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2021-02-28 00:00
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2021年2月28日发(作者:poorer)


(英语)高一英语阅读理解专题训练答案及解析




一、高中英语阅读理解



1



阅读理解



What Cocktail Parties Teach Us



You're at a party. Music is playing. Glasses are clinking. Dozens of conversations are driving up


the decibel (


分贝


) level. Yet among all those distractions, you can tune your attention to just one


voice from many. This ability is what researchers call the “cocktail


-


party effect”.



Scientists at the University of California in San Francisco have found where that sound-editing


process occurs in the brain



in the auditory cortex (


听觉皮层


) just behind the ear, not in areas


of higher thought. The auditory cortex boosts some sounds and turns down others so that when


the


signal


reaches


the


higher


brain,


“it's


as


if


only


one


person


was


speaking


alone,”


says


investigator Edward Chang.



These findings, published in the journal


Nature


last week, explain why people aren't very good


at multitasking




our brains are wired for “selective attention” and can focus on only one thing


at


a


time.


That


inborn


ability


has


helped


humans


survive


in


a


world


buzzing


with


visual


and


auditory stimulation (


刺激


). But we keep trying to push the limits with multitasking, sometimes


with tragic (


悲剧的


) consequences. Drivers talking on cellphones, for example, are four times as


likely to get into traffic accidents as those who aren't.



Ma


ny of those accidents are due to “inattentional blindness”, in which people can, in effect,


turn a blind eye to things they aren't focusing on. The more attention a task demands, the less


attention we can pay to other things in our field of vision. Images land on our retinas (


视网膜


)


and are either boosted or played down in the visual cortex before being passed to the brain, just


as the auditory cortex filters sounds, as shown in the


Nature



study last week. “It's a push


-pull


relationship



the more we focus on


one thing, the less we can focus on others,” says Diane M.


Beck, an associate professor of psychology at the University of Illinois.



Studies over the past decade at the University of Utah show that drivers talking on hands-free


cellphones are just as influenced as those on hands-held phones because it is the conversation,


not


the


device,


that


is


distracting


their


attention.


Those


talking


on


any


kind


of


cellphone


react


more slowly and miss more traffic signals than other motorists.



Some people can train themselves to pay extra attention to things that are important



like


police officers learn to scan crowds for faces and conductors can listen for individual instruments


within the orchestra as a whole. Many more think they can effectively multitask, but are actually


shifting


their


attention


rapidly


between


two


things


and


not


getting


the


full


effect


of


either,


experts say.




1



What have scientists in University of California found about “the cocktail


-


party effect”?



A. Usually there is only one person who is speaking alone.


B. All kinds of annoying sounds


drive up the decibel level.



C. The higher brain processes sounds and images selectively.


D. Sounds are sorted out before


reaching the higher brain.



2



What do we learn from the passage?



A. We


are


biologically


incapable


of


multitasking.


B. We


survive


distractions


in


life


by


multitasking.



C. We cannot multitask without extra attention.


D. We benefit from pushing the limit with


multitasking.



3



Which of the following is an example of



A. A careless driver lost his eyesight after a car accident.


B. Police scanned the crowds and


located the criminal.



C. A


manager


talked


on


a


hands-free


phone


with


his


client.


D. A


pedestrian


had


a


car


accident because of phubbing(


低头


).




4



The main purpose of the passage is to ______.



A. compare and contrast B. inform and explain



C. argue and discuss


D. examine and evaluate



【答案】



1



D




2

< p>


A




3



D




4



D



【解析】


【分析】本文是一篇说明文 ,讲述的是



鸡尾酒会效应



的启示。




1


)考查细节理解。根据第二段中的


“Scientists at the University of California in San Francisco


have found where that sound-editing process occurs in the brain



in the auditory cortex (


听觉皮



)


just


behind


the


ear,


not


in


areas


of


higher


thought.



