-
chapter 1
atomic
structure
element
n.
元素
all know materials can be broken down
into fundamental substances we
call
element.
我们所知道的所有物质都可以分解成原子。
atom
n.
原子
atom
is
the
smallest
particle
of
matter
having
all
that
element
’
s
characteristics.
原子时具有元素性质的最小粒子。
nucleus /
’nju:kli?
s
，
’nu
?
kli
?
s/
原子核
a
tom
{
election
nucle
us
{
proton
neutron
(+)
electron
n.
电子
proton
质子
neutron
中子
(-)
compound
n.
化合物：
When two or
more elements combine and form a compound, a
chemical
change takes place.
当两种或两种以上的元素结合形成化合物时
,
发生化学变化。
化学中的物质分为单
质和化合物，
大部分元素是以化合物的形式存在
的。
ion
n.
离子：
when an atom get or lost elections,it
becomes ion.
原子得失电子后形成离子。
cathode
n.
阴极（
negative
electrode
）
Cathode rays are attracted by a
positive charge.
阴极射线被阳电荷所吸引。
anode
n.
阳极（
positive
election
）
A red
wire is often attached to the anode.
红色电线通常与阳极相联。
particle
n.
粒子：
Particles
include moleculars,atoms , protons, neutrons
,electrons and ions.
微小粒子包括分子，原子，质子，中子，电
子，离子等等。
ionisation
n.
电离
,
离子化：
We can get some elementary substance by
ionisation.
可以通过电离的方法来制取某些单质。
ionisation energy
n.
电离能：
the energy
needed to remove 1 mol of electrons from 1 mol of
gaseous
atoms .
从原子中移走一个电子所需要的能量。
First
ionisation
energy n.
第一电离能
the
energy
required
to
remove
one
electron
from
each
atom
in
one
mole of gaseous atoms is
called first ionisation energy,
?
Hi1
（
2010
年
真题）
as:
Ca(g)
→
Ca
+
(g)+e
-
;
?
H
i1
< br>=+590KJ/mol
isotope
n.
同位素：
which
element
have
same
number
of
protons
,but
different
number
of
neutrons.
有相同质子数的元素就是同位素。
shielding effect
n.
屏蔽效应
:
electrons in the filled inner shells
repel electrons in the outer shell and
reduce the effect of the positive
nuclear ,this is called shielding effect.
< br>电子都是带负电荷的所以外层的电子受到内层电子的一个排斥力，
这
就是屏蔽效应。
chapter2
atoms
molecules
and
stoichiometry
Relative mass
n.
相对质量
The
actual mass of an atom is very small (in the range
of 10-20 kg ,for C
atomic mass is
1.933
×
10-20g ). Hence
relative mass( where the mass of
an
atom is compared with the mass of one reference
atom) is used instead.
因为原子本身的质量很小，
计算使用都很不方便，
因此我们采用一个
相对质量
，用质量和一个标准物质作比较。
relative atomic mass
n.
相对原子质量：
elative
atomic
mass
is
the
mass
of
an
atom
relative
to
1/12
times
the
mass of
carbon-12,
relative atomic mass is a
ratio,it has no unit.
相对原子质量就是物质的质量与
C-12
原子的
1/12
的一个比值。相
对原子质量是一个比值，没有单位。
relative isotopic mass n.
相对同位素质量
relative
isotope mass is the mass of
one atom of the isotope relative to
1/12 times the mass of one atom of
carbon-12.
相对同位素质量就是用同位素的质量和
1/12
C-12
原子的质量相比的
一个比值。
relative molecular
mass
n.
相对分子质量
As
we
all
know
moleculars
are
all
made
by
atoms
so
we
can
get
the
relative molecular mass by adding up
the relative atomic mass of all the
atoms present in the molecule.
相对分子质量就是组成分子的各元素的相对原子质量之和。
avogadro
’
s
constant
n.
阿伏伽德罗常数：
The
number of atoms in exactly 12g of carbon
-12 is 6.0
2
×
10
23
，
the
number is
called
avogadro
’
s
constant .
12
克
C-12
所含原子的个数是
6.0
2
×
10
23
，这个数就是阿伏伽德罗常
数
empirical formulae
n.
实验式：
empirical
formulae
of
a
compound
shows
the
simplest whole number
ratio of the element present.
实验式表示的是分子中原子的最简单组成。
molecular formulae
n.
分子式
molecular
formulae
shows
the
total
number
of
atoms
of
each
element
present in a molecule of the compound.
