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Title : Explaining a Process or
Procedure(Chapter
3-1)
英汉对照
Major: Structural Engineering
1
0112Unit 3
Explaining a Process or Procedure
解释一个过程或者程序
Members of all academic disciplines
work with processes or procedures. Students and
faculty
may
be
expected
to
explain,
discover,
create,
implement,
modify,
or
follow
processes
or
procedures
as
part
of
their
training
or
professional
responsibilities.
Processes
are generally viewed as a progression or series of
events, steps, or changes
that have a
beginning and end or end result. However, some
processes are cyclical or
continuing.
Processes can be natural or can involve human
intervention. Established
processes for
carrying out specific tasks are generally referred
to as procedures.
所有的关于学术性的学科都需要与过程或者程序
打交道。
学生和研究人员可能会
期待解释，发现，创造，执行，
修改或者遵照过程或者程序来作为他们训练或者
培养专业精神的一部分。
过程一般被认为是一个进程或者是一系列的事件、
步骤
和改变，有开始有结束有结果。然而，一些过程是循环性的持续性的。过程的进
行可以是
自发的也可以是有人为干预的。执行特定任务的过程一般认为是程序。
Speeches
about
processes
can
be
organized
in
various
ways,
depending
on
the
purpose
of
the
speech.
For
example,
if
we
want
to
highlight
several
recent
improvements on a process, we may
simply enumerate the modifications using listing
as the main organizational strategy.
However, if our purpose is to explain a process,
we will generally focus on the
chronological dimension of the process and will
choose
chronological order as the main
organizational strategy. In this unit, this
chronological
dimension will be
emphasized.
关于过程的演讲可以组织成各种形式，
取决于演讲的目的。
例如，
如果我们想要
强调一个过程中最新的几项改进，
我们可以列举这些改进然后使用列举作为主要
的组织形式。
然而，
如果我们的目的是解释
一个过程，
那么我们将聚焦于这个过
程的时间顺序，
并且会时间顺序作为主要的组织策略。
在本单元中，
按时间顺序
（的组织形式）将会被重点强调。
In academic English, it can be more
challenging to explain a process than to describe
a single object. Technical processes
may involve not just one but several objects, such
as a set of tools, as well as the
materials and people needed to card them out. This
is
the case, for example, when an
engineer describes how concrete is made, a
professor
of
film
and
video
studies
explains
a
film-
editing
procedure,
or
an
ecology
student
discusses a new
process for removing pollutants from the soil.
Both natural processes
that take place
without human intervention and procedures that
primarily involve the
actions of people
rather than objects and materials can be complex,
especially if they
include a number of
relationships and events. This is the case, for
example, when a
geologist describes the
process of soil formation or a law student
explains how a legal
2
case goes
through the court system. Therefore, presenters
need to plan their speeches
carefully.
For
example,
they
have
to
decide
what
background
information
the
audience needs to know before
presenting the process, what terms may be
unfamiliar
to
the
audience
and
when
to
introduce
and
explain
them,
and
what
strategies
for
presenting
the
steps
in
the
process
will
enhance
listeners'
comprehension
and
interaction.
在学术英语中解释一个过程比描述
单个的物体更加有挑战性。
技术性的过程，
可
< br>能包括不仅仅是一个而是多个对象，例如，一套工具、材料和梳理他们的人。在
这
种情况下，
例如，
工程师描述如何制混凝土，
< br>电影或者视频研究的专家解释视
频编辑的过程，
或者一个
生态学的学生讨论从土壤中去除的污染物的新方法。
不
仅是没有
人为干预的自然过程还是从根本上就需要人为介入而不只是工具或者
材料的过程，
都可能是复杂的，
特别是当它包括一系列的联系和事件时。
在这种
情况下，
例如，
当
一个地质学家介绍了土壤形成过程或一个法律系学生介绍法院
是如何审理案件的。因此，
演讲者必须仔细的计划他们的演讲。例如，在讲述过
程前，
他们
必须要决定，
在讲述这个过程时哪些是观众必须知道的背景知识，
当
介绍解释他们时观众可能对哪些项目不熟悉和采取什么样的演讲策略使得演讲
的过程中的会加强听众的理解和互动。
For your next presentation, you will
explain a process or procedure from your field of
studies. Since you will be speaking to
a general academic audience and wilt have time
constraints,
your
presentation
can
be
neither
too
simple
nor
too
long
and
complex.
Write down several processes related to
your field of studies. As you go through the
exercises in this unit, evaluate these
processes as possible final presentation topics. <
/p>
在你的下一个演讲中，
你将解释你的研究方向中的一个过程或者程
序。
由于你的
演讲对象是一般的学术观众，
并且有时间限制。
所以你的演讲不能够太简单也不
能太长，
太复杂。写下关于你的研究领域的几个过程。通过完成本章的联系，评
估这些过程作为可
能的最终演讲的主题。
Task
1
作业
1
Look
at
the
information
in
this
visual*.
What
procedure
has
the
speaker
chosen
to
discuss?
看这张图上的信息。演讲者选择什么程序来讨论？
3
Now answer the questions.
现在回答问题。
Discussion Questions
讨论问题
1.
What
is
the
topic
of
this
process
speech?
Do
you
think
it
is
appropriate
for
a
general academic audience? Would you
personally be interested in listening to this
speech? What might it depend on?
1.
演讲的主题是什么？你认为作为一般性的学术听众这是否合适？你个人会
喜
欢这样的演讲吗？这取决于什么呢？
2. Approximately how many steps does
the speaker discuss? How can you tell? What
organization indicator statement (see
unit 1, p. 5 and unit 2, p. 37) could the speaker
use to introduce the steps?
2.
