高分子材料专业英语第二版(曹同玉,冯连芳,张菊华)课后例句翻译

Unit1

essentially

the

‘

giantness

’

of

the

size

of

the

polymer

molecule

that

makes

its

behavior

different from that of a commonly known chemical compound such as benzene.

实质上，

正是由于聚乙烯的巨大的分子尺寸 才使其性能不同于像苯这样的一般化合物

（的性

能）

globules of polyvinyl alcohol firstly absorb water,swell and get distorbed in shape and after

a long time go into solution

.

聚乙烯醇颗 粒首先吸水溶胀，发生变形，经过很长的时间以后，

（聚乙烯醇分子）进入到溶

液中。

r peculiarity is that ,in water,polyvinyl alcohol never retains its original powdery nature

as the excess sodium chloride does in a saturated salt solution.

另一个特点是，

在水中聚乙烯醇不会像过量的氯化钠在饱和盐溶 液中那样能保持其初始的粉

末状态。

UNIT2

initiation of the chain reaction can be observed most clearly with radical or ionic initiators.

用自由基型引发剂或离子型引发剂引发连锁反应可以很清楚的进行观察。

reactions occur through the initial addition of a monomer molecule to an initiator radical

or an initiator ion,by which the active state is transferred from the added monomer.

这样的反应是通过单体分子首先加成到引发剂自由基或引发剂离子上 而进行的，

靠这些活性

中心由引发剂转移到被加成的单体上。< /p>

UNIT3

1.

The

net

effect

of

this

is

that

monomer molecules are

consumed rapidly without

any

large

increase in molecular weight.

酯化的结果是单体分子很快地被消耗掉，而分子量却没有多少 增加。

2.

The

esterification

reaction

occurs

anywhere

in

the

monomer

matrix

where

two

monomer

molecules

collide,

and

once

the

ester

has

formed,

it,

too,

can

react

further

by

virtue

of

its

still-reactive hydroxyl or carboxyl groups.

酯化反应出现在单体本体中两个单体分子相 碰撞的位置，且酯一旦形成，依靠酯上仍有活

性的羟基或羧基还可以进一步进行反应。< /p>

3.

But each polymer molecule that forms still has reactive end groups; hence the polymerization

reaction will continue in a stepwise fashion, with each esterification of monomers.

但形成的每一种聚合物分子还有反应活性的端基；

因此，

聚合反应将以逐步的方式继续进行，

其每一步酯化反应的反应速率和反应机理 均与初始单体的酯化作用相同。

Unit4

1.

With

ionic

polymerization

there

is

no

compulsory

chain

termination

through

recombination ,because the growing chain can not react with each other.

对于离子型聚合来说，

不存在通过再结合反应而 进行的强迫链终止，

因而生长链之间不能发

生链终止反应。

termination

takes

place

only

through

impurities

,or

through

the

addition

of

certain

compounds such as water, alcohols,acids, amines, or oxygen,and in general through compounds

which

can

react

with

polymerizing

ions

under

the

formation

of

neutral

compound

or

inactive

ionic species.

链终止反应仅仅通过杂质而发生，或者说通过某些像水，

酸，胺或者氧这样的化合物进

行加成反应而发 生，

且一般来说

（链终止反应）可通过这样的化合物来进行，这 种化合物在

中性聚合物或没有聚合活性的离子型聚合物生成的过程中可以和活性聚合物例 子进行反应。

the

initiators

are

only

partly

dissociated

,the

initiator

reactions

is

an

equilibrium

reaction ,where reaction in one direction gives rise to chain initiation and in the other direction

to chain termination.

如果引发剂仅为部分的解离，

引发 反应即为一个平衡反应，

再出现平衡反映的场合，

在一个

方向上进行链引发反应，而在另一个方向则进行链终止反应。

this group belong the also the so called

Alfin

catalysts,which

are

a

mixture

of

sodium

isopropylate,allylsodium,and sodium chloride.

所谓的

Afl in

催化剂就是属于这一类，这类催化剂是异丙醇钠，烯丙基那，和氯化钠的混合

物。

六

strength of polymer does not begin to develop until a minimum molecular weight of about

5000

—

10000 is achieved.

因此，直到最小相对分子质量增大到大约

5000-10000

以后聚合物的强度才开始显现出来。

most instances,there is some molecular weight range in which a given polymer property will

be optimum for a particular application .

在大多数情况下，

对于某特定的 应用来说，

这种聚合物存在着某一分子量范围，

在这个范围

之内其性能是最好的。

one speaks of the molecular

weight of a polymer ,one means something quite different

from that which applies to small-sized compounds

当人们谈到聚合物分子量的时候，她所指的是和低分子化合物的分子量完全不同的另一回

事。

ent average molecular weights are obtained because the properties being measured are

biased differently sized polymer molecules in a polymer sample.

对同一聚合物得到 不同的平均分子量，

因为对所测得的性质对试样中的不同尺寸的聚合物分

子有不同的偏差。

七

may

be

all

that

happens

if

,for

example,

the

polymer-polymer

intermolecular

forces

are

high because of crosslinking ,crystallinity ,or strong hydrogen bonding .

例如，如果因交联，结晶和很强的氢键形成和娘的分子间作用力，

（聚合物的溶解过程）有

可能就停留在这一阶段。

turn

,the

presence

o

absence

of

solubility

as

conditions

(such

as

the

nature

of

the

solvent ,or the temperature)are varied can give much information about the polymer.

当条件（溶剂的本 质或温度）变化的时候，有无溶解性又可以许多关于这种聚合物的信息。

specified

in

the

literature

,the

arrangement

of

the

polymer

chain

differing

b

reason

of

rotation about single bonds are termed conformations.

正如在文献中所定义的那样，

由于围绕着单键的旋转而导致的聚合物链不同的空间排布叫做

构象。

random coil arises from the relative freedom of rotation associated with the chain bonds

of most polymer and the formidably large number of conformations accessible to the molecule.

无规线团一方面是由于聚 合物链上的键自由旋转而产生的，

另一方面时候由于聚合物分子连

可达到巨大的构象数而产生的。