分子式表示的是分子中原子的组成。
titration
滴定：
A titration is a way of measuring
quantities of reactants.
滴定反应是定量测定的一种方法
halogen
卤素：
在元素周期表中含
fluorine
氟，
chlorine
氯，
bromine
溴，
iodine
碘，
astatine
砹五种卤素
precipitation
n.
沉淀
:
it is a sol
id.
是一种固体物质。两种离子结合后形成一种微溶或不溶物
沉淀下来。
dilute
vt
稀释：
adding
water or something else to decrease the
molarities.
在溶液中加水
或加入其它溶剂使溶液
浓度变低。
The water will dilute the
wine.
水能
使酒变淡。
Molarity
n.
摩尔浓度：
the mol
of the substance divided by the volume of the
solution
，
the unit
is mol/dm
-3
.
浓度比上体积就得到我们的摩尔浓度，单位是
mol/dm
-3
chapter3
化学键
ionic bond
n.
离子键
The electrostatic
attraction between positive ion and negative ion
is called
ionic bond.
正负离子之间的引力成为离子键，如
NaCl
covalent bond
n.
共价键
A covalent bond is formed
when electrons are shared between two atoms.
两个原子共用电子形成共价键，如
O
2
metallic bond
n.
金属键
Metallic
bond
is
an
attractive
forces
between
the
positive
ions
and
the
delocalized electrons.
金属键就是
金属阳离子和自由电子（离域电子）之间的作用力，它的
大小和金属最外层电子数有关，
电子数越多，金属键越强。
co-
ordinate bond n.
配位键
In the co-
ordinate bond ,one atom provides two electrons
that are shared
with another ,the donor
atom must have a lone pair of electrons
while the acceptor atom must have an
empty orbital to accommodate the
electrons.
一个原子提供一对电子，另一个原子提供一个空轨道。
hydrogen bond
n.
氢键
Hydrogen bond are usually
represented by three dashes: fluorine, oxygen,
nitrogen and it is a very strong
dipole-dipole attraction.
Such
as
in
water:the
oxygen
atoms
have
lone
pairs
of
electrons,the
hydrogen atom
has almost lost both the shared electrons to the
oxygen to
which it is covalently bonded
and this leaves it almost bare of electron.
实际上氢键也是一种静电引力，形成氢键的分子中必须带有孤电子
对，电负性
很大，而且原子半径很小（如
N,F,O
）
。
考试时要把元素
中的孤对电子标出，把分子中的极性标出
，表示出氢键。
Van der
waal's forces
n.
范德华力
Instantaneous
dipole-induced
dipole
forces
is
called
Van
der
waal's
forces.
瞬间诱导偶极就是分子间作用力。
< br>
VSEPR
（
valence
Shell electron pair
repulsion
）
n.
价层电子互斥理论
The
shape
of
simple
covalent
molecules
can
be
predicted
using
the
valence
shell
electron-pair
repulsion
theory.
Electron
pairs
(bond
pairs
and
lone
pairs
)will
repel
one
anther
so
that
they
are
as
far
apart
as
possible.
孤电子对之间相互排斥，
从而使原子呈现一定的空间结构，
从而可以
根据价层电
子对理论来推测分子的空间构型。
permanent dipole /dipole-dipole force
n.
永久偶极
The
water
molecules
are
attracted
to
the
charged
nylon
rod
or
comb
because
they
have
a
permanent
electric
dipole .a
force
of
this
type
is
called a
dipole -dipole force.
水分子被吸引到了尼龙或梳子上，是因
为他们有了一个瞬间的电偶
极。像这种力就被称为由诱导产生的诱导力，也就是永久偶极
。
temporary
dipole/instantaneous dipole
n.
瞬时偶极
induce dipole
n.
诱导偶极
The
instantaneous
dipole
--
induce
dipole
is
rather
like
the
effect
of
a
magnet on a
pin .the pin becomes temporarily magnetised and is
attracted
to
the
magnet .the
strength
of
the
force
increase
with
the
number
of
electrons and protons present.
< br>瞬间诱导偶极就好像靠近磁铁的大头针。
大头针有了瞬间的磁性，
而
被吸引到了磁铁上，
这种瞬间的力随着质子数，
电子数的增加而增加。
induce vt.
引导
Her illness was
induced by overwork.
她的病是操劳过度引起的。
polarity
极性
Polarity is inherent in a magnet.
