-
SA
T
语法
SAT
语法讲义
Identifying Sentence Errors
一、主谓一致
1.
就前原则
(1) N1 of N2
verb
（
SAT
考试中动词的单复数
与
N1
有关，与
N2
< br>无关）
如：
a group of students are
the details of the problems are
例：
The bright (A) fiberglass
sculptures of Luis Jimenez has received (B)
critical
acclaim not only (C) in his
home state, New Mexico, but also in (D) New York.
No error (E).
(P161.1)
(2)
名词
1+
介词
+
名词<
/p>
2
如：
students in the classroom
名词，插入语，
verb
名词
+doing/done
如：
students
studying hard
例：
Flints found
in (A) the region extending from the Nile Valley
to (B) the highlands
of eastern Iraq
attests to (C) the presence of people there as
long ago as (D) one
hundred thousand
years. No error (E).
(P166.3)
2.
“欲擒故纵”法
动词单复数做题基本原则是就前原则，如果句子太长、太难、太复杂时，用
“欲
擒故纵”法。
3.
动词单复数的特殊固定用法
(1)
a number of
一些；一般情况下其后动词用复数
，
（不受任何规律限制）
；
the number of
?的数量；其后的动词在任何情况下都用单数。
量词考点：
a group/list/line of
使用“就前原则”
(2)
倒装结构：就后原则。
如：
here comes the bus
a.
地点状语
+
动词
+
主语
b. Only
置于句首的倒装
1
SA
T
语法
例：
In the foothills of that
large mountain range is (A) the sources of a river
whose
course (B) was not fully mapped
(C)until (D) this century. No error (E).
(P 776.19)
例：
Air pollution caused by
industrial fumes has been studied (A) for years,
but (B)
only recently has (C) the
harmful effects of noise pollution become (D)
known. No
error (E).
(P167.6)
4.
名词
集合名词：
family, group, stuff,
team, community
，只要这些词以单数结尾，后面
的谓语动词都用单数。
people, cattle,
police
：其后的谓语动词用复数
以
s
结尾的词：
means,
species, news
以
cs
结尾的词：
physics,
mathematics
，不表示复数，是单数。
以
us
结尾的词：
oct
opus
（章鱼）
,
platypus
（鸭嘴兽）
,
-saurus
（恐龙）
考点：名词的单复数
作业：
P410.23
、
24
，
P472.22
，
P602.27<
/p>
，
P721.24
、
26
、
29
，
P839.20
、
27
，
P894.16
，
P956.12
，
P776.12
，
P83
9.25
，
P957.19
、
28
，
P471.17
，
P534.18
。
二、平行结构
（
1
）名词，名词，
and
名词
例：
Each time Caroline turns
on her computer , she has (A) to enter a company
code,
then her initials, and then
enters a password (B)before (C) she can begin
working (D).
No error (E).
(P166.2)
例：
Of the
hundreds of warm-water coral species, only a few
(A)are highly prized (B)
for use in
jewelry because of their (C) beauty, luster, and
they are hard (D). No error
(E).
(P533.12)
（
2
）两者之间的平行
如：
not
only
…
,but
also
…
neither…
,nor
…
eit
her…
,or
…
< br>…
and/but
…
.
2
SA
T
语法
例：
The labor union is
negotiating (A) a contract with the hospital that
(B)will satisfy
(C) the demands of the
workers and be acceptable to (D) all levels of
management.
No error (E).
(P601.13)
（
3
）句子的平行
考点：同类比较
特点：
-er, more, than, as,
like, unlike, compare to/with.
如：
The population
of China is larger than that of America.
所有格和所有格之间比较时，
第二个所有格是不能省略的，
需要补充
that of/those
of/
’
s
。
作业：
P601.13
，
P777
.28
，
P599.3
，
P410.21
、
29
，<
/p>
P602.20
、
22
< br>，
P659.25
，
P660.
27
，
P720.14
、
18
。
三、形容词和副词
adj. +
n. / pron.
adv. + v. / adj. / adv.
如：
I find the
book easy.
I find the book easily.
例：
Although canoeing through
(A) the rapids was exciting, it was (B) also
exhausting,
and we were happy for a
time to have the canoe float serene (C)down (D) a
smooth
stretch of the river. No error
(E).
(P838.12)
笔记：
serene
平静的；
serenely
平静地
如：快速的发展中的国家
rapidly
developing country
例：
The
research study reveals (A) startling proof of a
constant (B) changing seafloor
that
comprises (C) the major part of (D) the underwater
landscape. No error (E).
(P602.29)
例：
Just how (A)
critical an improved balance of trade is to (B) a
healthy economy has
never been (C)more
clearer (D) than it is now. No error (E).
（
P659.18
）
作业：
P167.7
，
P192.14
，
P409
.17
，
P660.29
，
P721.22
，
P894.13
，
P896.27
，
P957
.23
。
四、逻辑主语
（
1
）
Doing/done
?
