文体学与修辞学

Stylistics

is

a

scientific

study

of

style.

The

word

style

used

in

the

definition

refers to a distinctive or characteristic manner of expression in language. By

identifying and analysing both the effects and processes in employing the devices

in

languages

such

as

rhetorical

figures

as

Active

Rhetorical

Means

and

syntactical

patterns, as Passive Rhetorical Means.

Stylistics also attempts to establish principles capable of explaining the

particular

choices

made

by

individuals

and

social

groups

in

their

use

of

language,

such

as

socialisation,

the

production

and

reception

of

meaning,

critical

discourse

analysis and literary criticism.

Other features of stylistics include the use of dialogue, including regional

accents

and people’s

dialects, descriptive language, the use of grammar, such as

the active voice or passive voice, the distribution of sentence lengths, the use

of

particular

language

registers,

etc.

In

addition,

stylistics

is

a

distinctive

term

that may be used to determine the connections between the form and effects within

a particular variety of language. Therefore, stylistics looks at what is ‘going

on’ within the language; what the linguistic associations are that the style of

language reveals.

Rhetoric

is

art

[practice]

or

science

[the

study]

of

communication

in

words

it

means

literally

‘the

art

of

oratory,

for

in

the

former

times,

communication

was

carried

on

through

speaking.

Later

it

is

generally

believed

that

the

principles

and

rules of composition should be encapsulated in the art of oratory, because the

artistic use of language derives from well-composed scripts.

Contemporary studies of rhetoric address a more diverse range of domains than

was the case in ancient times. While classical rhetoric trained speakers to be

effective

persuaders

in

public

forums

and

institutions

like

courtrooms

and

assemblies,

contemporary

rhetoric

investigates

human

discourse

writ

large.

Rhetoricians have studied the discourses of a wide variety of domains, including

the natural and social sciences, fine art, religion, journalism, digital media,

fiction, history, cartography, and architecture, along with the more traditional

domains

of

politics

and

the

law.

Public

relations,

lobbying,

law,

marketing,

professional and technical writing, and advertising are modern professions that

employ rhetorical practitioners.

1.1

Great

Help

in

Expression and

Understanding of

Languages

On one side of communication, encoding or expressing one’s ideas, different

people sharing the same geographical surroundings and social/cultural background

might have different accentual, lexical and syntactic preferences; the same types

or genres of discourses spoken by the similar group of writers/speakers might

assume different prosodic features or tones to their favorite, not to mention

different

groups

of

writers/speakers

possibly

employing

different

manners

in

expressing

similar

notions.

One

of

the

most

important

considerations

for

writers/speaker to worry about is whether the desired meaning is being conveyed

effectively in their own style.

On the other side of communication, decoding or understanding the texts or

discourses conveyed, listeners/readers have sought every possible clue or hint to

comprehend

or perceive the texts or discourses.

Irony,

for example, is a figure

of

speech, a kind of ac

tive means to express one’s meaning intended opposite to the

literal sense. There are various kinds of figures of speech, many different make

oneself

understood.

Those

means

and

devices

are

the

subject

matte

of

stylistics

and

rhetoric,

any

of

which

could

be

analyzed

in

meaning

retrieval

and

comprehension

of

texts, let alone facial expressions in visual conversations and typographic or

semiotic symbols employed in written texts and discourses.

1.2

Great

Help

in

Employing

Achievements

in

Literary

Criticism and Linguistics

Stylistics

knowledge

helps

readers

and

critics

to

read

out

of

meaning

from

texts.

Armed

with

notions

and

methodological

approaches

to

any

piece

of

text,

readers

and

critics

has

ceased

to

opinionatedly

assume

the

alleged

meaning

into

it,

for

theories

of literary criticism, concerning the literary works, have come to play a central

role

in

the

academic

study

of

the

humanities

and

social

sciences.

Jacques

Derrida’s

Deconstructionism,

for

example,

makes

inquiries

into

authorized

structural

approach

initiated by F. de Saussure by inventing the term difference and thus make people

realize the conventional oppositions are, to a great extent, yet to be thoroughly

argued

before

being

taken

for

granted,

and

foreword

its

influence

onto

philosophical

reasoning in feminism and power politics.

It is universally accepted that linguistics, as has been discussed above in

Register

or

Varieties,

has

furnished

readers

and

critics

alike

with

thorough

knowledge

of

discourse

analysis.

Stylistics,

exploiting

the

methods

used

in

phonetics, phonology, prosody,

lexicology, morphology, and syntax,

semantics,

and

pragmatics, could integrate different disciplines into a complex engineering in

contributing to desired, justifiable approaches to the reading of any text.

1.3

Great

Help

in

Promoting

and

Developing

Computer Science

and Information Technology

The

most

function

of

language

is

to

have

information,

.

ideas,

feelings,

desires,

or other messages communicated to the co-operators. Stylistics has, ever sine the

advent

of

computer

application

put

into

practice

in

routines

in

offices

and

at

home,

become

concerned

with

the

essays

and

other

literary

works

in

terms

of

special

styles

opposed to the controversial ones. Computer science and Information Technology

engineering, thus, enrich the expressing means and extend the vocal symbols and

writing,

print

and

physical

sighs

onto

the

screen

of

personal

compute

in

multimedia.

Modern

stylistics, on the one hand, benefits a

lot from

the statistics data worked

out

and

gathered

by

computers,

setting

stylistic

free

from

counting

and

sorting

out

disorderly

headaches.

On

the

other

hand,

computer

science

and

IT

set

forth

challenging

problems

and

phenomena

in

e-novels

and

other

literary

works

for

stylistic studies.

Nowadays,

front-page

making

and

pleasantly

colorful

language

against

background

in fine designs of web pages in the Internet demonstrate the outcomes of advanced

stylistic studies, for the fact

that

stylisticians have

to make a great

variety of

versions to compare with the originals in order to identify what the style of this

particular

text

or

author

is.

For

example,

in

order

to

fully

understand

the

Chinese

poem

rearranged

in

the

following,

the

second

column,

we

put

it

another

way

in

terms

of shape of text and during experimenting with the rewriting, we find some words

in it, namely,

shēng(so und),tíng

(finished),r

ù

(in),w

ú

(whether

…

not),might imply

or suggest some otherwise undiscoverable senses in the to mention emails,visible

and audile chatting through the Internet with nonverbal symbols and equipped with

the facilities furnished by hard wares and soft wares ,. word processors and other

information

could

no

longer

take

publication

of

their

personal

opinions

as

luxurious

professional

privileges

of

correspondents

and

journalists.

Many

amateurs

go in for designing soft wares to format therr own essay style and shape, and to

experimant

with

concrete

poetry

opposed

to

the

conventional

ways

of

expression

and

the following are listed three specially patterned poems: the first poem is

“

she

loves me not

”

by Emmett Williams,the second is a Chinese poem rearranged by this

book, and the third by

. second poem literally

reads in the

Chinese original like

this:

”

Read candles light,in Bridal room last night/To greet Parents-in-laws in

court

at

dawn-light./On

cace- painting,to

her

man

she

whispers./Whether

her

make-up

is

in

prevalence

right.

”

With

the

rearrangement

of

the

versification,four

characters are highlighted by being singled out in red color:sh

ē

ng(sound) ,t

í

ng(finished),r

ù

< br>(in),w

ú

(wether

…

not),.Vulgar menings are read into the verse.

1.4

Great

Significance

in

Sharing

Heritage

of

Human

Civilizations