极性是磁铁的固有性质。
chapter4
物质状态
Kinetic
energy n.
动能
The
kinetic energy of the molecules in a solid ,liquid
or gas is a measure
of the amount of
random movement of molecules.
分子动能就是固体，液体，气体分子做规则运动的数目。
Evaporation n.
蒸发，发散，消失
Evaporation is a phase transition from
the liquid phase to gas phase that
occurs
at
temperatures
below
the
boiling
temperature
at
a
given
pressure .and
evaporation usually occurs on the surface.
蒸发是一个在低于沸点的温度下从液体变为气体的过程，
蒸发一般是
发生在液体表面。
Vapor pressure n.
气压
Vapor
pressure
is
the
pressure
of
a
vapor
in
equilibrium
with
its
non-vapor phase. All
liquid and solid have a tendency to evaporate to a
gaseous form , and all gases have a
tendency to condense back into their
original form .at any given temperature
,for a particular substance ,there
is a
pressure at which the gas of that substance is in
dynamic equilibrium
with its liquid or
solid forms. This is the vapor pressure of that
substance
at that temperature.
< br>气压是一种气液平衡状态，液体和固体都有一种蒸发成气态的趋势，
所有的气体也
都有一种聚集成原始状态的趋势，
。在任何给定的温度
下，
对于一种特殊的物质，
都有一种气态和固态或液态成动态平衡的
压力。这种压力就被称为在此温度下的气压。
melting vt.
融化
Melting
is
a
physical
process
that
results
in
the
phase
change
of
a
substance from a solid to
a liquid.
融化是一个从固体变成液体的物理过程。
giant molecular lattices n.
大分子晶体
molecular
lattices
are
three
–
dimensional
arrangement
of
atoms
held
together
by
strong
covalent
bonds
.some
giant
molecular
structures
contain atoms of only one element .
这种大
分子晶体是通过共价键结合成三维空间排布的晶体。一些大
分子晶体只含有一种元素。<
/p>
giant ionic
lattices n.
大离子晶体
in
such
a
lattice
,there
is
a
regular
arrangement
of
anions
and
cations
,sodium
chloride
and
magnesium
oxide
form
a
cubic
lattice
,in
which
each
cations
is
surrounded
by
six
anions
and
each
anions
is
surrounded by six cations.
在
大分子晶体中，
阴阳离子呈规则排布，
以立方体的氯化钠和氧化
镁
为例，
每个阴离子都被六个阳离子包围，
每个阳离子都被六个阴离子
包围。
ideal gas law n.
理想气体定律
the
behaviour of ideal gases is represented by the
ideal gas equation :
PV=nRT
p
is
the
pressure
,measured
in
pascals
,Pa;
V
is
the
volume
,measured
in
metre
cubed
,m
3
;
T
is
the
temperature
on
the
Kelvin R is the gas
constant ,8.314JK
-1
mol
-1
;and n is the
理想气体符合理想气体定律。
PV=nRT
Intermolecular force
n.
分子间作用力
Intermolecular force tend to bring
order to the movement of molecules
.
分子间作用力趋于使分子的运动有序化。
Brownain motion n.
布朗运动
The random
movements of the pollen ,known as brownain motion.
花粉的这种有序运动称为布朗运动。
Instantaneous dipole forces n.
瞬时偶极力
van der
waal
’
s forces
n.
范德华力
It is one of the features of large
molecules that their electron clouds are
more spread out , and it is just this
type of molecule that has large forces
between
instantaneous
dipoles.
There
forces
are
called
instantaneous
dipole forces
( are also known as van der
waal
’
s forces).
大
分子的分子云有一种特点就是他们的分子云会扩散，
在他们的瞬间
偶极间会产生一种力叫瞬间偶极力（也叫分子间作用力）
。
chapter 5
chemical energetics
Exothermic adj.
放热的
Most
chemical
reactions
release
energy
to
their
surroundings
,these
reactions are
described as exothermic.
一些化学反应会向环境释放能量，这种反应称为放热的反应。
Endothermic adj.
吸热的
Some chemical
reactions occur only while energy is transferred
to them
an external source. Reactions
such as these which require a heat input are
endothermic reactions.
一些化学反应需要从外界环境中吸收能量，这种化学反应为吸热反
应。<
/p>
Ehthalpy n.
焓
Enthalpy is the
total energy content of the reacting materials .it
is given
the symbol H. enthalpy cannot
be measured as such , but it is possible to
measure the enthalpy change .