专业术语表

专业术语表

A-B-A

设计

A-B-A

design

Experimental

design

in

which

participants

first

experience

the

baseline

condition(A),then

experience

the

experimental

treatment(B),and

then

return to the baseline(A).

变态心理学

Abnormal

psychology

The

area

of

psychological

investigation

concerned

with

understanding the nature of individual patholoies of mind,mood,and behavior.

绝对阈限

Absolute threshold

The minimum amount of physical energy needed to produce a

reliable sensory experience; operationally defined as the stimulus level at which

a sensory signal is detected half the time.

顺应

Accommodation

process by

which the

ciliary

muscles change the thickness

of the lens of the eye to permit variable focusing on near and distant objects.

ing

to

Piaget,the

process

of

restructuring

or

modifying

cognitive

structures

so

that

new

information

can

fit

into

them

more

easily;this

process

works

in tandem with assimilation.

习得

Acquisition

The stage in a classical conditioning experiment during which the

conditional response is first elicited by the conditioned stimulus.

动作电位

Action potential

The

nerve

impulse

activated

in

neuron

that

travels

down

the

axon

and causes neurotransmitters to be released into a synapse.

急性应激

Acute stress

A transient state of arousal with typically clear onset and offset

patterns.

成瘾

Addiction

A condition in which the body requires a drug in order to function

without

phsysical

and

psychological

reactions

to

its

absence;

often

the

outcome

of

tolerance and dependence.

年龄歧视

Ageism

Prejudice against older people,similar to racism and sexism in its

negtive stereotypes.

攻击

Aggression

Behaviors

that

cause

psychological

or

physical

harm

to

another

individual.

广场恐怖症

Agoraphobia

An extreme fear of being in public places or open spaces from which

excape may be difficult or embarrassing.

艾滋病

AIDS

Acronym

for

acquired

immune

deficiency

syndrome,a

syndrome

caused

by

a

virus

that damages the immune system and weakens the body's ability to fight infection.

算法

Algorithm

A step-by-step procedure that always provides the right answer for

a particular type of problem.

全或无定律

All-or-none law

The rule that the size of the action potential is unaffected

by increases in the intensity of stimulation beyond the threshold level.

利他主义

Altruism

Prosocial behaviors a person carries out without considering his or

her own safety or interests.

阿尔茨海默病症

Alzheimer's disease

A chronic organic brain syndrome characterized by gradual

loss of memory,decline in intellectual ability,the deterioration of personality.

无轴突细胞

Amacrine

cells

Cells

that

integrate

information

across

the

retina;

rather

than

sending

signals

toward

the

brain,a

machrine

cells

link

bipolar

cells

to

other

bipolar

cells and ganglion cells to other ganglion cells.

模糊性

Ambiguity

A perceptual object that may have more than

遗忘症

Amnesia

A

failure

of

memory

caused

by

physical

injury,disease,drug

use,or

psycholotical trauma.

杏仁核

Amygdala

The part of limbic system that controls emotion,aggression,and the

information of emotional memory.

分析心理学

Analytic psychology

A branch of psychology that views the person as a

constellation of compensatory internal forces in a dynamic balance.

锚定启发法

Anchoring heuristic

An insufficient adjustment up or down from an original

starting value when judging the probable value of some event or outcome.

动物认知

Animal cognition

The cognitive capabilities of nonhuman animals; researchers

trace

the

development

of

cognitive

capabilies

across

species

and

the

continuity

of

capabilities from nonhuman to human animals.

厌食症进食障碍

Anorexia

nervosa An

eating

disorder

in

which

an

individual

weighs

less

than

85

percent of her or his expected weight but still controls eating because of a

self-perception of obesity.

应激预应付

Anticipatory coping

Efforts made in advance of a potentially stressful event

to

overcome,reduce,or

tolerate

the

imbalance

between

perceived

demands

and

aveailable resources.

焦虑

Anxiety

An

intense

emotional

response

caused

by

the

preconscious

recognition

that

a repressed conflct is about to emerge into consciousness.

焦虑障碍

Anxiety

disorders Mental

disorders

marked

by

physiological

arousal,feelings

of

tension,and intense apprehension without apparent reason.

似动

Apparent

motion A

movement

illusion

in

which

one

or

more

stationary

lights

going

on and off in succession are perceived as a single moving light; the simplest form

of apparent motion is the phi phenomenon.

原型

Archetype

Auniversal,inherited,primitive,and

symbolic

representation

of

a

particular experience or object.

同化

Assimilation According to Piaget,the process whereby new cognitive elements are

fitted in with old elements or modified to fit more easily; this process workds in

tandem with accommodation.

联合皮层

Association

cortex The

parts

of

the

cerebral

cortex

in

which

many

high-level

brain

processes occur.

依恋

Attachment Emotional relationship between a child and the

注意

Attention A state of focused awareness on a subset of the available perceptual

information.

态度

Attitude

The

learned,relatively

stable

tendency

to

respond

to

people,concepts,and events in a evaluative way.

归因理论

Attribution theory A social-cognitive approach to destributing the ways the

social perceiver uses information to generate causal explanations.

归因

Attributions Judgments about the causes of outcomes.

听众设计

Audience

design The

process

of

shaping

a

message

depending

on

the

audience

for

which

it is intended.

听皮层

Auditory cortex The area of the temporal lobes that receives and processes

auditory information.

听神经

Auditory

nerve The

nerve

that

carries

impulses

from

the

cochlea

to

the

cochlear

nucleus of the brain.

自动过程

Automatic processes Processes that do not require attention;they can often be

performed along with other tasks without interference.

