一短横好像是


为了弥 补上面短横间的空隙)





同位语






上下双曲线,


(虽都有曲折,上下位 臵


基本相同



考点


2.



主语



was ill.


3.



Beyond the mountains lie a small village.


4.



Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot.


5.



Play basketball is my favorite sport.


6.



Give up English is not an option.


考点


3.



谓语



谓语由动词充当,说明主语所做 的动作或具有的特


征和状态。谓语的构成如下:



1


、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:





He


practices


running every morning.




He


reads


newspapers every day.


2


、复合谓语:



1


)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如:



You


may keep



the book for two weeks.



He


has caugh


t


a bad cold.



My sister


is crying


over there.


I


have



been



waiting


for you all the time.


I



would



stay


at home all day.



2



由系动词加表语构成 。


系动词不能单独作谓语,


要和表语一起作谓语。如:



We



are



students


.


Your idea



sounds



great


.


主语是一个句子所叙述 的主体,


一般位于句首,


通常


考点


4.



表语



由名词性的词来充当。



可以作主语的词性或语法结构:



表语 多是形容词,


用以说明主语的身份、


特征和状态,


1.


名词



2.


代词



3.


数词



4 .


名词化的形容词


(如


the ric h



它一般位于系动词(如


be,


become,


get,


look,


grow,


5.


不定式



6.


动名词



7.


主语从句等表示。



turn,


seem


等)之后。表语 一般由名词、代词、形容


词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词

< p>
练习


1.



在下面句子的 主语下面划横线,并说出由什


及表语从句表示。



么充当



练习


3.



划出下列句中的表语,并说明有什么充当。



1.



During


the


1990s,


American


country


music


has


1.



Our teacher of English is an American.



become more and more popular.



2.



Is it yours?



2.



We often speak English in class.


3.



One-third of the students in this class are girls.


4.



To swim in the river is a great pleasure.


5.



Smoking does harm to the health.


6.



The rich should help the poor.


7.



When we are going to have an English test has not


been decided.


8.



It is necessary to master a foreign language.


9.




That he isn?t at home is not true



练习


2.



改正下列句中的错误,并说明原因



1.



He


failed


the


exam


is


the


reason


why


he


dropped


out.



2.



That why he was late for school was that his mother



3.



The weather has turned cold.



4.



The speech is exciting.



5.



Three times seven is twenty one.


6.



His job is to teach English.


7.



His hobby


(爱好)


is playing football.



8.



The machine must be under repairs.



9.



The truth is that he has never been abroad.


考点


5.



宾语



宾语由名词性的词充当,表示动 作的对象或承爱者,


一般位于及物动词和介词后面。



宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语,


分别构成动宾结构和

介词结构。




练习


4.



划出下列句中的宾语


,


并说明有什么充当。



1.



They planed many trees yesterday.



2.




(How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five.



3.



They helped the old with their housework yesterday.



4.



I wanted to buy a car.



5.



I enjoy listening to popular music.


6.



I think



that



he is fit for his office.


考点


6.



宾语补足语



英语中有些及物动词,< /p>


除有一个直接宾语以外,


还要


有一个宾语 补语,


才能使句子的意义完整。


宾语补足


语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。


换句话说,


在意思


上,宾语相当于宾补的主语。



带有宾语补足语 的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如


make


等)


+


宾语


+


宾补。宾补可由名词 、形容词、副


词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。




练习


5.







线划出下列句中的宾语补足语,


并指出


是什 么词充当,同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关


系。



1.



His father named him Dongming.



2.



They painted their boat white.



3.



Let the fresh air in.



4.



You mustn?t force him to lend his money to yo


u.



5.



We saw her entering the room.


6.



We found everything in the lab in good order.


7.



We will soon make our city what your city is now.


8.



I want your homework done on time.


考点


7.



主补



对主语的补充。


(含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动


语态,宾语作主语时,原来的宾补就成了主 语补足


语。



He was elected


monitor


.













