公司战略：Backward Vertical integration

垂直一体化：类型

Vertical integration

垂直一体化

is the degree to which a firm

owns

its

upstream suppliers

上游供应

商

and

its

downstream

buyers

下游购买商

.

Contrary

to

horizontal

integration,

which

is

a

consolidation of many firms that handle the same part of the production process

横向一体化是

…,

vertical

integration

is

typified

by

one

firm

engaged

in

垂直一体化典型地是一个公司从事

…

different

parts

of

production

(e.g.,

growing

raw

materials,

manufacturing,

transporting,

marketing,

and/or retailing).

There

are

three

varieties:

backward

(upstream)

vertical

integration

< br>后

向

一

体

化

,

forward

(downstream)

vertical

integration

前向一体化

,

and

balanced

(both

upstream

and

downstream)

vertical integration

平衡整合

.

?

前向一体化

前向一体化：下游：销售方向

前向一体化

Forward

inte gration

是指公司沿产业链的

下游方向

< br>——

销售方向

扩张

的战略。前向 一体化指公司获得

分销商或零售商

的所有权或加强对他们的控制

?

后向一体化

后向一体化：上游：供应方向

后向一体化

backward

int egration

是指公司沿产业链的

上游方向

——

供应方向

扩张的

战略，即 企业介入原

供应商

的生产活动

——

获得

供应方的所有权或增强对其控制

。

Growth

can

be

achieved

through

vertical

growth

纵向增长

by

taking

over

接管

a

function

previously provided by a supplier

or

by a distributor

供应商或分销商

.

This may be done to reduce costs, gain control over a scarce resource, guarantee quality of a

key

input,

or

obtain

access

to

new

customers.

This

is

a

logical

strategy

for

a

corporation

or

business unit with a strong competitive position in a highly attractive industry.

V

ertical growth results in

vertical integration

纵向一体化

(

发生在同一个行业

), the degree to

which a firm

operates vertically

纵向运作

in

multiple locations

on

an industry’s value chain

from

extracting

raw materials to manufacturing to retailing

企业在从原材料到制造再到零售的一

整个产业价值链上的多个位置进行纵向运作。

The

firm,

in

effect,

builds

on

its

distinctive

competence

独特能力

in an industry to gain greater competitive advantage

竞争优势

by expanding

along the industry value chain

产业价值链。

后向一体化

Backward integration

对以前由

供应商

承担的职能的替代称为“后向一体化”

Assuming

a

function

previously

provided by a supplier is called backward integration

。如钢铁公司自己拥有矿山和炼焦设施；纺

织厂自己纺纱、洗纱等。

A company exhibits

backward vertical integration

when it controls subsidiaries that produce

some of the inputs used in the production of its products. For example, an automobile company

may

own

a

tire

company,

a

glass

company,

and

a

metal

company.

Control

of

these

three

subsidiaries

is

intended

to

create

a

stable

supply

of

inputs

and

ensure

a

consistent

quality

in

their final product. It was the main business approach of Ford and other car companies in the

1920s,

who

sought

to

minimize

costs

by

integrating

the

production

of

cars

and

car

parts

as

exemplified in the Ford River Rouge Complex.

后向一体化的目的是为了保证物资供应来源 ，以发展自己的产品。当企业目前的供货方

不可靠、供货成本太高或不能满足企业需要时 ，尤其适合采用后向一体化战略。

前向一体化和后向一体化哪一个更好呢？一般地说，

后向

一体化 比

前向

一体化更可能赢

利，但是却降低 了企业的战略灵活性，因为生产环节一经进入，就很难退出。

与后向一体化战略相反的是

分解化战略

deintegrati on

，即通过

外购

取得企业所需要的原

材料和零部件。

后向一体化战略的选择要点

后向一体化战略的选择要点是：

?

企业当前的供应商或供货成本很高 、或不可靠、或不能满足企业对零件、部件、组装件

或原材料的需求。

< br>

?

?

?

供应商数量少而需方竞争者数量多。

企业具备自己生产原材料所需要的资金和人力资源。