自主神经系统

Autonomic nervous system(ANS) The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system

that controls the body's involuntary motor responses by connecting the sensory

receptors

to

the

central

nervous

system(CNS)

and

the

CNS

to

the

smooth

muscle,cardiac

muscle,and glands.

可用性启发法

Availability

heuristic A

judgment

based

on

the

information

readily

avialable

in

memory.

厌恶疗法

Aversion

therapy A

type

of

behavioral

therapy

used

to

treat

individuals

attracted

to

harmful

stimuli;an

attractive

stimulus

is

paired

with

noxious

stimulus

in

order

to elecit a negative reaction to the target stimulus.

轴突

Axon The

extended

fiber

of

a

neuron

through

which

nerve

impulses

travel

from

the

soma to the terminal buttons.

基础水平

Basic level The level of categorization that can be retrieved from memory most

quickly and used most efficiently.

基底膜

Basilar

membrane A

membrane

in

the

cochlea

that,when

set

into

motion,stimulates

hair cells that produce the neural effects of auditory stimulation.

行为

Behavior The action by which and organism adjusts to its environment.

行为分析

Bahavior analysis The area of psychology that focuses on the environmental

determinants of learning and behavior.

行为矫正

Behavior

modification The

systematic

use

of

principles

of

learning

to

increase

the

frequency

of

desired

behaviors

and/or

decrease

the

frequency

of

problem

behaviors.

行为治疗

Behavior therapy See behavior modification.

行为确认

Behavioral

confirmation The

process

by

which

people

behave

in

ways

that

elicit

from

others

specific

expected

reactions

and

then

use

those

reactions

to

confirm

their

beliefs.

行为数据

Behavioral data Observational reports about the behavior of organisms and the

conditions under which the behavior occurs or changes.

行为测量

Behavioral

measures

Overt

actions

and

reactions

that

are

observed

and

recorded,exclusive of self-reported behavior.

行为复现

Behavioral

rehearsal Procedures

used

to

establish

and

strengthen

basic

skills;

as

used

in

social-skills

training

programs,requires

the

client

to

rehearse

a

desirable behavior sequence mentally.

行为主义

Behaviorism

A

scientific

approach

that

limits

the

study

of

psychology

to

measurable or observable behavior.

行为主义观点

Behaviorist

perspective The

psychological

perspective

primarily

concerned

with

observable

behavior

that

can

be

objectively

recorded

and

with

the

relationshops

of

observable behavior to environmental stimuli.

信念偏差效应

Belief-bias

effect

A

situation

that

occurs

when

a

person's

prior

knowledge,attitudes,or

values

disort

the

reasoning

process

by

influencing

the

person to accept invalid arguments.

被试间设计

Between-subjects

design

A

research

design

in

which

different

groups

of

participants

are

randomly

assigned

to

experimental

conditions

or

to

control

conditions.

生物反馈

Biofeedback A self-regulatory technique by which an individual acquires

voluntary control over nonconscious biological processes.

学习的生物制约性

Biological constraints

on learning Any limitations on an organism's capacity

to

learn

that

are

caused

by

the

inherited

sensory,response,or

cognitive

capabilities

of members of a given species.

生物学观点

Biological perspective The approach to identifying causes of behavior that

focuses

on

the

functioning

of

the

genes,the

brain,the

nervous

system,and

the

endocrine system.

生物医学治疗

Biomedical

therapies Treatments

for

psychological

disorders

that

alter

brain

functioning

with

chemical

or

physical

interventions

such

as

drug

therapy,surgery,or

electro- convulsive therapy.

生物心理社会模式

Biopsychosocial model A model of health and illness that suggests that links

among

the

nervous

system,the

immune

system,behavioral

styles,cognitive

processing,and environmental factors can put people at risk for illness.

双极细胞

Bipolar

cells Nerve

cells

in

the

visual

system

that

combine

impulses

from

many

receptors and transmit the results to ganglion cells.

双相障碍

Bipolar

disorder

A

mood

disorder

characterized

by

alternating

periods

of

depression and mania.

阻断

Blocking A phenomenon in which and organism does not learn a new stimulus that

signals

an

unconditioned

stimulus,because

the

new

stimulus

in

presented

stimulaneously with a stimulus that is already effective as a signal.

躯体形象

Body image The subjective experience of the appearance of one's body.

自上而下的加工

Bottom-up

processing Perceptual

analyses

based

on

the

sensory

data

available

in

the

environment;results

of

analyses

are

passed

upward

toward

more

abstract

representations.

脑干

Brain

stem The

brain

structure

that

regulates

the

body's

basic

life

processes.

明度

Brightness The dimension of color space that captures the intensity of light.

布洛卡区

Broca's

area The

region

of

the

brain

that

translates

thoughts

into

speech

or

sign.

暴食性进食障碍

Bulimia nervosa An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by

measures to purge the body of the excess calories.

旁观者介入

Bystander intervention Willingness to assist a person in need of help.

坎农—巴德情绪理论

Cannon- Bard theory of emotion A theory stating that an

produces two co-occurring reactions- arousal

cause each other.

个案研究

Case study Intensive observation of a particular individual or small group of

individuals.

宣泄

Catharsis

The

process

of

expressing

strongly

felt

but

usually

repressed

emotions.

中枢神经系统

Central nervous system(CNS) The part of the nervous system consisting of the

brain and spinal cord.

中心化

Centration A thought pattern common during the beginning of the preoperational

stage

of

cognitive

development;characterized

by

the

child's

inability

to

take

more

than one perceptual factor into account at the same time.

小脑

Cerebellum The

region

of

the

brain

attached

to

the

brain

stem

that

controls

motor

coordination,posture,and balance as well as the ability to learn control of body

movements.

大脑皮层

Cerebral contex The outer surface of the cerebrum.

