英语语言学

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英语语言学

1.

Features

of

Language

（言的特点）

1)

Productivity

:

language

users

can

understand

and

create

unlimited

number

of

sentences

with

linguistic

element.

This

is

a

result

of

the

dual

structures of every lan guage.

多产性，

即

语言的使用者 可以理解并创造无限数

量的句子。

2)

Duality

:

Language

is

a

system

of

two

structures,

ie.,

the

structure

of

sounds

and structure of mean ing.

二重性，

指语

言是声音和意义 双重结构组成的系

统。

3)

Arbitrariness:

the

concepts

represented

by

language

and

their

corresponding

audio

symbols

are

in

an

arbitrary

relationship.

任意性，

即语言所表达的

概念与其相对应的声音符号间的关系

是任意的 。

4)

Displacement:

We

can

use

language

to

describe

things

that

are

not

present,

such

as

something

in

the

past,

the

future, or things that does not even exist

in reality, such as E.T.

移位性，指我们

用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西，

比如外 星人

5)

Cultural transmission:

Though endowed

with

the

physiological

basis

for

mastering a language, the human being

is

not

inborn

with

the

capability

of

language

and

has

to

be

placed

in

a

specific

cultural

environment

so

as

to

grasp a language.

文化传递性，

指语

言是一种传递文化的方式

6)

Interchangeabi lity:

可交换性，

即同一个

语言共 同体内的成员可以传递、接收

信息。

7)

Reflexivity:

自反性，指人类的语言可

以被用来描述语言本身，

< br>即

“元语言”

。

一、语言的特点和功能

（

Features

and

Functions

of Language

）

语

言

：

Language

is

a

system

of

arbitrary

vocal

symbols

used

for

human

communication

1

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2. Functions of Language

语言的功能

1)

Informative:

This

is

the

main

function

of language. When people use language

to

communicate

with

each

other

their

experience

in

the

real

world,

record

or

describe

the

“

content

”

of

the

reality,

they

are

actually

taking

advantage

of

this function.

信息功能，

即语言可以用

来传递信息，在功能语言学中称之为< /p>

达意功能（

ideational function

）

.

2)

Interpersonal:

People

establish

and

maintain their identity in the society by

this function

< br>人际功能，

指人们通过语

言来建立、维持其社会地位。< /p>

3)

Performative:

This

is

a

function

where

by

the

language

influences

directly

on

the

reality,

such

as

the

sentence

of

imprisonment by the judge, the naming

of

a

certain

ship

and

the

curses

as

believed

by

the

ancient

people.

施为 功

能，指人们通过语来实现让他人完成

某个人物的功能。此概念 来自

Austin

和

Searle

，属于语用学（

Pragmatics

）< /p>

的范畴。

4)

Emotive:

感情功能，指语言可以改变

听众的感情。

5)

Phatic

communion:

This

is

function

realized

by

those

“

Phatic

language

”

,

aiming

at

establishing

a

harmonious

and intimate climate among people.

交

感性谈话， 指人们使用特定的表达方

式，如“你好”等来维持相互间的关

系 。

6)

Recreational

：

This function means that

sometimes

people

may

enjoy

language

for

language

’

s

sake,

i.e.,

not

using

language

in

any

practical

purposes,

such

as

tongue-twisters

and

childish

babbles.

娱乐功能，

指人们可以使用语

言进行娱乐活动，如唱歌等。

7)

Meta lingual

：

People may use language

to

talk

about,

explain

or

even

change

language itself.

This

is

the metalingual

function of language.

元语言功能， 指

人类可以使用语言来谈论、改变语言

本身。

< br>

2

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Intra-

1)

phonetics(

语

音

学

):

the

study

of

speech sounds (

研究语音

);

2)

Phonology