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Linguistics
scope of linguistics: (a
branch of linguistics
that
…
.)
phonetics
（语音学）
:
the
study
of
linguistic
speech
sounds,
how
they
are produced, how they are perceived,
and their physical
properties.(study of
the phonic medium of language)
phonolog
y
:
（音位学）
the
study
of
how
speech
sounds
in
a
language
form
patterns and how these sounds are used
to convey meaning in
linguistics
communication.
morphology
:
（形态学）
the study of the word
structure and word
formation.
syntax
:
（句法学）
is
the
branch
of
linguistics
that
studies
the
rules
that govern the formation of sentences.
semantics
:
(
语义学
) the study of
linguistic meaning.
pragmatics
:
（语用学）
a
branch
of
linguistics
that
studies
the
context
of language use to
effect successful communication.
Some distinctions in linguistics:
1)
Prescriptive &
descriptive
Prescriptive: aims to
describe and analyze the language people
actually use
Descriptive:
aims to lay down rules for
“
correct &
standard
”
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behavior in
using language.(doctor)
2)
Synchronic &
diachronic
共时的
&
历
时的
Synchronic: the
description of a language at some point of time
in history.
Diachronic: the
description of a language as it changes through
time.
3)
Langue & parole
语言
&
言语
Langue:
refers
to
the
abstract
linguistic
system
shared
by
all
the
members of a speech
community.
Parole: refers to the
realization of language in actual use.
4)
Competence &
performance
语言能力
&
语言运用
Competence:
the
ideal
user
’
s
knowledge
of
the
rules
of
his
language
Performance: the
actual realization of this knowledge in
linguistic communication.
Design features of language:
1)
arbitrariness:
（任意性）
means there is no
logical connection
between meanings and
sounds.
2)
Productivity: it makes possible the
construction and
interpretation of new
signals by its users.
3)
Duality:
（双重性）
duality
of
structure
or
double
articulation
of
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language
enables users to talk about anything within their
knowledge.
4)
Displacement: language can be used to
refer to contexts removed
from the
immediate situations of the speaker.
不受时空限制
5)
Cultural
transmission
文化传播（
eg:
狼孩）
ons of language:
1)
Descriptive
function: it is the function to convey factual
information,
which
can
be
asserted
or
denied,
and
in
some
cases
even verified.
2)
Expressive function: supplies
information about the user
’
s
feelings, preferences, prejudices and
values.
3)
Social
function: serves to establish and maintain social
relations between people.
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Phone:
（音素）
is a
phonetic unit or segment.
Phoneme:
（音位）
is a
phonological unit. It is a unit that is of
distinctive value. It is an
abstract
unit.
mes
词素—
the minimal
units of meaning
The
smallest
unit
of
language
that
carries
information
about
meaning
or
function
Free morpheme
: a
morpheme which can be a word by itself.
Bound morpheme
: a morpheme
must be attached to another one.
Derivational morphemes
：
(
衍生词素
) the morphemes
which change the
category or
grammatical class of words. They are conjoined to
other
morphemes /words, new words are
derived or formed
.
(-en,-ate,-ic,-ous,-ly,-tion,-sive,-er)
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Inflectional
morphemes
: (
曲折词素
)
they are attached to words or
morphemes, but they
never
change their syntactic
category.(-s,-er,-est,-ed,-ing)
○
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ry
: refers to a group of
linguistic items which fulfill the
same
or
similar
functions
in
a
particular
language
such
as
a
sentence,
a noun phase or a
verb.
Non-traditional categories: deter
miner(Det)
限定
词
,deg
ree(Deg),qualifier(Qua)
Phrase elements
: specifiers, complements(XP Rule),
modifiers.
Deep structure
:
formed by the XP rule in accordance with the
head
’
s subcategorization
properties.
没变形
陈述句
Surface
structure
5. Lexical meaning:
Sense
: is concerned with the
inherent meaning of a linguistic form,
the collection of all its features; it
is abstract and
de-contextualized.
Eg: dog-general meaning of dog,
features
Reference
: means
what a linguistic form refers to in the real,
physical world.
Eg
；
One
particular/certain dog existent in the situation,
known to
each other
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