-
欧洲文化知识要点第一——四章
戏剧
三个悲剧作家
Aeschylus
His works
“
Prometheus
Bound
”
“
Persians
”
“
Agamemnon
”
Sophocles
His works
“
Oedipus the
King
”
“
Electra
”
“
Antigone
”
Euripides
His works
“
Andromache
”
“
Medea
”
“
Trojan
Women
”
Aristotle
said of
Euripides
―
If a
bad manager in all other points,
Euripides
is at least the
most tragic of the
poets
‖
.
喜剧作家
Aristophanes
His works
“
Frogs
”
“
Clouds
”
“
Was
ps
”
“
Birds
”
Swift
said of
Aristophanes
:
As
for comic
Aristophanes
,
The
dog too witty and too profane
is.
历史
Herodotus
He
is
often
called
―
Father
of
History
‖
,
wrote
about
the
wars
between
Greeks
and
Persians
Thucydides
He is more
accurate as an historian
He told about
the war between
―
Athens and
Sparta
‖
―
Athens and
Syracuse
‖
Macaulay
, himself an eminent
historian, called
Thucydides
―
the greatest historian that
ever lived
哲学和科学
Pythagoras
He
was the
founder of Scientific
mathematics
To him and his
school we owe the abstract conceptions underlying
mathematics---
point,
line,
magnitude, surface, body
----and the
first theory of proportion.
Heracleitus
He believed
“
fire
”
to be the primary element of the
universe.
He said
―
all is flux, nothing is
stationary
‖
―
you
can
’
t step twice into the
same river
‖
Democritus
He speculated
about the
atomic structure of
matter
,
选段
for all
men
good
and
truth
are
the
same
,but
pleasure
is
different
for
different
me<
/p>
n
????
哲学家
Socrates
:
we
know
him
chiefly
through
what
Plato
recorded
of
him
in
his
famous
―Dialogues‖
Plato
His major works
“The Apology”,
“Symposium”
《会饮篇》
“
T
he Republic”
He
built
up
a
comprehensive
system
of
philosophy.
It
dealt
with,
among
other
1
things,
the
problem
of
how,
in
the
complex,
ever
—
changing
world,
men
were
to
attain
knowledge.
He said:
―
We look not at the things
which are seen but at the things which are bit
seen
:
for
the
things
which
are
seen
are
temporal
―
but
the
things
which
are
not
seen
are
eternal
‖
.
His
philosophy is called
―
Idealism
‖
.
Shelly said
:
―
Plato
was
essentially a poet
----
the
truth and splendor of his imagery,
and
the melody of his language, are the most intense
that it is possible to conceive.
Aristotle
His
major works
“
Ethics
”
“
Politics
”
“
Poe
tic
”
“
Rhetoric
”
Dante
called
Aristotle
the
master of those who know.
The
difference between
Plato
and
Aristotle
(
见课后题
)
百家争鸣
①
Sophists
—
Protagoras
:
―
man is the measure of all
things
‖
②
Cynics
—
Diogenes
“
◆
decided to live
like a dog,
◆
rejected all
conventions ,
◆
advocated
self-sufficiency
and
extreme
simplicity
in
life,
◆
proclaimed
his
brotherhood.
③
Sceptics
—
Pyrrhon
④
Epicureans
—
Epicurus :
―
◆
believed
pleasure to be the highest good in life ,but by
pleasure he meant ,not sensual
enjoyment ,but freedom from pain and emotional
upheaval .
⑤
Stoics
—
Zeno
:
―
the most
important thing in life is not pleasure but
duty
‖
科学
Euclid
Well-known for his
―
Elements
‖
Archimedes
He discovered
that when a body is immersed in water its loss of
weight is equal to the
weight of the
water displaced
He
invented
machines
which
greatly
helped
his
native
city
Syracuse
against
the
Romans.
He said:
―
give me a place to stand ,
and I will move the world
‖
建筑
Parthenon
Acropolis an Athens
建筑风格
Ⅰ
.the
Doric
:
masculine
style
,sturdy
,powerful,
severe-looking
,show
a
good
sense
of
proportions and numbers , monotonous
,and unadorned.
