GRE OG test2 填空和阅读解析

Section 4

Verbal Reasoning

25 Questions with Explanation

1. An initial reading of this sentence might suggest that the blank should be filled

with a word like

“

complex

”

that indicates how hard it is to

“

make sense of

”

the

digressions. However, there is no such word among the answer choices. Focusing

on the second half of the sentence suggests a different interpretation. According

to

the

sentence,

it

would

be

“

wise

to

”

make

sense

of

the

digressions,

and

a

textbook would

help

the

reader to do so. If the

digressions are

“

uninteresting,

”

“

unsophisticated,

”

or

“

humorless,

”

the

sentence

provides

no

reason

to

think

it

would be wise to make sense of them, and if they are

“

controversial,

”

it provides

no

reason

to

think

it

would

be

wise

to

make

sense

of

them,

and

if

they

are

controversial

”

, it provides no reason to think that a textbook would help. Only if

the digressions are

“

frustrating

”

does the sentence make a coherent whole.

Thus, the correct answer is frustrating (Choice D).

2.

If

a

certain

belief

led

to

the

appointment

of

ethics

officers,

that

belief

must

concern some ethical issue. Of the choices provided, only

“

vena l

”

fits that context.

Although several of the other choices are not necessarily positive characteristics,

none of them involves ethics.

Thus, the correct answer is venal (Choice C).

3.

The

“

task

”

described

in

the

second

half

of

the

sentence

clearly

presents

the

actors

with

a

challenge.

The

“

even

the

”

followed

by

positive

characteristics

indicates

that

the

actors

did

not

meet

that

challenge;

“

adequate

to

”

is

the

only

answer choice that conveys this sense.

Thus, the correct answer is adequate to (Choice D).

4. The portion of the sentence that begins with

“

given that

”

provides a reason for

a conclusion reached in the first part of the sentence. Since the study

“

showed no

decreased

heart

risk

for

drops

in

blood

pressure

below

a

certain

point,

”

that

point may be a threshold below which reductions in blood pressure provide no

benefit; that is, they may be

“

superfluous.

”

Thus, the correct answer is superfluous (Choice E).

“

Unlike

”

at the beginning of the sentences and the

“

not to

”

that follows the

dash set up a contrast between the relatively innocent problems in the current

case and the issues involved in the

“

recent financial scandals.

”

Clearly, these latter

issues

must

have

involved

wrongdoing.

Looking

at

the

second

blank,

only

transactions

designed

to

“

cloak

< br>”

corporate

malfeasance

would

qualify:

both

ameliorating

and

illuminating

malfeasance

are

positive

actions.

For

the

first

blank, only

“

sham

”

fits;

“

unpremeditated

”

or

“

justifi able

”

transactions could not

be designed to cloak malfeasance.

Thus, the correct answer is sham (Choice A) and cloak (Choice D).

6. The passage conveys the sense that artists are like everyone else in that they

have

“

routines that govern their work

”

. This view is contrasted with a myth that

artists

are

“

somehow

different.

”

In

the

first

blank,

only

“

habit

”

is

something

whose

rejection

presents

a

contrast

with

being

governed

by

work

routines.

Rejecting

“

latitu de

”

might

well

match

being

governed

by

work

routines,

and

though

“

materiali sm

”

is sometimes rejected by artists, it is not relevant to having

work routines. The second blank describes how artists

“

work as the rest of us do

”

;

only

“

ploddingly< /p>

”

is consistent with the emphasis on routines and

“

day by day

”

work.

Thus, the correct answer is habit (Choice B) and ploddingly (Choice E).

question is best answered by first completing the third blank.

The

third

sentence

sets

up

a

comparison

between

repressing

memories

and

forgetting

them.

The

word

“

for

”

indicates

that

the

last

part

of

the

sentence

–

“

repressed

memories

are

prone

to

come

back

”

–

presents

the

basis

of

that

comparison.

Choice

G,

“

permanent,

”

is

the

only

choice

that

is

related

to

the

tendency to come back.

Working

backward,

the

sentence

begins

with

“

In

spite

of,

”

suggesting

that

the

correct

choice

for

the

second

blank

is

contrary

to

what

one

might

expect.

