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多肉英文介绍Succulent plant

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2021-02-28 06:13
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2021年2月28日发(作者:过去式)


Succulent plant


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


Not to be confused with cactus; nearly all cacti are succulents but not all succulents are cacti.



Succulent plants, such as this Aloe, store water in their fleshy leaves


In botany, succulent plants, also known as succulents or sometimes fat plants, are plants having


some


parts


that


are


more


than


normally


thickened


and


fleshy,


usually


to


retain


water


in


arid


climates or soil conditions. Succulent plants may store water in various structures, such as leaves


and


stems.


Some


definitions


also


include


roots,


so


that


geophytes


that


survive


unfavorable


periods


by


dying


back


to


underground


storage


organs


may


be


regarded


as


succulents.


In


horticultural use, the term


would


regard


as


succulents,


such


as


cacti.


Succulents


are


often


grown


as


ornamental


plants


because of their striking and unusual appearance.



Contents



[hide]



1 Definition


2 Appearance


3 Habitat


4 Evolution


5 Families and genera


6 See also


7 References


8 Bibliography


9 External links


Definition[edit]


There are a number of somewhat different definitions of the term succulent. One difference lies


in


whether


or


not


roots


are


included


in


the


parts


of


a


plant


which


make


it


a


succulent.


Some


authors include roots, as in the definition


more than usually fleshy by the development of water-storing tissue.


in


the


definition



plant


with


thick,


fleshy


and


swollen


stems


and/or


leaves,


adapted


to


dry


environments




plants


that


survive


unfavorable


seasons


as


a


resting


bud


on


an


underground


organ.[3]


These


underground organs, such as bulbs, corms and tubers, are often fleshy with water- storing tissues.


Thus if roots are included in the definition, many geophytes would be classed as succulents.



Plants adapted to living


in


dry environments are termed xerophytes; thus succulents are often


xerophytes. However, not all xerophytes are succulents, since there are other ways of adapting to


a shortage of water, e.g. by developing small leaves which may roll up or having leathery rather


than succulent leaves.[4] Nor are all succulents xerophytes, since plants like Crassulahelmsii are


both succulent and aquatic.[5]



Those


who


grow


succulents


as


a


hobby


use


the


term


in


a


different


way


to


botanists.


In


horticultural


use,


the


term


succulent


regularly


excludes


cacti.


For


example,


Jacobsen's


three


volume Handbook of Succulent Plants does not cover cacti,[6] and


title or part of the title of many books covering the cultivation of these plants.[7][8][9] However,


in botanical terminology, cacti are succulents.[1] Horticulturists may also exclude other groups of


plants,


e.g.


bromeliads.[10]


A


practical,


but


unscientific,


horticultural


definition


is



succulent


plant


is


any


desert


plant


that


a


succulent


plant


collector


wishes


to


grow


Such


plants


less


often


include


geophytes


(in


which


the


swollen


storage


organ


is


wholly


underground)


but


do


include


plants


with


a


caudex,[12]


which


is


a


swollen


above-ground


organ


at


soil


level,


formed


from a stem, a root or both.[3]



A further difficulty is that plants are not either succulent or non-succulent. In many genera and


families there is a continuous sequence from plants with thin leaves and normal stems to those


with


very


clearly


thickened


and


fleshy


leaves


or


stems,


so


that


deciding


what


is


a


succulent


is


often arbitrary. Different sources may classify the same plant differently.[13]



Appearance[edit]



A collection of succulent plants, including cacti


The storage of water often gives succulent plants a more swollen or fleshy appearance than other


plants, a characteristic known as succulence. In addition to succulence, succulent plants variously


have other water-saving features. These may include:



Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) to minimize water loss


absent, reduced, or cylindrical-to- spherical leaves


reduction in the number of stomata


stems as the main site of photosynthesis, rather than leaves


compact, reduced, cushion-like, columnar, or spherical growth form


ribs enabling rapid increases in plant volume and decreasing surface area exposed to the sun


waxy,


hairy,


or


spiny


outer


surface


to


create


a


humid


micro- habitat


around


the


plant,


which


reduces air movement near the surface of the plant, and thereby reduces water loss and creates


shade


roots


very


near


the


surface


of


the


soil,


so


they


are


able


to


take


up


moisture


from


very


small


showers or even from heavy dew


ability


to


remain


plump


and


full


of


water


even


with


high


internal


temperatures


(e.g.


52


°


C


or


126 °


F)[14]


very impervious outer cuticle (skin)[14]


mucilaginous substances, which retain water abundantly[14]


Habitat[edit]


Question


This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding


citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013)


Many


succulents


come


from


the


dry


areas


such


as


steppes,


semi-desert,


and


desert.


High


temperatures


and


low


precipitation


force


plants


to


collect


and


store


water


to


survive


long


dry


periods. Succulents may occasionally occur as epiphytes -


contact with the ground, and are dependent on their ability to store water and gain nutrients by


other means; this niche is seen in Tillandsia. Succulents also occur as inhabitants of sea coasts


and


dry


lakes,


which are exposed


to


high


levels


of


dissolved


minerals


that


are


deadly


to


many


other plant species.