演讲者讨论了大概多少步？你能分清吗？演讲者用了哪些组织性的指引论述
来解释这些步骤？
3. What
information does the speaker include in her
visual? Do you think the speech
would
be more effective if the speaker wrote out each
step on the visual? Why or why
not?
3.
演讲者在他的图片中包含哪些信息？你认为如果演讲者将每个步骤
都在图片
中写下来会更有效果吗？为什么或为什么不？
4
4. What are
some of the terms that the speaker will likely
define during her speech? Is
she
more
likely
to
explain
these
terms
in
the
introduction
or
as
she
explains
the
process?
4.
在演讲中演讲者可能会定义哪些术语呢？她更可能在介绍部分就解释这些术
< br>语还是在解释过程中解释这些术语？
e
the
speaker's
first
visual
with
the
second
one
she
made,
shown
below.
How has she improved
it? If she is using PowerPoint slides, how can she
make it even
more effective?
5.
比较演讲者第一次做的图片和第二次做的图片，如下所示。她是怎样改进它的
呢？如果她用幻灯片，怎么样做她才能做的更有效果呢
?
The topic of this speech
appears to be well chosen. It is relevant to a
general academic
audience because it
relates to our daily lives. However, if the speech
is too simple, the
speaker will lose
the attention of the audience. Therefore, she will
want to make her
speech
as
informative
as
possible
without
making
it
so
technical
that
the
audience
5
won't understand.
< br>这次演讲的主题似乎是一个好选择。
对一个普通的学术听众来说，
这是有意思的，
因为这与我们的日常生活有关。然而，如果演讲太简单了，观众
将会丧失兴趣。
因此，
她想要让她的演讲尽可能的含有信息量同
时又不至于太学术使得观众难以
理解。
The speaker's first visual is adequate.
It is neat and clearly labeled. If she puts it on
a
transparency,
there
is
room
to
write
additional
information
during
the
delivery.
However,
it
is
not
particularly
eye-catching.
Her
second
version
is
more
attractive.
The speaker has chosen bolder lettering
and more decorative borders. However, if she
chooses to use PowerPoint slides, she
can easily add not only color but also drawings
or photos. She can also project one
step at a time.
演讲者的第一张图是恰当的。
标记的整洁而清晰。
如果她使用幻灯片的话，
那么
她在演讲中将有空间加上额外的信息。
然而，
这不
是特别的吸引眼球。
她的第二
个版本更加的吸引人。
演讲者选择加粗的字体和更多的装饰性的边界。
然而，
如
果她选择使用幻灯片，
她不仅能方便的加入颜色而且能加
入图画或者图片。
她可
以一步一个脚印。
It is obvious from the transparency
that the speaker will describe five main steps in
the water purification process.
However, the transparency does not indicate what
these
steps are, only where they take
place. This
may be an advantage. The
transparency
still provides an outline
for both the class and the speaker to follow. But,
since there is
little writing on the
transparency the audience's attention remains on
the speaker and
not the transparency. <
/p>
从幻灯片中可以明显的看到演讲者在水的净化过程分为
5
个主要的步骤来描述。
然而，
幻灯片并没有指出
这些步骤是什么，
只指出它们在哪儿发生的。
这可能是
一个优势。
幻灯片为学生们和演讲者都提供了一个大纲。
但是，
由于幻灯片上没
些东西，观众的注意力仍然留在
演讲者上而不是这个幻灯片。
The speaker
will likely
have to
explain
the words on her visual that indicate where
stages
in
the
process
take
place,
such
as
settling
tank,
ozonation
tank,
and
GAC
adsorber
. She may prefer to
do this when she discusses the relevant stage,
rather than
during the introduction of
the speech.
演讲者将很可能不得不解释图片上
的文字，这图片指明了过程发生的各个阶段，
例如
沉降槽处理、
臭氧化槽处理和
GAC
吸附器处理。当讨论相关的阶段的时候<
/p>
她可能会更喜欢这样做，而不是在介绍演讲的时候。
Introduction to process speeches
介绍演讲过程
6
1.
Using rhetorical questions
1.
使用设问句
One
way
to
begin
a
process
speech
is
to
use
a
rhetorical
question.
Rhetorical
questions are questions that the
speaker poses to the audience but that don't
require an
answer.
开始一个演讲的一种
方式是使用设问句。
设问句是抛给观众的但是却不需要回答
的问
题。
Task 2
作业
2
Look
at
the
following
introduction
and
identify
any
rhetorical
questions,
in
what
sentence
does the speaker introduce the topic?
看
下面的介绍，鉴定出演讲者在介绍主题的句子中哪些是设问句？
(1) Have you ever thought about where
the water you drink comes from?
(2)
Many times it comes from rivers and lakes that
have contaminated water.
(3) How is this water purified so that
it is safe for you to drink?
(4) Today,
I'm going to explain a process commonly used to
purify drinking water.
(1)
你有想过你喝的水是从什么地方来的么？
(2)
很多时候它来自被污染的河水和湖水。
(3)
这些水是怎样净化的安全适于你饮用？
(4)
今天，我将解释一般用于净化饮用水的过程。
Rhetorical questions are an
effective means of opening the speech for the
following
reasons.
设问句是开始演讲的一种有效方式，这基于下列理由。
?
Rhetorical
questions
are
more
apt
to
get
the
audience's
attention
than
an
opener
like Today I'm going to talk about...
?
Rhetorical
questions gradually lead the audience into the
topic of the speech,
and thus may more
effectively guarantee that the audience is
following tile
speaker.
?
By
using
rhetorical
questions,
the
speaker
begins
a
relationship
with
the
audience that can be
maintained throughout the speech.
?
作为开场白，使用设问句比类似于
今天我们要谈论?更能引起观众的注
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