One

would

ordinarily

expect

that

something

entailing

effort

would

be

more

rather

that less permanent. Neither

“

cases

”

nor

“

conveys

”

sets up such an expectation.

Filling the second and third blank makes it possible to fill the first blank. Nothing

in

the

completed

text

suggests

that

true

forgetting

is

“

more

common

”

or

“

less

controlled

”

than the repression of painful memories, but it does suggest that true

forgetting

is

different

in

its

effect

–

it

is

more

permanent.

Thus,

Choice

B,

“

different in its effect,

”

is correct.

Thus, the

correct answer is

different

in its effect (Choice B), entails (Choice F),

and permanent (Choice G).

8. The word

“

Rather than

”

indicate that the other critics, unlike Winship, think of

the controversy as

“

fixed and structural.

”

Since both

“

dissolution

”

< br> and

“

melding

”

of

“

intransigent

opposing

forces

”

would

tend

to

lessen

the

controversy,

only

“

collision

”

(Choice C) fits the first blank. The second and third blanks appear in a

series

of

examples

of

such

opposing

forces;

only

“

orthodox

”

contrasts

with

“< /p>

radical

”

in the

second blank and only

“

”

contrasts with

“

s ecular

”

in the

third blank.

Thus, the correct answer is collision (Choice C), orthodox (Choice E), and clerical

(Choice G).

9.

As

the

description

above

indicates,

Choice C

is

the

best

answer:

the

passage

introduces

an

explanation,

presents

evidence

that

challenges

it,

and

offers

an

alternative

explanation.

The

passage

does

not

mention

the

creation

of

controversy or discuss flaws in research methodology; therefore, Choice A and B

are

incorrect. Although the

passage

reports

findings that different

groups used

different

adaptive

responses

to

environmental

conditions,

there

is

no

focus

on

the adaptations used by particular groups, so Choice D is incorrect. The passage

presents recent research findings but not in defense of a long-held interpretation;

therefore, Choice E is incorrect.

10.

The

archaeologists

mentioned

in

line

3

asserted

that

adverse

environmental

conditions caused southwestern populations to move or disappear. The question

asks which finding would support this assertion.

Choice A, B, and C all describe populations that did not move away or disappear

in

the

face

of

environmental

changes,

and

hence

are

all

incorrect.

Choice

D

is

incorrect because it does not mention a change in environmental conditions and

therefore

cannot

support

an

assertion

about

the

effects

of

changing

environmental

conditions.

Choice

E

is

the

best

answer:

it

mentions

an

adverse

environmental change (a long drought) that caused a population to leave the site

it

had

inhabited,

which

would

support

the

archaeologists

’

assertion

that

such

environmental changes caused such population changes.

11.

Choice

D

is

the

correct

answer:

the

second

paragraph

says

rainfall

variations

between local valleys cause different agricultural yields between adjacent fields

and gives this as an example of how climate is not uniform within the Southwest

but rather can very significantly from place to place. Choice A is incorrect: while

such variability might give rise to unpredictability, that is not how the difference

in agricultural yields is being used as evidence in the passage. Choice B and C are

incorrect:

the

passage

does

not

make

or

report

a

claim

about

feeding

large

populations,

nor

does

it

assert

that

central

Arizona

lacks

land

suitable

for

cultivation.

Choice

E

is

incorrect:

a

discussion

of

high-

and

low- frequency

processes

occurs

in

the

third

paragraph,

but

the

author

does

not

present

geographic

differences

in

rainfall

and

agricultural

yield

as

either

a

high-

or

a

low-frequency environmental process.

12.

The phrasing of the question indicates that all but one of the answer choices are

examples of a population responding to a high-frequency environmental process.

You

are

asked

to

choose

the

one

answer

choice

that

does

not

provide

such

an

example. Choices A, B, D, and E are incorrect because they all present responses

to

high-frequency

environmental

processes:

developing

water-storage

jars

to

adapt

to seasonal rainfall variation, adapting dwellings in response to seasonal

flooding,

trading

to

acquire

clothing

in

adaption

to

seasonal

temperature

variations, and moving grazing herds seasonally. Choice C is the best answer: the

passage mentions fluctuations in ground water levels as a low-frequency process