现在,加州大学 旧金山分校



University


of


California


in


San


Francisco


)的科学 家找到了这种声音编辑过程在大脑中发生


的位置


──

< p>
在耳朵后面的听觉皮层,而不是大脑的高级思维区域。可知,在到达更高的大脑

之前,声音已经被整理出来了,故选


D


< br>



2


)考查推理判断。根据第 三段中的


“These


findings,


published


in


the


journal


Nature


last


week,


explain


why


people


aren't


very


good


at


multitasking-


our


brains


are


wired


for


‘selective


at


tention’ and can focus on only one thing at a time. ”


这些上月发布在《自然》期 刊上的研究


结果强调了为何人们不是很擅长处理多任务


──


我们的大脑有



选择性注意



机制,一次只能


专注于一件事。可知,我们在生理上 无法同时处理多项任务。故选


A



< /p>



3


)考查推理判断。根据第四段中的< /p>


“Many


of


those


accidents


are


due


to


‘inattentional


blindness’, in which people can, in effect, turn a blind eye to things they aren't focusing on.”



知,


D



A


pedestrian


had


a


car


accident


because


of


phubbing.“


一个行人 因低头族而发生车


祸。



是一个


“inattentional blindness”


的例子。故选


D





4


)考查目的意图。根据最后一段中的


“S ome


people


can


train


themselves


to


pay


extra


attention to things that are important



like police officers learn to scan crowds for faces and


conductors


can


listen


for


individual


instruments


within


the


orchestra


as


a


whole.


Many


more


think they can effectively multitask, but are actually shifting their attention rapidly between two


things and not getting the full effect of either, experts say. ”


有人 可以训练自己对重要的事情付


出格外的注意力


──


就像警察学习扫描人群的面孔,以及乐团指挥可以在整个乐团中听到每


件乐器 的声音。专家说,更多的人则是自以为可以有效地处理多任务,但他们其实是在两


件事之 间迅速转移注意力,而并没有全身心地投入到其中任何一件事中。可知本文的目的




检查和评估



, 故选


D




【 点评】本题考点涉及细节理解,推理判断和目标意图三个题型的考查,是一篇生活类阅


读 ,考生需要准确掌握细节信息,并根据上下文进行讨论推理,概括归纳,从而选出正确


答 案。




2



阅读理解



Google is consistently rated the best place to work. So you need a degree from Harvard to in


the door, right?



Not really, according to Laszlo Bock, Google's Head of People Operations. When the company


was small, Google cared a lot about getting kids from Harvard, Stanford, MIT and many other Ivy


League


schools.


But


Bock


said


it


was


the



hiring


strategy.


Experience


has


taught


him


there are exceptional kids at many other places, from state schools in California to New York.




you


can


get


from


any


Ivy


League


school,



Bock,


who


just


authored


a


book


titled



Rules!



Every year, 2 million people apply to get a job at Google. Bock himself has seen some 25, 000


résumés.



So what else does Google not care about:



Grades: Google's data shows that grades predict performance for the first two years of a career,


but do not matter after that.



Brain-teasers: Gone are interview questions such as: Why are manhole covers


(井盖


)round?


or How many golf balls can fit in a school bus?


of time,



Here's what Google does care about:



Problem solvers: Your cognitive ability(


认知能力


), or how well you solve problems.



Leaders: The idea is not whether you were president of the student body or vice president of


the bank, but rather:



Are you willing to give up power?



Googleyness: That's what Google calls its cultural fit. It's not


actually look for people who are different, because diversity gives us great ideas.




wrong, and care about the environment around them… because we want people who think like


owners not employees,



The least important thing? Knowing how to do the job.






1



What does Bock mean in Paragraph 2?



A. People from state schools can be as good.



B. Google no longer hires people from Ivy League schools.



C. Hiring is a hard job for Google.



D. State schools are worse than Ivy League ones.




2



Whi ch question belongs to a brain-teaser?



A. What are your grades like?



B. What is the significance of figuring out target users?



C. How would you improve a Google product?



D. How much toilet paper is needed to cover Texas?




3



Who is a qualified leader according to Google?



A. One eager for power.


B. One capable of working independently.



C. One willing to step aside.


D. One operating an organization.




4< /p>



What is Googleyness?