She was found


singing in the next room


.


He was advised


to teach the lazy boy a lesson


.


考点


8.



定语



定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限 定作用的词、短语


或句子,汉语中常用“…的”表示。定语通常位于

被修饰的成分前。



在英语中,许多情况下,定语是放在所 修饰词后面


的,这点与汉语习惯不同,也是许多同学不能读懂


长 句的主要原因。





副词用作定语一般要后臵。




People there are very friendly. (


那儿的人们


)


He didn


?


t like the man downstairs.



楼下的那个人)






形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后


单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前,


而形


容词短语作 定语一般放在所修饰词之后



The next man is a scientist.


The man next to me is a scientist.


(我旁边的那个人)





介词短语作定语时要后臵



The boy under the tree is Tom.


(树下的那个男孩)



The tallest boy in our class is John.


< p>
我们班最高的


那个男孩)





现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动 词不定式做定


语常后臵



I have something to say. (


直译:我有要说的话


)


The boy crying over there is my classmate.


( 在那边


哭的那个男孩)



The house built last year is impressive.


(去年 建的


那座房子)



练习


6.




口头翻译下列句子,


用下划线标出定语部分,

< br>留意定语的位臵,并说明定语是什么词性或结构充


当。



1.



The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.


2.



The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother.


3.



We need a place twice larger than this one.


4.



She carried a basket full of eggs.


5.



It?s a book worth no more than one dollar.



6.



It?s a city far from the coast.



7.



He has money enough to buy a car.


8.



The man downstairs was trying to sleep.


9.



There are lots of places of interest needing repairing


in our city.


10.



Tigers


belonging


to


meat-eating


animals


feed


on


meat.



11.



A boy calling himself John wanted to see you


12.



He


picked


up


a


wallet


lying


on


the


ground


on


the


way back home


13.



There are many clothes to be washed.



14.



Most


of


the


singers


invited


to


the


party


were


from


America.


15.



Then the great day came when he was to march past


the palace in the team.


考点


9.



状语



修饰动词、

形容词、


副词或整个句子


,


说明 动作或状


态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。



He writes


carefully


. He walks


slowly


.


(

< br>写地认真,走地慢,修饰动词用副词,作状语


)


This material is


environmentally


friendly.


(修饰形容词用副词,作状语)





He runs


very


slowly.


(修饰副词


slowly,


因此


very


是副词,做状语)



Unfortunately


, he lost all of his money.



(修饰整个句子用副词,做状语)




1.



几个并列状语的先后顺序:方式



地点



时间



一个句中有几个并列状语时,其顺序较灵活,但一

< p>
般是:方式



地点



时间。



如:


He worked hard



at his lessons



last year.


I


found


a


lost


pen


outside


our


school



yesterday


morning.



2.



频度副词


often,


always,


usually,


sometimes,


never


等在句中的位臵



位于情态动词、


系动词、


助动词之后

< p>
,


实义动词之前。



You can never tell what he will do.


He is often late.


He is always helping others.


He often came late.



3.



状语按意义分类



6.



In


order


to


catch


up


with


the


others,


I


must


work


harder.



7.



To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very


interested in business.



8.



The boy needs a pen very much.



9.



The boy really needs a pen.



10.



He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.



11.



She works very hard though she is old.



12.



I am taller than he is.



13.



I shall go there


if it doesn?t rain


.



14.



On


Sundays,


there


is


no


student


in


the


classroom.




15.



Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a


pen.





考点


10.



同位语



同位语是在名词或代词之后并 列名词或代词对前


者加以说明的成分,近乎于后臵定语。如:



We students should study hard. / (stude nts



we


的同

位语,都是指同一批


?


学生


?




We all are students. / (all



we

的同位语,都指同样



?


我们


?




在句子成分中,主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、


It?s good to


us students.



补语都比较好辨认,如果这几个成分都不是,那很


< p>
可能就是状语了。因此,状语的种类很多,可以表


练习

8.