大脑两半球

Cerebral hemispheres The two halves of the cerebrum,connected by the corpus

callosum.

大脑

Cerebrum The

region

of

the

brain

that

regulates

higher

cognitive

and

emotional

functions.

儿童指向语言

Child-directed

speech

A

special

form

of

speech

with

an

exaggerated

and

high-pitched intonation that adults use to speak to infants and young children.

慢性应激

Chronic stress A continuous state of arousal in which an individual perceives

demands as greater than the inner and outer resources available for dealing with

them.

生理年龄

Chronological age The number of months or years since an individual's birth.

组块

Chunking The process of taking single items of information and recording them

on the basis of similarity or some other organizing principle.

生物节律

Circadian rhythm A consistent pattern of cyclical body activities,usually

lasing 25 to 25 hours and determined by an internal biological clock.

经典条件作用

Classical

conditioning

A

type

of learning

in

which

a

behavior

(conditioned

response)

comes

to

be

elicited

by

a

stimulus

(conditioned

stimulus)that

has

acquired

its

power

through

an

association

with

a

biologically

significant

stimulus

(unconditioned stimulus).

来访者

Client The

term

used

by

clinicians

who

think

of

psychological

disorders

as

problems

in living,and not as mental illnesses,to describe those being treated.

来访者中心疗法

Client- centered

therapy A humanistic approach to treatment that emphasizes

the

healthy psychological growth of the individual;based on the assumption that all

people share the basic tendency of human nature toward self- actualization.

临床生态学

Clinical ecology A field of psychology that relates disorders such as anxiety

and depression to environmental irritants and sources of trauma.

临床心理学家

Clinical

psychologist An

individual

who

has

earned

a

doctorate

in

psychology

and

whose training is in the assessment and treatment of psychological problems.

临床社会工作者

Clinical social worker A mental health professional

whose specialized training

prepares him or her to consider the social context of people's problems.

封闭性

Closure A

perceptual

organizing

process

that

leads

individuals

to

see

incomplete

figures as complete.

耳蜗

Cochlea The primary organ of hearing;a fluid-filled coiled tube located in the

inner ear.

认知

Cognition

Processes

of

knowing,including

attending,remembering,and

reasoning;also the content of the processes,such as concepts and memories.

认知评价

Cognitive

appraisal

With

respect

to

emotions,the

process

through

which

physiological

arousal

is

interpreted

with

respect

to

circumstances

in

the

particular

setting in which it is being experienced;also,the recognition and evaluation of a

stressor to assess the demand,the size of the threat,the resources available for

dealing with it,and appropriate coping strategies.

情绪的认知评价理论

Cognitive appraisal theory of emotion A theory stating that the experience of

emotion

is

the

joint

effect

of

physiological

arousal

and

cognitive

appraisal,which

serves to determine how an ambiguous inner state of arousal will be labeled.

认知行为矫正法

Cognitive

behavior

modification

A

therapeutic

approach

that

combines

the

cognitive emphasis on the role of thoughts and attitudes influencing motivations

and

response

with

the

behavioral

emphasis

on

changing

performance

through

modification of reinforcement contingencies.

认知发展

Cognitive

development

The

development

of

processes

of

knowing,including

imagining,perceiving,reasoning,and problem solving.

认知失调

Cognitive

dissonance The

theory

that

the

tension- producing

effects

of

incongrous

cognitives motivate individuals to reduce such tension.

认知地图

Cognitive map A mental repressentation of physical space.

认知观点

Cognitive perspective The perspective on psychology that stresses

human thought

and

the

processes

of

knowing,such

as

attending

,

thinking,

remembering

,expecting

,

solving problems,fantasizing,and consciousness.

认知过程

Cognitive

processes

Higher

mental

processes,such

as

perception ,memory,language,problem solving,and abstract thinking.

认知心理学

Cognitive

psychology

The

study

of

higher

emental

processes

such

as

attention,language use,memory,perception,problem solving,and thinking.

认知科学

Cognitive science A type of psychotherapeutic treatment that attempts to change

feelings and behaviors by changing the way a client thinks about or perceives

significant life experiences.

集体无意识

Collective

unconscious

The

part

of

an

individual's

unconscious

that

is

inherited,evolotionarily developed,and common to all members of the species.

共病

Comorbidity The experience of more than one disorder at the same time.

互补色

Complementary

colors

Colors

opposite

each

other

on

the

color

circle;when

additively mixed,they create the sensation of white light.

依从

Compliance A change in behavior consistent with a communication source's direct

requests.

概念

Concepts Mental representations of kinds of categories of items or ideas.

条件性强化物

Conditioned reinforcers In classical conditional,formerly neutral stimuli that

have become reinforcers.

条件反应

Conditioned response(CR) In classical conditioning,a response elicited by some

previously

neutral

stimulus

that

occurs

as

a

result

of

pairing

the

neutral

stimulus

with an unconditioned stimulus.

条件刺激

Conditioned

stimulus

(CS)

In

classical

conditioning,a

previously

neutral

stimulus that comes that comes to elicit a conditioned response.

锥体细胞

Cones Photoreceptors

concentrated

in

the

center

of

the

retina

that

are

responsible

for visual experience under normal viewing conditions and for all experiences of

color.

从众

Conformity The tendency for people to adopt the behaviors,attitudes,and values

of other members of reference group.

混淆变量

Confounding

variable

A

stimulus

other

than

the

variable

an

experimenter

explicitly

introduces

into

a

research

setting

that

affects

a

participant's

behavior.

意识

Consciousness A state of awareness of internal events and of the external

environment.

共识效度

Consensual validation The mutual affirmation of conscious views of reality.