A. Being unique.


B. Being adaptable.


C. Being qualified.


D. Being loyal.



【 答案】



1



A




2


)< /p>


D




3



C




4



A



【解析】


【分析】本文是一篇说明文 ,介绍了比起文凭和学历,谷歌更看重什么。




1


)考查细节理解。根据第二段中的


“Experi ence has taught him there are exceptional kids at



many other places, from state schools in California to New York.”

可知


Bock


的意思是经验告诉


他 ,在一些别的地方,比如加利福尼亚或纽约的公立学校中,也会有一些天赋超常的人


才, 故选


A





2


)考查推理判断。根据


“Brain


-teasers:


Gone


are


interview


questions


such


as:


Why


are


manhole covers


(井盖


)round? or How many golf balls can fit i


n a school bus?‘Our research tells


us those questions are a waste of time,’Bock said‘They're a really coachable skill. The more you


practice, you get better at it.’”


智力问答:谷歌不再出这样的面试题 了:为什么井盖是圆的?


或者是:多少个高尔夫球能装满一辆校车?博克说:

< p>


我们的调查显示,这么问纯粹是浪费


时间。因为 这些是能够通过训练提高的技能,你练习得越多,就能答得更好。


由此推断出



覆盖德克萨斯州需要多少卫生纸



这是一个脑筋急转弯,故选


D




3


)考查细节理解。根据


“Leaders:The idea is not whether you were president of the student


body or vice president of the bank,but rather:‘When you see a problem do you step in,help solve


it,’and then critically



‘Are you w


illing to step out and let somebody else take over



and make


room for somebody else?Are you willing to give up power?’”


这不是说你得是学生会主席或是银

< p>
行副总理,而是



当你遇到问题时能不能介入,帮 助解决问题



。然后是眼光要犀利,



可以


退出来让别人接管吗?能够让位于别人吗?可以放弃权力吗 ?



,由此可知依据谷歌的说


法,一个 愿意退让的人是一个合格的领导者,故选


C


< br>



4


)考查推理判断。根据< /p>


Google


yness: That's what Google calls its cultural fit. It's not‘Are you


like


us?’Bock


said.‘We


actually


look


for


people


who


are


different



because


diversity


gives


us


great


ideas.’”


这点被谷歌称作文化契合度。它并不是



你和我们一样吗?



博克说:



事实


上,我们在寻找和我们不一样的人,因为多样性能给谷歌带来卓 越的想法。由此推知独一


无二的人是具有谷歌精神的人,故选


A




【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和 推理判断两个题型的考查,是一篇文化类阅读,要求考


生准确捕捉细节信息,同时根据上 下文进行逻辑推理,从而选出正确答案。




3



阅读理解




Nothing good generally comes of a conversation that start with the words,


probably sit down before I tell you this.”




And


so


it


came


to


pass.


Away


for


Christmas,


we


got


a


call


from


kind


friends


at


home,


our


neighbour's house had caught fire while they were out. The fire didn't spread to our house but


the smoke very much did.



It's weeks of either throwing out, or sending away for specialist cleaning, every single thing into


which smoke could have permeated(


渗透


)because the particles(


微粒


) are an ongoing health risk


and washing isn't enough. Anything soft



sofas and carpets and children's teddy bears, clothes



is suspected. We will be seeing in the New Year in a decidedly minimalist fashion.



What I didn't expect to feel, however, is this lucky. Friends and neighbours have come together


with


incredible


generosity.


We


will


never


again


underestimate


the


closeness


of


the


village


community


in


which


we


live,


or


the


innate


kindness


that


is


most


people's


natural


reaction


to


trouble, and are grateful to be reminded of so much that is good. But that's not the only thing I've


learned. For in a sense, we have a chance to start again.



The surprise on being forced to think about what might urgently need replacing is how short


the list of essentials seems; how much we must have been hanging on to out of habit, and how


much we have been conditioned to think was important.



It's all too easily assumed that family history lives in tangible(


有形的


)things



old photographs,


a dress bought decades ago for a night heavy with memories



but that's not quite right. These


things were only reminders of what we already carry with us in head and heart.