Evolution[edit]


Question


This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding


citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013)


The best-known succulents are cacti (family: Cactaceae). Virtually all cacti are succulents, but not


all


succulents


are


cacti.


A


unique


feature


of


cacti


is


the


possession


of


areoles,


structures


from


which spines and flowers are produced.



To


differentiate


between


these


two


basic


types


that


seem


so


similar,


but


that


are


unrelated


succulent plants, use of the terms, cactus or cacti, only should be used to describe succulents in


the cactus family. Popular collection of these types of plants has led to many Old World plants


becoming established in the wild in the New World, and vice versa.



Families and genera[edit]



This section includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but the sources of this


section remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing


more precise citations. (September 2012)



Apocynaceae: Pachypodiumlealii, stem succulent



Xanthorrhoeaceae: Haworthiaarachnoidea, leaf succulent



Cactaceae: Rebutiamuscula, stem succulent



Crassulaceae: Crassulaovata, stem and leaf succulent



Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia obesa ssp. symmetrica, stem succulent



Cylindropuntiaimbricata: stem, woody succulent



Malvaceae: Adansoniadigitata, stem succulent



Moringaceae: Moringaovalifolia, stem succulent



Asparagaceae: Beaucarnearecurvata, stem succulent



Asparagaceae: Dracaena draco, stem succulent



Euphorbia resinifera


Plant families and genera in which succulent species occur are listed below.



Order Alismatales



Araceae: Zamioculcas


Order Apiales



Apiaceae: Steganotaenia


Araliaceae: Cussonia


Order Asparagales



Amaryllidaceae (geophytes): Ammocharis, Apodolirion, Boophone, Brunsvigia, Crinum, Crossyne,


Cryptostephanus,


Cyrtanthus,


Gethyllis,


Habranthus,


Haemanthus,


Hessea,


Nerine,


Pancratium,


Rauhia, Scadoxus, Strumaria, Zephyranthes,


Asparagaceae


subfamilyAgavoideae: Agave, Beschorneria, Chlorophytum, Furcraea, Hesperaloe, Hesperoyucca,


Yucca


subfamilyAsparagoideae: Asparagus


subfamilyLomandroideae: Cordyline,


subfamilyNolinoideae:


Beaucarnea,


Calibanus,


Dasylirion,


Dracaena,


Nolina,


Sansevieria,


Eriospermum


subfamily


Scilloideae:


Albuca,


Bowiea,


Daubenya,


Dipcadi,


Drimia,


Drimiopsis,


Eucomis,


Hyacinthus,


Lachenalia,


Ledebouria,


Litanthus,


Massonia,


Merwilla,


Namophila,


Ornithogalum,


Pseudogaltonia, Pseudoprospero, Resnova, Schizobasis, Schizocarphus, Spetaea, Veltheimia


Doryanthaceae: Doryanthes


Hypoxidaceae (geophytes): Empodium, Hypoxis, Pauridia, Saniella, Spiloxene


Iridaceae


(geophytes):


Babiana,


Chasmanthe,


Crocosmia,


Devia,


Dierama,


Dietes,


Duthiastrum,


Ferraria,


Freesia,


Geissorhiza,


Gladiolus,


Hesperantha,


Ixia,


Lapeirousia,


Melasphaerula,


Micranthus,


Moraea,


Pillansia,


Radinosiphon,


Romulea,


Sparaxis,


Syringodea,


Thereianthus,


Tritonia, Tritoniopsis, Watsonia, Xenoscapa


Orchidaceae


(succulents)


Acampe,


Aerangis,


Ansellia,


Bolusiella,


Bulbophyllum,


Calanthe,


Cyrtorchis, Oberonia, Polystachya, Tridactyle, Vanilla


(succulent geophytes) Eulophia, Liparis, Oeceoclades


(geophytes)


Acroliphia,


Bartholina,


Bonatea,


Brachycorythis,


Brownleea,


Centrostigma,


Ceratandra, Corycium, Cynorkis, Didymoplexis, Disa, Disperis, Dracomonticola, Eulophia, Evotella,


Gastrodia,


Habernaria,


Holothrix,


Huttonaea,


Neobolusia,


Nervilia,


Plicosepalus,


Pachites,


Platycoryne


subfamilyEpidendroideaePhalaenopsis


Xanthorrhoeaceae


subfamilyAsphodeloideae: Aloe (succulents and succulent geophytes), Astroloba, × Astroworthia,


Bulbine


(succulent


geophytes,


succulents,


and


geophytes),


Bulbinella


(geophyte),


Chortolirion


(succulent geophytes), Gasteria, Haworthia, Trachyandra (succulent geophytes and succulents),


subfamilyXanothorrhoeoidae: Xanthorrhoea


Order Asterales


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