守恒

Conservation According to Piaget,the understanding that psysical properties do

not

change

when

nothing

is

added

or

taken

away,even

though

appearances

may

change.

一致性矛盾

Consistency paradox The observation that personality retings across time and

among different observers are

consistent,while

behavior retings across

situations

are not consistent.

接触性安慰

Contact

comfort Comfort

derived

from

an

infant's

physical

contact

with

the

mother

or caregiver.

接触假设

Contact

hypothesis The

idea

that

direct

contact

between

hostile

groups

alone

will

reduce prejudice.

发现的背景

Context

of

discovery

The

initial

phase

of

research,in

which

observations,beliefs,information,and general knowledge lead to a new idea or a

different way of thinking about some phenomenon.

验证的背景

Context

of

justification The

research

phase

in

which

evidence

is

brought

to

bear

on hypothese.

背景区辩性

Contextual

distinctiveness The

assumption

that

the

serial

position

effect

can

be

altered by the context and the distinctiveness of the experience being recalled.

意外事件管理

Contingency

management A

general

treatment

strategy

involving

changing

behavior

by modifying its consequences.

控制程序

Control

procedures

Consistent

procedures

for

giving

instructions,scoring

responses,and

holding

all

other

variables

constant

except

those

being

systematically varied.

控制过程

Controlled processes Processes that require attention;it is often difficult to

carry out more than one controlled process at a time.

视轴辐合

Convergence The degree to which the eyes turn inward to fixate on an object.

应对

Coping The

process

of

dealing

with

internal

or

external

demands

that

are

perceived

to be threatening or overwhelming.

胼胝体

Corpus callosum The mass of nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the

cerebrum.

相关系数

Correlation

coefficient

(r) A

statistic

that

indicates

the

degree

of

relationshop

between two variables.

相关法

Correlational methods Research methodologies that determine to what extent two

variables,traits,or attrbutes are related.

咨询心理学家

Counseling psychologist Psychologist who specializes in providing guidance in

areas

such

as

vocational

selection,school

problems,drug

abuse,and

matrial

conflict.

反条件作用

Counterconditioning A

technique

used

in

therapy

to

substitute

a

new

response

for

a maladaptive one by means of conditioning procedures.

反移情

Countertransference Circumstances in which a psychoanalyst develops personal

feelings

about

a

client

because

of

perceived

similarity

of

the

client

to

significant

people in the therapist's life.

协变原理

Covariation principle A theory that suggests that people attribute a behavior

to

a

causal

factor

if

that

factor

was

present

whenever

the

behavior

occured

but

was

absent whenever it did not occur.

创造力

Creativity The ability to generate ideas or products that are both novel and

appropriate to the circumstances.

效标效度

Criterion

validity The

degree

to

which

test

scores

indicate

a

result

on

a

specific

measure that is consistent with some other criterion of the characteristic being

assessed;alson known as predictive validity.

横断设计

Cross-sectional design A research method in which groups of participants of

different chronological ages are observed and compared at a given time.

晶态智力

Crystallized intelligence The facet of intelligence involving the knowledge a

person has already acquired and the ability to access that knowledge;measures by

vocabulary,arithmetic,and general information tests.

文化观点

Cultural

perspective

The

psychological

perspective

that

focuses

on

cross-cultural differences in the causes and consequences of behavior.

肤觉

Cutaneous

senses The

skin

senses

that

register

sensations

of

pressure

,

warmth

,

and cold.

暗适应

Dark

adaptation The

gradual

improvement

of

the

eyes'

sensitivity

after

a

shift

in illumination from light to near darkness.

约会强暴

Date

rape Unwanted sexual

violation

by

a

social

acquaintance

in

the

context

of

a consensual dating situation.

日间嗜睡

Daytime sleepiness The experience of excessive sleepiness during daytime

activities;the major complaint of patients evaluated at sleep disorder centers.

事后解说

Debriefing A procedure conducted at the end of an experiment in which the

researcher provides the participant with as much information about the study as

possible

and

makes

sure

that

no

participant

leaves

feeling

confused,upset,or

embarrassed.

决策规避

Decision

aversion

The

tendency

to

avoid

decision

making;the

tougher

the

decision,the greater the likelihood of decision aversion.

决策

Decision

making

The

process

of

choosing

between

alternatives;selecting

or

rejecting available options.

陈述性记忆

Declarative memory Memory for information such as facts and events.

演绎推理

Deductive reasoning A form of thinking in which one draws a conclusion that is

intended to follow locically from two or more statements or premises.

妄想

Delusions False or irrations beliefs maintained despite clear evidence to the

contrary.

命令特性

Demand characteristics Cues in an experimental setting that influence the

participants'

perception

of

what

is

expected

of

them

and

that

systematically

influence their behavior within that setting.

树突

Dendrites The branched fibers of neurons that receive incoming signals.

因变量

Dependent

variable In

an

experimental

setting

,any

variable

whose

values

are

the

results of changes in one or more independent variables.

描述统计

Descriptive statistics Statistical procedures that are used to summarize sets

of scores with respect to central tendencies,variability,and correlations.

决定论

Determinism The doctrine that all events-- physical,behavioral,and mental--are

determined by specific causal factors that are potentially knowable.

发展年龄

Developmental

age The

chronological

age

at

which

most

chilren

show

a

particular

level of physical or mental development.

发展心理学

Developmental psychology The branch of psychology concerned with interaction

between

physical

and

psychological

processes

and

with

stages

of

growth

from

conception throughout the entire life span.

素质—应激假设

Diathesis-stress

hypothesis

A

hypothesis

about

the

cause

of

certain

disorders,such as schizophrenia,that suggests that genetic factors predispose an

individual

to

a

certain

disorder,but

that

environmental

stress

factors

must

impinge

in order for the potential risk to manifest itself.