Walking through the house, sweeping up the broken glass, I realised that the answer to the old


question


of



would


you


save


in


a


fire?



is


actually


that


nothing


really


matters


but


each


other.



1



What happened to the author's house?



caught a fire.



was affected by a fire.



was broken into by friends.



windows were broken.




2



What does the underlined word



ing that may be damaged.



ing that may not be genuine.



ing that may not be so good.



ing that may be dangerous.




3



What did the author expect to feel?



around him were cold to others' trouble.



friends and neighbours were so generous.



in his community were close to each other.



was so lucky to find much that was good.




4



How will the author probably feel when the New Year finally comes?



d.



sed.



d.



ted.



【答案】




1



B



(< /p>


2



A




3



A

< p>



4



D



【解析】


【分析】本文是一篇记叙文 ,作者家房子受到火灾影响,物品受损,一切都需要


清理,但朋友们和邻居们提供的帮助 ,让作者感受到了他们的善良,对他们感恩。作者感


受到拥有彼此才是最重要的。





1

< p>
)考查细节理解。根据第二段中的


“our neighbour's house had caught fire while they were


out.


The


fire


didn't


spread


to


our


house


but


the


smoke


very


much


did.”


;第三段中的


“every


single


thing


into


which


smoke


could


have


permeated”


可知 邻居家在外出时着火了,虽然火没


有蔓延到作者家,但烟殃及了房子,作者家的房子受到 了影响。故选


B






2


)考查 词义猜测。根据第三段中的


“every


single


thing


into


which


smoke


could


have


permeated(


渗透


)beca use


the


particles(


微粒


)


are


an


ongoing


health


risk


and


washing


isn't


eno ugh.”


可知每件被烟雾渗透的物品都要专门清洗或扔掉,因为那些微粒威胁健康,有 的


仅清洗是不行的。此句涉及的那些柔软的东西被认为可能是被污染损害的东西,


suspected


指的就是这些东西。故选


A





(< /p>


3


)考查推理判断。根据第四段中的


“W hat I didn't expect to feel, however, is this luck y.”



者没想到的是自己家很幸运,下文提到朋友们和邻居们 都提供了帮助,作者从中感受到了


他们的善良。由此推知作者原来认为的是人们会对别人 家的困难很冷漠,故选


A






4


)考查 推理判断。根据第三段中的


“We


will


be


seeing


in


the


New


Year


in


a


decidedly



minimalist


fashion.”

< br>可知作者家房子受到火灾影响,物品受损,一切都需要清理,作者认为


即将到来的 新年肯定是简约的。但朋友们和邻居们提供的帮助,让作者感受到了他们的善


良,对他们 感恩;再根据最后一段中的


“I realised that the answer to the old question of ‘What


would you save in a fire? ’ is actually that nothing really matters but each other.”


作者感受到拥有

< br>彼此才是最重要的。这些说明作者是满足的,故选


D


。< /p>




【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解,词 义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查,是一篇故事类阅


读,考生需要准确掌握细节信息,同 时根据上下文的逻辑关系,进行分析,推理,从而选


出正确答案。




4



阅读理解




Durian(


榴莲


)


is


probably


the


smelliest


fruit


in


the


world,


letting


out


an


unusual


unpleasant


smell which would make anyone bring up. However, nobody was aware of what gave this fruit its


unique smell, so a team of researchers from Singapore decided to take a look at its genome (


基因



) and find out,




Durian


is


well-known


throughout


Southeast


Asia


as


the


king


of


fruits,


mostly


because


of


its


awful


appearance


and


smell.


However,


the


origin


of


this


unpleasant


smell


was


unknown,


so


researchers decided to map the genome of the fruit, and find the gene that controlled it. A group


of genes, volatile sulfur compounds (


含硫化合物


), became very active in the fruit, and they were


found responsible for resulting in the unpleasant smell.



The fruit confuses everyone with a sulfuric smell, like rotten onions and ingredients. The smell


lasts


long,


mostly


because


the


fruit


contains


more


volatile


sulfur


compounds.