, SVO.
3
SA
T
语法
如：
Beaten black and blue,
Kitty is crying.
Beating black and
blue, Kitty is crying.
例：
Contrasting with (A)most
other (B) fifteenth- century rulers, Portuguese
Kings
could count on (C) the support of
the aristocracy in any (D) overseas ventures. No
error (E)
例：
Raised in a large and
noisy city, it was only when I went away to
college that I
realized how delightful
life in a small town could be.
（
< br>P955.11
）
(A)
it was only when I went away to college that I
realized how delightful life in
a small
town could be
(B) when I went away to
college I then realized how delightful life in a
small
town could be
(C)
going away to college made me realize how
delightful life in a small town
could
be
(D) I did not realize how delightful
life in a small town could be until I went
away to college
(E)
delightful life in a small town was unrealized by
me until I went away to
college
例：
While working as a nurse
in the streets of Calcutta, that was when Mother
Teresa
developed a profound love for
the poor.
（
P892.1
）
(A) that was when Mother
Teresa developed a profound love for the poor
(B) Mother Teresa developed a profound
love for the poor
(C) then the
development of Mother
Teresa
’
s profound love for
the poor took
place
(D)
Mother Teresa
’
s profound
love for the poor developed
(E) a
profound love for the poor developed in Mother
Teresa
例：
Having
thought the problem through with some care, that
the committee did not
understand her
solution frustrated the chairperson extremely.
（
P599.5
）
(A) that the committee did not
understand her solution frustrated the chairperson
extremely
4
SA
T
语法
(B) the
chairperson
’
s extremely
frustration resulted from the committee not
understanding her solution
(C) the
chairperson
’
s frustration at
the committee
’
s failing to
understand her
solution was extreme
(D) the chairperson was extremely
frustrated by the
committee
’
s failure to
understand her solution
(E)
the committee
’
s failing to
understand her solution was an extreme frustration
to the chairperson
while/when/by/on/through Doing/done
?
,
SVO.
例：
By simply entering an
Internet website or calling a toll-free number, a
catalog
order can be placed for almost
anything from cheesecakes to fully equipped
desktop computers.
（
P616.12
）
(A) a
catalog order can be placed
(B) by placing a catalog order
(C) they will place your
catalog order
(D) you can
place a catalog order
(E) your catalog
order can be placed
例：
Indicating their desire to
extend free enterprise,
Canadians elected a member of
the Progressive
Conservative Party, Kim Campbell, as Prime
Minister in 1993.
（
P493.13
）
(A) Canadians
elected a member of the Progressive Conservative
Party, Kim
Campbell, as Prime Minister
(B)
Canadians
’
election of a
member of the Progressive Conservative Party as
Prime Minister was Kim Campbell
(C) Kim Campbell of the Progressive
Conservative Party was elected Prime
Minister of Canada
(D) the Progressive Conservative
Party
’
s Kim Campbell was
elected Prime
Minister of Canadians
(E) a member of the Progressive
Conservative Party, Kim Campbell, was elected
by Canadians as Prime Minister
5
SA
T
语法
例：
Though now one of the most
famous abstract artists, critics once ridiculed
Jackson
Pollock for his technique of
splattering paint on canvases.
（
< br>P532.8
）
(A)
critics once ridiculed Jackson Pollock
(B) critics once were ridiculing
Jackson Pollock
(C) Jackson Pollock
once ridiculed by critics
(D) Jackson
Pollock was once ridiculed by critics
(E) Jackson Pollock, having once been
ridiculed by critics
（
2
）
SVO,
doing/done
?
.
S
与分词
SVO
doing/done
?
.
O
与分词
如：
The boys are watching a
galaxy of beauties passing by, slobbering.
例：
During (A) my most recent
(B) trip, I came across (C) a wonderful antique
store
wandering (D) in the old quarter
of the city. No error (E).
(P533.16)
作业：
P955
.5
，
P190.2
，
P534.21
，
P846.2
。
五、代词
代词一定要确切地指明具体对象。
（
1
）单复数
例：
The starling is such a (A)
pest in rural areas that it has become (B)
necessary to
find ways (C) of
controlling the growth of their (D) population. No
error (E)
（
P167.8
）
例：
Contrasting
with (A) most other (B) fifteenth- century rulers,
Portuguese Kings
could
count
on
(C)
the
support
of
the
aristocracy
in
any
(D)
overseas
ventures.
No
error (E)
（
2
）主格，宾格
主格：
I
，
we
，
th
ey
宾格：
me
，
< br>us
，
him
，
her
区别：做主格的一般出现在句首，做宾格的一般出现在动词、介词后。
宾语：动词宾语、介词宾语。
例：
The report Alexander is
discussing (A), a report prepared jointly by he
(B) and the
committee,
does
not
take
into
account
(C)
the
socioeconomic
status
of
those
interviewed (D). No error (E)
（
P602.21
）
6
SA
T
语法
例：
Apparently impressed with
(A) our plans, the foundation awarded Carlos and I
(B)
a grant to establish (C) a network
of community centers throughout (D) the city.