双耳分析

Dichotic

listening

An

experimental

technique

in

which

a

different

auditory

stimulus is simulaneously presented to each ear.

差别阈限

Difference threshold The smallest physical difference between two stimuli that

can

still

be

recognized

as

a

difference;operationally

defined

as

the

point

at

which

the stimuli are recognized as different half of the time.

责任分散

Diffusion of responsibility In emergency situations,the larger the number of

bystanders,the less responsibility any one bystander feels to help.

辨别性刺激

Discriminative

stimuli

Stimuli

that

act

as

predictors

of

reinforcement,signaling

when

particular

behaviors

will

result

in

positive

reinforcement.

秉性变量

Dispositional

variables

The

organismic

variables,or

inner

determinants

of

behavior,that occur within human and nonhuman animals.

分离性失记

Dissociative

amnesia

The

inability

to

remember

important

personal

experiences,caused

by

psycological

factors

in

the

absence

of

any

organic

dysfunction.

分离性障碍

Dissociative disorder A personality disorder marked by a disturbance in the

integration of identity,memory,or consciousness.

分离性身份识别障碍

Dissociative identity disorder(DID) A dissociative mental disorder in which two

or more distinct personalities exist within the same individual;formerly known as

multiple personality disorder.

远距刺激

Distal

stimulus In

the

processes

of

perception,the

physical

object

in

the

world,as

contrasted with the proximal stimulus,the optional image on the retina.

发散思维

Divergent

thinking An

aspect

of

creativity

characterized

by

an

ability

to

produce

unusual but appropriate responses to problems.

DNA

（脱氧核糖核酸）

DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) The physical basis for the transmission of genetic

information.

双盲控制

Double-blind control An

experimental

technique

in

which

biased

expectations

of

experimenters

are

eliminated

by

keeping

both

participants

and

experimental

assistants unaware of which participants have received which treatment.

梦的解析

Dream analysis The psychoanalytic interpretation of dreams used to gain insight

into a person's unconscious motives or conflicts.

梦程

Dream work In Freudian dream analysis,the process by which the internal censor

transforms the latent content of a dream into manifest content.

驱力

Drives Internal

states

that

arise

in

response

to

a

disequilibrium

in

an

animal's

physiological needs.

精神疾病诊断与统计手册第四册

DSM-IV-TR

The

current

diagnostic

and

statistical

manual

of

the

American

Psychinatric Association that classifies,defines,and describes mental disorders.

回声记忆

Echoic memory Sensory memory that allows auditory information to be stored for

brief durations.

自我

Ego The aspect of personality involved in self- preservation activities and in

directing instinctual drives and urges into appropriate channels.

自我防御机制

Ego defense mechanisms Mental strategies(conscious or unconscious)used by the

ego to defend itself against conflicts experienced in the normal course of life.

自我中心

Egocentrism In cognitive development,the inability of a young child at the

preoperational stage to take the perspective of another person.

精细可能性模型

Elaboration likelihood model A theory of persuasion that defines how likely it

is

that

people

will

focus

their

cognitive

processes

to

elaborate

upon

a

message

and

therefore follow the central and peripheral routes to persuasion.

精细复述

Elaborative

rehearsal A

technique

for

improving

memory

by

enriching

the

encoding

of information.

电休克疗法

Electroconvulsive

therapy(ECT)

The

use

of

electroconvulsive

shock

as

an

effective treatment for severe depression.

脑电图

Electroencephalogram(EEG) A

recording

of

the

electrical

activity

of

the

brain.

情绪

Emotion

A

complex

pattern

of

changes,including

physiological

arousal,feelings,cognitive

processes,and

behavioral

reactions,made

in

response

to

a situation perceived to be personally significant.

情绪智力

Emotional

intelligence

Type

of

intelligence

defined

as

the

abilities

to

perceive,appraise,and

express

emotions

accurately

and

appropriately,to

use

emotions

to

facilitate

thinking,to

understand

and

analyze

emotions,to

use

emotional

knowledge

effectively,and

to

regulate

one's

emotions

to

promote

both

emotional

and

intellectual growth.

编码

Encoding The process by which a mental representation is formed in memory.

编码特异性

Encoding specificity The principle

that subsequent retrieval of information

is

enhanced if cues received at the time of recall are consistent with those present

at the time of encoding.

内分泌系统

Endocrine

system The

network

of

glands

that

manufacture

and

secrete

hormones

into

the bloodstream.

记忆痕迹

Engram The physical memory trace for information in the brain.

环境变量

Environmental variables External influences on behavior.

情节记忆

Episodic

memories

Long-term

memories

for

autobiographical

events

and

the

contexts in which they occurred.

情商

EQ The emotional intelligence counterpart of IQ.

公平理论

Equity theory A cognitive theory of work motivation that proposes that workers

are motivated to maintain fair and equitable relationshops with other relevant

persons;also,a

model

that

postulates

that

equitble

relationships

are

those

in

which

the participants' outcomes are proportional to their inputs.

性感区（或性欲发生区）

Erogenous zones Areas of the skin surface that are especially sensitive to

stimulation and that give rise to erotic or sexual sensations.

雌性激素

Estrogen The female sex hormone,produced by the ovaries,that is responsible for

the

release

of

eggs

from

the

ovaries

as

well

as

for

the

development

and

maintenance

of female reproductive structures and secondary sex characteristics.

病原学

Etiology The cause of ,or factors related to ,the development of a disorder.

进化论观点

Evolutionary

perspective

The

approach

to

psychology

that

stresses

the

importance

of

behavioral

and

mental

adpativeness,based

on

the

assumption

that

mental

capabilities evolved over million of years to serve particular adaptive purposes.