选择正确答案,并口头说出句中那个是同位


示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、



方式和让步



1.



The young man, ___ ,works in the office.



A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me



练习


7.



指出下列划线部分属于什么状语



2.



Our English teacher, ___ , often helps us with study.


1.



How about meeting again at six?



A. Mrs. Wang





B. Mrs. Wangs



C. Mrs. Wang's .



D. of him



2.



Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.



3.



Last night she didn?t go to the dance party


because


of the rain.



4.



She put the eggs into the basket with great care.



5.



She came in with a dictionary in her hand.






3.



___,


some


railway


workers,


are


busy


repairing


the


train.


A. Them B. He



C. They



D. Theirs



3




简单句的五种基本结构



< p>
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型


及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装 。掌握这五种基本句


型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。



英语五种基本句型结构如下:





主语



谓语








用符号表示为:









(主+谓)











(主+谓+宾)













(主+谓+间宾+直宾)













(主+谓+宾+宾补)











(主+系+表)



< br>主语(


subject






谓语(


p redicate





vi.


vt


.




宾语






宾语( 间)宾语(直





宾语



宾语补足语







link.v.


表语



宾语(


object





状语


(adverbial)



表语(


predicative






定语(


attribute


< br>


补语(


complement




II.




见的系动词





状态系动词




用来表示主语状态,只有


be


一词,例如:

< br>



He is a teacher.


他是一名教师。





持续系动词




用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要



keep, remain, stay, lie, stand,


例如:



He kept silent at the meeting.


他开会时保持沉默。




This matter remains a mystery.


此事仍是一个谜。



The food stays fresh in the fridge.


食物在冰箱里仍然很新鲜。



The house stood empty for years.


房子空了数年。



He lies awake in bed.


他躺在床上,醒着。









系动词



用来表示



看起来像



这一概念,主要有


seem,


appear, look,


例如:



Something seems wrong.


好像出差了。



He appears young.


他看起来很年轻。






感官系动词



感官系动词主要有


look


看起来,


feel

< br>摸起来


, smell


闻起来


, sound


听起来


, taste


尝起来:



This kind of cloth feels very soft.



这种布手感很软。



This flower smells very sweet.



这朵花闻起来很香。






变化系动词



这些系动词表示主语变成 什么样,变化系动词主


要有


become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.


He became mad after that.


自那之后,他疯了。



She grew rich within a short time.



她没多长时间就富了。



He fell ill yesterday.


他昨天病了。



Eggs go bad easily in spring.


鸡蛋夏天容易变坏。



His face went red.


他的脸变红了。



What he had dreamt of came true.


他的梦想实现了。



Still waters run deep.


静水流深。





终止系动词



表示主语已终止动作,主要有


prove,


turn


out,





证实




变成



之 意,例如:



The rumor proved false.


这谣言证实有假。



His plan turned out a success.



他的计划终于成功了。



turn out


表终止性结果)



What he predicted turned out (to be) wrong.


他预言的结果是错的。




练习


3.



用下划线划出下列句中的系动词。



1.



His advice proved right.



2.



The shop stays open till 8 o?clock.




3.



The machine went wrong.



4.



All these efforts seem in vain.




考点


1.



基本句型



一:S





(主+谓)



这类句子的谓语动词都是 不及物动词,


都不带宾


语,


但可以带状 语,


常见的不及物动词有:



act, come,


go,


work,


last,


fall,


cry,


disappear,


appear,


smile,


rise,


ring



live, look, listen, laugh, hurry, talk, sleep, retire,


graduate, die, care, agree, jump, fail, wait, succeed, stay,


sit, lie, shine, happen, take place, rain, snow, ect.



:



It is raining now. (





)


We've worked for 5 hours. (





)


The meeting lasted half an hour. (





)


Time flies. (





)



练习


1.



分析下列句子成分,并在后面括号内标明属


于五种基本句型中的 哪一种



1.



Dark clouds hung overhead. (








)


2.