Other


species


usually benefit from two gene copies at most, but durian has four, leading to the striking smell.




However,


this


smell


might


be


an


advantage


for


durian


in


the


wild.


Although


we


find


it


unpleasant,


many


animals


might


be


attracted


by


it.


If


they


eat


the


fruit,


then


they


can


easily


spread its seeds everywhere, thus contributing to the distribution of the species.



The mapping of the durian genome also showed some other information on the species. First


of all, the fruit has an impressive number of genes, namely 46,000. Also, with the help of these


genes, they saw how it


evolved, and discovered it was


related to the cacao tree. All the other


discoveries have been published in the journal


Nature Genetics.



Despite the striking smell, many people actually enjoy eating the fruit. However, not all durian


species are edible, and some of them may even cause damage to our health, Even so, the fruit is


often imported, significantly contributing to the economy.




1



What give durian its unique smell?



A. Onions nearby.


B. Two gene copies.



C. Rotten ingredients in it. D. Volatile sulfur compounds.



2



What does the underlin


ed word “evolved” in Paragraph 5 probably mean?



A. Developed. B. Escaped. C. Predicted. D. Tolerated.




3< /p>



What can we infer from the text?



A. No birds enjoy eating durian.


B. Durian can be planted all over the world.



C. Some


of


durian


species


can


not


be


eaten.


D. Durian


has


no


relationship


with


the


cacao


tree.




4



What's the best title for the text?



A. What's Durian? B. The Influence of the Smell



C. The Distribution of Durian D. The Mystery of the Unpleasant Smell of Durian



【答案】


< p>
1



D




2



A



3



C




4



D



【解析】


【分析】本文是一篇说明文 ,新加坡的研究者找出导致水果有难闻气味的原因就


是水果中含有的挥发性硫化合物非常 活跃,这种气味对于野外生存榴莲来说有利于吸引动


物来吃这种水果,同时传播种子。< /p>



(1)


考查细节理解。根据第二段中的


“so


researchers


decided


to


map


the


genome


of


the


fruit,


and find the gene that controlled it. A group of genes, volatile sulfur compounds (


含硫化合物


),


became very active in the fruit, and they were found responsible for resulting in the unpleasant


smell.”


可知,研究人员找到一组基因


——< /p>


挥发性硫化合物(


South-Type


),在水果中非常活


跃,发现是它们导致了这种难闻的气味。故选


D




(2)


考查词义猜测。根据倒数第二段内容可知,研究者画出了榴莲的基因图。通过基因图,


发现了这种水果的基因庞大,有


46000


条基因。在这些基因 的帮助下,他们了解了榴莲的


基因如何演变的,并发现榴莲与可可树有关。


A



develop“


使进 化



,与划线词



evolved



同义词。故选


A




(3)


考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的


“not all durian species are edible, and some of them may


even


cause



to


our


health,”


可知,并不是所有的榴莲都是能吃的,有些榴莲是不可


以吃的。由此 可推断出选


C



(4)


考查主旨大意。文章说榴莲可能是世界上最臭的水果,但没有人知道原因。新 加坡的研


究者决定来查明原因。最后通过绘制的榴莲基因图发现了它难闻气味的原因。由 此可知,


本文最好的题目应该是



榴莲 难闻之谜



最为适合,故选


D




【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解,,推理判 断,词义猜测和主旨大意四个题型的考查,是


一篇科普类阅读,要求考生在捕捉细节信息 的基础上,进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系,进


行分析,推理,概括和归纳,从而选出正确 答案。





5



阅读理解



I visited Copenhagen for the first time last Easter. As a student



I'm always strapped for cash



so I assumed I could only afford to breathe the air



but luckily everything about Copenhagen is


breathtaking.



I was staying in an Airbnb, and rented a bike so I could cover more ground. One of the first


places


I


visited


was


the


Rundetaarn,


or


“round


tower”


built


in


the


17th


century


as


an


astronomical observatory. It has an equestrian staircase (a wide set of stairs big enough for horses


to use) that went on and on. As I was going up, I stopped to visit the tower's library hall. At the


top, there's a glass platform that gives a view 80-foot straight down, as well as a bell loft. Luckily,


the views over Copenhagen from the top were well worth the climb.