ⅱ
.Ionic
:
feminine style ,graceful and elegant ,show a
wealth of ornament.
ⅲ
.Corinthian
:
ornamented and luxury .
雕刻
Thrower
2. Venus de Milo
3. Laocoon group
陶器
1.
Black-figure paintings
2.
Red-figure
paintings
罗马文化
罗马和希腊
The burning
of Corinth in 146B.C. marked Roman conquest of
Greece.
拉丁文学
Marcus Tullius
Cicero
:
⑴
noted for his
oratory
and
fine writing
styl
e
2
⑵
his
legal
and
political
speeches
are models
of
Latin diction
⑶
his
eloquent
,
oratorical manner
of writing
described as
―
Cieronian”
(4)the good of the people is the chief
law
(5)
The thing which is
the most outstanding and the most desirable to all
healthy and
good and well-off persons,
is peaceful life with honor.
(6)
Never less idle than when
wholly idle, nor less alone than when wholly alone
Julius Caesar
(1)
became dictator in Rome for a few years
(2)
his
work
“
Commentarie
s
”
(3)
models of
succinct Latin
(4)
I came , I saw , I conquered.
(5)
The die is
cast.
(6)
Man
willingly believe what they wish.
押韵的散文诗歌
Lucretius
His work
“
On the Nature of
Things
”
Nothing
can be created out of nothing
Matter is eternal
Virgil
The greatest of Latin poets
His work
―
Aeneid
”
He was
also the Dante
’
s book
建筑
(1)The
Pantheon
(2)Pont du Gard
(3)The Colosseum
雕刻
（
1
）
Constantine the Great
（
2
）
Spoils from the Temple in Jerusalem
（
3
）
She-wolf
第二章
总述
Christianity
is by far the most influential in the west, it
originated in
Palestine
.
Some
3800years
ago
the
ancestors
of
the
Jews-the
Hebrews
---wandered
through
the
deserts of the Middle
East .Hebrews, which means
“
wanders
‖
旧约
The Bible is a
collection of religious writings composing two
parts :
the Old
testament
(about God and the
Laws of God)
and
the new testament
(the
doctrine of Jesus Christ) .
The
word
―
Testament
‖
means
―
agreement
”
—
namely, the agreement between God and Man
1.
The
Pentateuch
∕
Torah
（摩西五经）
Genesis
: a religious account of the origin of
the Hebrew people, including the origin of
the world and the man ,the career of
Issac and the life of Jacob and his son
Joseph
(the fall of
the Man
,Noah
’
s Ark).
Exodus
:
a
religious
history
of
the
Hebrews
during
their
flight
from
Egypt
,the
period
when they began to receive
God
’
s Law.
Leviticus
: a
collection of primitive laws.
Numbers
: a
continuation of the account of the flight from
Egypt with two censuses about
the
Exodus.
Deuteronomy
: the final words
of Moses to his people , restating his orders and
fifty years
experiences ad a leader.
摩西十诫（
见课后题）
The Historical
Books
(
史书
)
Book of Joshua
Books of
Judges
Books of Samuel
3
Books of Kings
Books of the Chronicles
Book of Ezra
Book of Nehemiah
These works
were written sometimes between
800B.C.
and 500B.C
.,dealing with history
of the Hebrew form their entry into
Palestine
around 1200B.C.
.
The Poetical Books
a.
Book of Job
b.
Book of Psalms
c.
Proverb
d.
Ecclesiastes
e.
Song of Solomon
选段：
I am the rose
of Sharon,
And the lily of the Valleys.
As
the lily among thorns,
So is my love among the
daughters.
The Prophets
Amos:
he was the spokesman
of labor class
基督教的兴起
Christianity based itself on two
forceful beliefs which separate if from all other
religion
a: Jesus Christ is the Son of
God.
b: God gave his only
begotten son
At the heart
of Christianity is
the life of Jesus
基督教的蔓延
The chief
persecutions were under
Nero,
Diocletian.