兴奋性输入

Excitatory inputs Information entering a neuron that signals it to fire.

期望效应

Expectancy effects Results that occur when a reseacher or observer subtly

communicates

to

participants

the

kind

of

behavior

he

or

she

expects

to

find,thereby

crating that expected reaction.

期望理论

Expectancy theory A cognitive theory of work motivation that proposes that

workers

are

motivated

when

they

expect

their

efforts

and

job

performance

to

result

in desired outcomes.

经验抽样法

Experience- sampling method An experimental method that assists researchers in

describing the typical contents of consciousness;participants are asked to record

what they are feeling and thinking whenever signaled to do so.

实验法

Experimental methods Research methodologies that involve the manipulation of

independent

variables

in

order

to

determine

their

effects

on

the

dependent

variables.

记忆的外显作用

Explicit

uses

of

memory Conscious

efforts

to

recover

in

formation

through

memory

processes.

消退

Extinction In conditioning,the weakening of a conditioned association in the

absence of a reinforcer or unconditioned stimulus.

表面效度

Face validity The degree to which test items appear to be directly related

to attribute the researcher wishes to measure.

恐惧

Fear A rational reaction to an objectively identified external danger that may

induce a person to flee or attach in self-denfense.

战斗或逃跑反应

Fight-or- fight response A sequence of internal activities triggered when an

organism is faced with a threat;prepares the body for combat and struggle or for

running

away

to

safety;recent

evidence

suggests

that

the

response

is

characteristic

only of males.

图形

Figure Objectlike regions of the visual field that are distinguished from

background.

五因素模型

Five-factor

model A

comprehensive

descriptive

personality

system

that

maps

out

the

relationships

among

common

traits,theoretical

concepts,and

personality

scales;informally called the Big Five.

固着

Fixation A state in which a person remains attached to objects or activities

more appropriate for an earlier stage of psychosexual development.

固定—间隔程序表

Fixed- interval schedule A schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is

delievered for the first response made after a fixed period of time.

固定—比率程序表

Fixed-ratio schedule A schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is

deliered for the first response made after a fixed number of responses.

满灌疗法

Flooding

A

therapy

for

phobias

in

which

clients

are

exposed,with

their

permission,to the stimuli most frightening to them.

液态智力

Fluid intelligence The aspect of intelligence that involve the ability to see

complex relationships and solve problems.

正式测量

Formal

assessment The

systematic

procedures

and

measurement

instruments

used

by

trained

professionals

to

assess

an

individual's

functioning

,

aptitudes ,abilities,or mental states.

基础理论

Foundational

theories

Frameworks

for

initial

understanding

formulated

by

children to explain their experiences of the world.

中央凹

Fovea Area

of

the

retina

that

contains

densely

packed

cones

and

forms

the

point

of shapest vision.

框架

Frame A particular description of a choice;the perspective from which a choice

is

described

or

framed

affects

how

a

decision

is

made

and

which

option

is

ultimately

exercised.

自由联想

Free association The therapeutic method in which a patient gives a running

account of thoughts,wishes,physical sensations,and mental images as they occur.

频次分布

Frequency

distribution A

summary

of

how

frequently

each

score

appears

in

a

set

of observations.

频率说

Frequency theory The theory that a tone produces a rate of vibration in the

basilar membrane equal to its frequency,with

the result

that

pitch can

be coded

by

the frequency of the neural response.

额叶

Frontal

lobe Region

of

the

brain

located

above

the

lateral

fissure

and

in

front

of the central sulcus;involved in motor control and cognitive response.

挫折—攻击假设

Frustration-aggression

hypothesis

According

to

this

hypothesis,frustration

occurs

in

situations

in

which

people

are

prevented

or

blocked

from

attaining

their

goals;a rise in frustration then leads to a greater probability of aggression.

功能固着

Functional

fixedness An

inability

to

perceive

a

new

use

for

an

object

previously

associated

with

some

other

purpose;adversely

affects

problem

solving

and

creativity.

功能性磁共振成像

Functional

MRI

(fMRI) A

brain

imaging

technique

that

combines

benefits

of

both

MRI and PET scans by detecting magnetic changes in the flow of blood to cells in

the brain.

机能主义

Functionalism

The

perspective

on

mind

and

behavior

that

focuses

on

the

examination

of

their

functions

in

an

organism's

interactions

with

the

environment.

基本归因错误

Fundamental

attribution

error

(FAE)

The

dual

tendency

of

observers

to

underestimate the impact of situational factors and to overestimate the influence

of dispositional factors on a person's behavior.

一般智力因素

G According to Spearman,the factor of general intelligence underlying all

intelligent performance.

神经节细胞

Ganglion cells Cells in the visual system that integrate impulses from many

bipolar cells in a single firing rate.

门控理论

Gate-control theory A theory about pain modulation that proposes that certain

cells

in

the

spinal

cord

act

as

gates

to

interrupt

and

block

some

pain

signals

while

sending others on to the brain.

性别

Gender A

psychological

phenomenon

that

refers

to

learned

sex-related

behaviors

and attitudes of males and females.

性别认同

Gender

identify

One's

sense

of

maleness

or

femaleness;usually

includes

awareness and acceptance of one's biological sex.

性别角色

Gender roles Sets of behaviors and attitudes associated by society with being

male or female and expressed publicly by the individual.

一般适应综合症

General

adaption

syndrome(GAS)

The

pattern

of

nonspecific

adaptional

physiological

mechanisms

that

occurs

in

response

to

continuing

threat

by

almost

any

serious streesor.