After coming down, I hiked up to the Kastellet Fortress to see the famous Little Mermaid statue.


Taking a photo with her was almost impossible with all the tourists crowding around



but sitting


there and hearing the lapping waves of the deep blue Baltic Sea, waiting for the sun to set, was


an unforgettable and calming experience.



The next day, I visited the Glyptotek art museum, exploring the grand exhibits. I looked into the


marble eyes of many Roman gods



and walked down dimly lit staircases to see mummies from


Egypt.



Before I unwillingly boarded the train back to the airport, I told myself that I must visit again



to experience the thrills of Tivoli Gardens, try more of the street food and everything else from


this amazing city.




1



Why did the author rent a bike?



A. Because she loved to ride a bike. B. Because she didn't afford to rent a car.



C. Because she found nowhere to rent other vehicles.


D. Because she wanted to see as many


attractions as possible.




2



What did the author find difficult at the Kastellet Fortress?



A. Finding a sitting place


B. Waiting for the sun to set



C. Listening to the sound of waves


D. Having a photo taken with a statue.




3



Which of the following didn't the author visit?



A. Rundetaarn


B. Tivoli Gardens


C. Glyptotek art museum


D. Little Mermaid Statue




4



What is the author's purpose in writing the text?



A. To remember a holiday


B. To introduce a new attraction



C. To share her travel experience


D. To show her love of Copenhagen



【答案】


(< /p>


1



D




2



D

< p>



3



B




4



C



【解析】


【分析】本文是一篇记叙文 ,讲述了作者去哥本哈根的穷游经历。



(1)


考查细节理解。根据第二段中的


“I


was


staying


in


an


Airbnb,


and


rented


a


bike


so


I


could


cover more ground.”


可知作者租一辆自行 车是因为她想要看尽可能多的旅游胜地,故选


D




(2)


考查细节理解。根据第三段中的

< p>
“Taking a photo with her was


almost impossible with all the


tourists


crowding


around”


可 知在


Kastellet


Fortress

< br>,作者发现最困难的事情就是和雕塑拍


照,故选


D




(3)


考查细节 理解。根据第二段中的


“One of the first places I visited was the Rundetaarn,”


排除

A


;根据第四段中的


“The


next


day,


I


visited


the


Glyptotek


art


museum,


exploring


the


grand


exhibit s.”


排除


C


;根据第三段中的


“After


coming


down,


I


hiked


up


to


the


Kastellet


Fortress


to


see the famous Little Mermaid statue.”


排除


D


,故选


B




(4)


考查写作意图。这篇文章主要介绍了 作者去哥本哈根的穷游经历,所以作者写这篇文章


的目的是分享自己的旅游经历,故选< /p>


C




【点评】 本题考点涉及细节理解和写作意图两个题型的考查,是一篇故事类阅读,考生准


确捕捉细 节信息的同时,需进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系,进行推理,归纳,从而选出正


确答案。





6



阅读理解




On


a


college


camping


trip,


curiosity


about


waves


and


sand


caused


Rob


Thieler


to


study


shorelines


around


the


world.


Thirty


years


later


and


now


a


U.S.


Geological


Survey


research


geologist, Thieler, is combining science and smartphone technology to help study an endangered


bird, the Atlantic Coast piping plover.




The


piping


plover


is


a


shorebird


that


breeds


(繁殖)


along


the


Atlantic


Coast,


the


Great


Lakesand the Great Plains. Rising sea levels associated with climate change, as well as increased


development


in


their


beach


habitats


(栖息地)


,


threaten


the


species


(物种)


.


To


help


track


changes in piping plover habitats, Thieler developed a free app called iPlover in 2012. This is a


marked change from the typical way scientists collect data, which involves gathering information


using specialized equipment or writing in notebooks and then putting into spreadsheets.




Since


releasing


iPlover,


scientists


have


gathered


data


across


1500


km


of


breeding


range.


Thatequals about a third of the distance across the U.S., which is a large area to cover for only

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