By 305
Diocletian gave up his effort to
destroy the young religion.
Soon
a war
between rivals
for
the
throne
followed
and was won
by
Constantine.
He,
who
believed that God had helped him in winning the
battle
issued the Edict of Milan in
313
and made the
Christianity legal.
In
1932A.D., Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the
official religion of the empire
and
outlawed all other religions
After
5-th, Nestorianism reached China
新约
The four
accounts were believed to have been written by
Matthew, Mark Luke and John,
four of Jesus
’
early followers
The last
Supper and the Crucifixion is from
St. John .
圣经的十个版本
1
．
Septuagint
( the oldest
extant)
Greek
2
．
Vulgate version
(the most
ancient extant by Jerome)
Latin
3
．
First English
version
(
translated by
Wycliff
)
4
．
William Tyndale
’
s
version
5
．
The Great Bible by Henry
Ⅷ
6
．
Authorized
／
King
James
version
(the
most
important
and
influential
of
English
Bible)
7
．
American edition of Revised version
8
．
New
King James Bible
9
．
Good News Bible
10. The New English Bible
第三章
总述
Age of
faith
(
辅导书
)
庄园和教堂
Feudalism
(
见辅导书
)
V
assals
: in 732
Charles Martel , a ruler gave his soldiers estates
known ad fiefs as a
reward for their
service, they granted the right to govern large
sections of land
ad fiefs to great
lords ,these lords knows ad vassals.
4
Knighthood and Code of
Chivalry
(
见辅导书
)
教会组织
The word
―
catholic
‖
meant
―
universa
l
‖
教父和修道院的生活
St.
Jerome
A notable champion of early
monasticism
He translate
the Bible into Latin from the Hebrew and Greek
originals
His translation work, the
Vulgate , became the official Latin Bible used
by the Roman Catholic
Church of this day
Augustine
of Hippo
He lived in North Africa in
5-th century.
His works
“
the
Confessions
”
and
―
the City of God.
St. Benedict
He founded
Benedictine Rule about 529A.D.
He
gave up all his possessions before entering the
monarchy.
He wore simple clothes and
ate only certain simple foods
He
could not marry and had to obey without question
the orders the abbot
(
男修
道院院长
)
He had to attend service seven times
during the day and once at midnight.
天主教的权力和影响
1.
Under
feudalism,
people
of
western
Europe
were
mainly
divided
into
three
classes:
clergy, lords and peasants.
2.
In the late
Middle Ages only Catholics were considered members
of society.
3.
most
of
Kings
and
nobles
could
not
read
and
write,
they
used
clergy
to
carry
out
important government
duties.
4.
For
centuries, the clergyman were the only teachers,
as they were the best educated
men in
their day.
5.
People had to pay heavy taxes to their
parish churches, art of which passed on to the
Pope in Rome.
6.
Nobles and kings often gave lands,
crops or cattle to support the church.
7.
many high
church officials were themselves big landowners
and influential nobles
8.
The
Church
even
set
up
a
church
court---
the
inquisition
to
stamp
out
so
called
heresy.
学术与科学
Charlemagne
and Carolingian Renaissance
Charlemagne
He temporarily restored
order in western and central Europe
most important figure of the early
medieval period.
He encouraged interest
in the Christian religion and ancient learning.
功绩
1.
setting up monastery schools
2.
giving support to scholars
3.
setting
scribes to work copying various ancient books
Alfred the Great
Ruler
of
the
Anglo-
Saxon
kingdom
of
Wessex,
contributed
greatly
to
the
Medieval
European culture..
Founding new monasteries
Promoting translations into the
vernacular from the Latin works
Inspires the compilation of the Anglo-
Saxon Chronicles.
St. Thomas
An Italian philosopher and theologian
His work
―
Summa
Contra Gentiles
‖
Roger Bacon
A monk, one of
the earliest advocates of scientific research ,
Called for observation and
experimentation
Main work
“
Opus
maius
”
and
“
encyclopedia of the science
of his time
”
5