广泛性焦虑症

Generalized anxiety disorder An anxiety disorder in which an individual feels

anxious and worried most of the time for at least six months when not threatened

by any specific danger or object.

再生力

Generativity

A

commitment

beyond

one's

self

and

one's

partner

to

family,work,society,and

future

generations;typically,a

crucial

step

in

development

in one's 30s and 40s.

基因

Genes

The

biological

units

of

heredity;discrete

sections

of

chromosomes

responsible for transmission of traits.

遗传学

Genetics The study of the inheritance of physical and psychological traits from

ancestors.

种族灭绝

Genocide The systematic destruction of one group of people,often an ethnic or

racial group,by another.

基因型

Genotype The genetic structure an organism inherits from its parents.

格式塔心理学

Gestalt psychology A school of psychology that maintains that psychological

phenomena

can

be

understood

only

when

viewed

as

organized,structured

wholes,not

when

broken down nto primitive perceptual elements.

格式塔治疗

Gestalt therapy Therapy that focuses on ways to unite mind and body to make a

person whole.

胶质

Glia

The

cells

that

hold

neurons

together

and

facilitate

neural

transmission,remove damaged and dead neurons,and prevent poisonous substances in

the blood from reaching and brain.

目的指向选择

Goal- directed

selection A

determinant

of

why

people

select

some

parts

of

sensory

input for further processing;it reflects the choices made as a function of one's

own goals.

背景

Ground The

backdrop

or

background

areas

of

the

visual

field,against

which

figures

stand out.

群体动力学

Group dynamics The study of how group processes change individual functioning.

群体极化

Group polarization The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more

extreme than the decisions that would be made by the members acting alone.

群体盲思

Groupthink The tendency of a decision-making group to filter out undesirable

input

so

that

a

consensus

may

be

reached,especially

if

it

is

in

line

with

the

leader's

viewpoint.

指向性搜索

Guided search In visual perception,a parallel search of the environment for

single,basic attributes that guides attention to likely locations of objects with

more complex combinations of attributes.

幻觉

Hallucinations False perceptions that occur in the absence of objective

stimulation.

健康

Health A general condition of soundness and vigor of body and mind;not simply

the absence of illness or injury.

健康促进

Health promotion The development and implementation of general strategies and

specific tactics to eliminate or reduce the risk that people will become ill.

健康心理学

Health psychology The field of psychology devoted to understanding the ways

people

stay

healthy,the

reasons

they

become

ill,and

the

ways

they

respond

when

they

become ill.

遗传

Heredity The biological transmission of traits from parents to offspring.

遗传性评价

Heritability estimate A statistical estimate of the degree of inheritance of a

given trait or behavior,assessed by the degree of similarity between individuals

who vary in their extent of genetic similarity.

启发法

Heuristics Cognitive

strategies,or

of

thumb,

used

as

shortcuts

in solving a complex inferential task.

需要层次

Hierarchy

of

needs Maslow's

view

that

basic

human

motives

form

a

hierachy

and

that

the

needs

at

each

level

of

the

hierarchy

must

be

satisfied

before

the

next

level

can be achieved;these needs progress from basic biological needs to the need for

transcendence.

海马

Hippocampus The part of the limbic system that is involved in the acquisition

of explicit memory.

人类免疫缺陷病毒

HIV Human immunodeficiency virus,a virus that attacks white blood cells(T

lymphocytes)

in

human

blood,thereby

weakening

the

functioning

of

the

immune

system;HIV causes AIDS.

内静态

Homeostasis Constancy or quilibrium of the internal conditions of the body.

水平细胞

Horizontal

cells The

cells

that

integrate

information

across

the

retina;rather

than sending signals toward the brain,horizontal cells connect receptors to each

other.

激素

Hormones The chemical messengers,manufactured and secreted by the endocrine

glands,that

egulate

metabolism

and

influence

body

growth,mood,and

sexual

characteristics.

圆满

Hozho A

Navajo

concept

referring

to

harmony,peace

of

mind,goodness,ideal

family

relationships,beauty in arts and crafts,and health of body and spirit.

色调

Hue The

dimension

of

color

space

that

captures

the

qualitative

experience

of

the

color of a light.

人类行为遗传学

Human behavior

genetics The

area

of

study

that

evaluates

the

genetic

component

of individual differences in behaviors and traits.

人类潜能运动

Human- potential

movement

The

therapy

movement

that

encompasses

all

those

practices and mothods that release the potential of the average human being for

greater levels of performance and greater richness of experience.

人本主义的观点

Humanistic perspective A psychological model that emphasizes an individual's

phenomenal world and inherent capacity for making rational choices and developing

to maximum potential.

催眠

Hypnosis An altered state of awareness characterized by deep relaxation,

suspectibility

to

suggestions,and

changes

in

perception,memory,motivation,and

self-control.

可催眠性

Hypnotizability The

degree

to

which

an

individual

is

responsive

to

standardized

hypnotic suggestion.

下丘脑

Hypothalamus The brain structure that regulates motivated behavior (such as

eating and drinking ) and homeostasis.

假设

Hypothesis A tentative and testable explanation of the relationship between

two(or

more)

events

or

variables;often

stated

as

a

prediction

that

a

certain

outcome

will result from specific conditions.

映像记忆

Iconic memory Sensory memory in the visual domain;allows large amounts of

information to be stored for very brief durations.

本我

Id The

primitive,unconscious

part

of

the

personality

that

operates

irrationally

and acts on impulse to pursue pleasure.

识别与再认

Identification and recognition Two ways of attaching meaning to percepts.

错觉

Illusion An experience of a stimulus pattern in a manner that is demonstrably

incorrect but shared by others in the same perceptual environment.

错觉轮廓

Illusory

contours Contours

perceived

in

a

figure

when

no

contours

are

physically

present.