Gradually a smile appeared on her face. (








)


3.



He is smiling all over his face. (








)


4.



I did well in English. (








)


5.



He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. (




)


考点


2.



基本句型



二:









(主+系+表)



系动词主要是


be.


但还有一些动词 有些时候也可作


系动词,有人称之为半系动词。



I.



如何辨别系动词



有些动词既可作连系 动词,又可以作实义动词。如


何来辨别呢?有一个最简便的方法,


即用连系动词


be


替换句子中的这些动词,句子仍然成立就是 连系


动词;反之,不能替换的,就是行为动词。如:





She


looks


beautiful. (looks


变为


is


之后,


她是美丽的,

句意没有大的变化,


looks


是系动词

< br>)




Look


at


the


picture.(l ook


不能换为


be,


look


为实义


动词。


)




He


felt


the book with his right hand.(feel







意思,不能换为


w as,


是实义动词


)




The silk


feels


soft.(


这种丝绸摸 起来很柔软,


feels


换为


is


之后,句意变化不大,因此是系动词。


)



练习


2.



辨别下列粗体动词是系动词还是实义动词



1.



The door


stays


open at night.


2.



He


tasted


the food, and the food


tasted


delicious.


3.



The book still


lies


open on the desk.


4.



What he said


proved


true..


5.



He can?


t


proved


his theory(


理论


).



5.



These words sound reasonable.




6.



The room soon became crowded.




7.



The days are getting longer and longer.




8.



He fell ill yesterday.




9.



Trees turn green in spring.




10.



What you said sounds great.


III.



系动词不能单独作谓语,要和表语一起作谓语



He is a student. (







)


Your idea sounds great. (







)


IV.



在一个英语单句中,一般情况要有谓语动词。



要注意:


介词短语和形容词不能单独做谓语,


要和系< /p>


动词一起做谓语。



改错:




Our school very beautiful and we like it very much.



Your book on the desk.


答案及解析:



Our


school


is


very


beautiful


and


we


like


it


very


much.(


句中没有谓语动词


)


Your book


is


on the desk.


(句中没有谓语动词)



考点


3.



基本句型



三:









(主+谓+宾)



此结构是由



主语


+


及物动词(词 组)


+


宾语



构成。


宾语可以是名词、代词、数词,动名词、动词不定


式或词 组、


the +


形容词、分词以及从句等。如,



She likes English.


We planted a lot of trees on the farm



yesterday.



练习


4.



用下划线划出下列句中的宾语。



1.



People all over the world speak English.



2.



Jim cannot dress himself.



3.



All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.



4.



He did not know what to say.



5.



He just wanted to stay at home.


6.



He practices speaking English every day.


考点


4.



基本句型



四:











(主+谓+间


宾+直宾)


< p>
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,如:


give


给,


pass


递,


bring


带,


show


显示。


这两个 宾语通常一个指人,


为间接宾语;


一个指物,

< br>为直接宾语。


间接宾语一般


位于直接宾语之前。



一般的顺序为:动词



+


间接宾语



+


直接宾语。



如:


He gave me



a cup of tea. (









)



强调间接宾语顺序为:



动词



+


直接宾语



+


介词


+


间接宾语。如:




Show this house to Mr. Smith.


若直接宾语为人称代词:动词


+


代词直接宾语



+




+


间接宾语。



如:


Bring


it


to


me,


please.



(


不能说



Bring


me


it,


please



)



常跟双宾语的及物动词有:



(需借助


to


的)


a llow,


bring,


deny,


give,


grant,


hand,


leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read,


refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell



wish, write




(需借助


for


的)



buy, choose, fetch, get, make, order,


paint, play(


演奏


)



save , sing, spare




『一 般用


to


多些,


for


的记住常用的三个就行:


get,


buy, make




He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary.



= He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.


She bought John a book



= She bought a book for John.



练习


5.



分 析下列句子成分,口头说出间接宾语和直


接宾语。



1. She ordered herself a new dress.


2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal.