记忆的内隐作用

Implicit uses of memory Availability of information through memory processes

without the exertion of any conscious effort to encode or recover information.

内爆疗法

Implosion therapy A

behavioral

therapeutic

technique

that

exposes

a

client

to

anxiety-provoking stimuli,through his or her own imagination,in an attempt to

extinguish the anxiety associated with the stimuli.

印刻

Imprinting A

primitive

from

of

learning

in

which

some

infant

animals

physically

follow and form an attachment to the first moving object they see and/or hear.

冲动性攻击

Impulsive

aggression

Emotion-driven

aggression

produced

in

reaction

to

situations in the

诱因

Incentives External stimuli or rewards that motivate behavior although they do

not relate directly to biological needs.

对于自我作独立的解释

Independent

construals

of

self Conceptualization

of

the

self

as

an

indivual

whose

behavior is organized primarily by reference to one's own thoughts,feelings,and

actions,rather than by reference to the thoughts,feelings,and actions of others.

自变量

Independent variable In experimental settings,the stimulus condition whose

values are free to vary independently of any otehr variable in the situation.

诱导运动

Induced

motion An

illusion

in

which

a

stationary

point

of

light

within

a

moving

reference

frame

is

seen

as

moving

and

the

reference

frame

is

perceived

as

stationary.

归纳推理

Inductive

reasoning A

form

of

reasoning

in

which

a

conclusion

is

made

about

the

probability of some state of affairs,based on the available evidence and past

experience.

推论

Inferences Missing information filled in on the basis of a sample of evidence

or on the basis of prior beliefs and theories.

推论统计

Inferential

statistics

Statistical

procedures

that

allow

researchers

to

determine

whether

the

results

they

obtain

support

their

hypotheses

or

can

be

attributed just to chance variation.

信息性影响

Informational influence Group effects that arise from individuals' desire to

be correct and right and to understand how best to act in a given situation.

群体内偏见

In-group bias An evaluation of one's own group as better than others.

内团体

In-groups The groups with which people identify as members.

抑制性传入

Inhibitory inputs Information entering a neuron signaling it not fo fire.

精神失常

Insanity The legal(not clinical) designation for the state of an individual

judged to be legally irresponsible or incompetent.

顿悟疗法

Insight therapy A technique by which the therapist guides a patient toward

discovering insights between present symptoms and past origins.

失眠症

Insomnia The chronic inability to sleep normally;sympotoms include difficulty

in falling asleep,frequent waking,inability to return to sleep,and early- morning

awakening.

本能

Instincts Preprogrammed

tendencies

that are

essential to a species's survival.

本能漂移

Instinctual

drift The

tendency

for

learned

behavior

to

drift

toward

instinctual

behavior over time.

工具性攻击

Instrumental

aggression Cognition-based

and

goal- directed

aggression

carried

out with premeditated thought,to achieve specific aims.

智力

Intelligence The global capacity to profit from experience and to go beyond

given information about the environment.

智商

Intelligence

quotient(IQ)

An

index

derived

from

standardized

tests

of

intelligence;origianlly

obtained

by

dividing

an

individual's

mental

age

by

chronological age and then multiplying by 100;now directly computed as an IQ test

score.

对于自我作互相依赖的解释

Interdependent construals of self Conceptualization of the self as part of an

encompassing

social

relationship;recognizing

that

one's

behavior

is

determined,contingent

on,and,to

a

large

extent

organized

by

what

the

actor

perceives

to be the thoughts,feelings,and actions of others.

干扰

Interference A memory phenomenon that occurs when retrieval cues do not point

effectively to one specific memory.

内部一致性

Internal

consistency A

measure

of

reliability;the

degree

to

which

a

test

yields

similar scores across its different parts,such as on odd versus even items.

内化

Internalization According

to

Vygotsky,the

process

through

which

children

absorb

knowledge from the social context.

中间神经元

Interneurons Brain neurons that relay messages from sensory neurons to other

interneurons or to motor neurons.

亲密

Intimacy The capacity to make a full commitment-sexual,emotional,and moral-to

another person.

离子通道

Ion channels The portions of neuron's cell membranes that selectively permit

certain ions to flow in and out.

詹姆斯—兰格情绪理论

James- Lange

theory

of emotion A

peripheral-feedback theory of emotion stating

that an eliciting stimulus triggers a behavioral response that sends different

sensory

and

motor

feedback

to

the

brain

and

create

the

feeling

of

a

specific

emotion.

拼图教室

Jigsaw classrooms Classrooms that use a technique known as jigsawing,in which

each pupil is given part of the total meterial to master and then share with other

group members.

工作倦怠

Job

burnout The

syndrome

of

emotional

exhaustion,depersonalization,and

reduced

personal accomplishment,often experienced by workers in high-stress jobs.

判断

Judgment The process by which people from opinions,reach conclusions,and make

critical evaluations of events and people based on available material;also,the

product of that mental activity.

最小可觉差

Just noticeable difference(JND) The smallest difference between two sensations

that allows them to be discriminated.

动觉

Kinesthetic

sense Sense

concerned

with

bodily

position

and

movement

of

the

body

parts relative to each other.

语言运用能力

Language-making capacity The innate guidelines or operating principles that

children bring to the task of learning a language.

语言生成

Language

production What

people

say,sign,and

write,as

well

as

the

processes

they

go through to produce these messages.

潜性梦境

Latent content In Freudian dream analysis,the hidden meaning of a dream.

共同命运原则

Law

of

common

fate A

law

of

grouping

that

states

that

elements

moving

in

the

same

direction at the same rate are grouped together.

效果律

Law of effect A basic law of learning that states that the power of a stimulus