3. He brought you a dictionary.



4. He denies her nothing.



5. I showed him my pictures.


6. I gave my car a wash.


7. I told him that the bus was late.


8. He showed me how to run the machine.



考点


5.



基本句型



五:SVOC



(主+谓+宾+宾


补)



此句型的句子的特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但


是只跟一个宾语还不能表达 完整的意思,必须加上


一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。


宾语补足语:


位于宾语之后对宾语做出说明的成分。


宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构


成复合宾语。




The war made him a soldier.


(SVOC他成为一个士


兵,构成逻辑上 的主谓关系)



New methods make the job easy.



(SVOC)



I often find him at work.


(SVOC)



The


teacher


asked


the


students


to


close


the


windows.


(SVOC)




I saw a cat running across the road.




练习


6.



分 析下列句子划分成分,在后面括号内标明


是什么充当句子的宾语补足语

< br>


1. They appointed him manager.














2. They painted the door green.














3. He pushed the door open.














4. They found the house deserted.














5. What makes him think so?














6. We saw him out.














7. He asked me to come back soon.














8. I saw them getting on the bus.














9.


We


all


think


it


a


pity


that


she


didn?t


come


here.














10. I?ll have my bike repaired.














11. We elected him monitor.














12. Don?t keep the lights burning.















考点


6.



there be


句型



此句型是由



there


+


be


+


主语



+


状语



构成,用以

表达某地存在有,它其实是倒装的一种情况,主语


位于谓语动词


be


之后,


there


仅为引导词,并无实


际意义。



1.



be


与其后的主语在人称和数上一致,


有时态和数


的变化。



现在时



there is / are …





过去时



there was / were…



将来时



there will be…/



there is / are going to be...


完成时



there has / have been…



可能有



there might be...






肯定有



there must be …/ there must have been...



过去曾经有



there used to be …





似乎有



there seems / seem / seemed to be …



碰巧有



there happen / happens / happened to be …




2.



可用



live,


stand,


come,


go,


lie,


remain,


exist,


arrive,


等词代 替


be


动词。



此时还表示存在有,但表意要更具体一些。



Eg. There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain.





There came a shout for





There exists no air on the moon.


There lies a book on the desk.



There stands a tree on the hill.



1.











a certain doubt among the students as to


the necessity of the work.


A. It existed






B. There existed







C. They had






D. There had


2.



___ a beautiful palace ___ the foot of the hill.


A. There stand; at








B. There stands; under



C. Stands there; under




D. There stands; at


答案:


B, D


3.



there be



have


的区别



there be …


某地有某物,某时有某事;



have


表示某人拥有某物。



改错:



1.



There has a book on the desk.



2.



There will have a meeting this evening.


答案:


1.



has


改为


is; 2.



have


改为


be


。< /p>



提示:没有


there have


这种表示




”< /p>


的方法。




4




简单句、并列句和复合句




句子按结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。



考点


1.



简单句



只有一个主语(或并列主语) 和一个谓语(或并列


谓语)。



e.g. He often reads English in the morning.


Tom and Mike are American boys.


She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall


newspapers.


(划线部分为并列谓语



< p>
只有一个主语,


仍为简单


句。)

< br>


考点


2.


< br>并列句(参看


P


错误!未定义书签。错误!


未找到引用源。




由并列连词(


and,


but, < /p>


or


等)或分号(;)把两个


或两个以上 的简单句连在一起构成。要注意哟


,


逗号


是不可以连接句子的,这一点和汉语不同。



e.g. You help him and he helps you.


The future is bright; the road is tortuous.



前途是光明的,道路是曲折的。






表示连接两个同等概念,常用


and,


not


only…but


also…, neither…nor…, then


等连接。




The teacher?s name is Smith, and the student?s name


is John.


He


not


only


stole


my


money,


but


he


also


took


my


watch away.


-


-


-


-


-


-


-


-



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