No error (E)
（
P60
2.26
）
例：
For we (A) students,
concern about impending (B) tuition hikes was even
more
acute than (C)apprehension about
(D) final exams. No error (E)
（
< br>P721.27
）
（
3
）
one
，
you
不能相互指代
one
与
he/she
对应；
ones
与
they
对
应
例：
For people in
(A) many ancient societies, work was only a means
of (B) survival
rather
than
(C)
a
way
to
improve
your
(D)
standard
of
living.
No
error
(E)
（
P838.19
）
（
4
）
this
划线
（
5
）
which,
who, whom, that
考点：
which
不能指代人，
who,
whom
不能指代物。
例：
Candy
manufacturers
applauded
the
discovery
by
(A)
researchers
that
students
which (B) smell chocolate while
studying and again while taking (C) a test are
able
to (D) recall more material than
students not exposed to the odor of chocolate. No
error (E)
（
P894.1
5
）
例：
In
a
world
that
(A)
the
rate
of
technological
and
social
change
accelerates
frighteningly
(B)
,
change
itself (C) often seems to
be
the
only
constant
(D).
No
error (E)
（
P957.21
）
< br>
Where, in which
的区别：介词
+which
的用法
>where
作业：
P410.26
，
P472.28
，
P534.20
，
P601.15
，
P602.28
，
P659.20
，
P660.28
，
P720.15
，
P721.20
，
P776.14
，
P777.23
、
25
，
P839.24
、
26
，
P957.26
。
六、时态
（
1
）现在类
一般现在时，现在完成时，现在进行时，现在将来时。
（
2
）过去类
一般过去时，过去完成时，过去进行时，过去将来时。
例：
Jerome
often
referred
to
(A)
art
history
textbook
while
he
(B)
was
sculpting;
whenever
he
learned
a
new
method
in
art
class
,
he
seeks
out
(C)
the
work
of
7
SA
T
语法
sculptors who had used it (D) in the
past. No error (E)
（
P409.15
）
例：
Some of the workers who
resent (A) the supervisor
’
s
authority would probably (B)
feel
uncomfortable
if
(C)
they
were
to
acquire
the
independence
that
they
demand (D) . No error (
E)
（
P839.22
）
（
3
）不规则动词的过去
分词
例：
Although
born in the Midwest, Langston Hughes lived most of
his adult life in
Harlem, in New York
City, where (A), like (B) other writers in the
1930
’
s, he
had
wrote (C) some of his finest (D) works. No error (
E)
（
P894.12
）
作业：
P409.15
，
P471.16
，
P534.24
，
P658.12
，
P720.13
，
P777.21
，
P838.16
，
P839.22
，
P894.20
。
七、介词
（
1
）基础介词的搭配
（
2
）把介词的固定用法出得很长
（
3
）常考的点：
有能力去做—
be able to
have ability to
be capable
of doing
preoccupation with
总结归纳：
（
1
）动词划线：时态、单复数；
（
2
）代词；
（
3
）平行结构；
（
4
）形容词和副词；
（
5
）名词；
（
6
）逻辑主语；
（
7
）介词。
易错点：时态、固定用法、
5E
选项。
作业：
OG
上所有的挑错题，并且分类总结。
Improving
Sentences
8
SA
T
语法
1.
简洁原则
because
比
because
of
，
aware
of
，
considering
；
主动
>
被动；<
/p>
直接
>
间接；
动
词〉
名词。
例：
Anita liked to watch
television, of which she found the science
programs
especially fascinating.
(A) television, of which she found the
science programs especially fascinating
(B) television; she found the science
programs especially fascinating
(C)
television, and it was especially the science
programs that were of fascination
(D)
television; the fascination of the science
programs especially
(E) television,
especially fascinating to her were the programs
2. run on
句型
SVO
，
SVO
两个句子相连：
SVO
，
conj
SVO
或者
SVO
；
SVO
副词和介词不能连接
两个句子：
SVO
，
adv SVO<
/p>
或者
SVO
，
p
rep SVO
adv
：
①以
ly
结尾的词；
②词根判断法；
③
however, thus, hence, then, also,
even
练习：
SVO,
thus SVO.
SVO, however SVO.
SVO, but SVO.
SVO, although
SVO.
SVO; therefore SVO.
SVO; but SVO.
SVO; although
SVO.
例：
Since
some
(A)
people
are
convinced
that
(B)
dowsing,
a
method
of
finding
underground
water
with
a
Y-shaped
stick,
is
effective,
but
others
condemn
the
procedure as (C)mere
superstition (D) . No error(E)
（
< br>P602.24
）
1,
Many students work after school and on weekends,
consequently they do not have
much time
for doing their homework.
A, weekends,
consequently they do not have
B,
weekends, they do not have
C, weekends,
as a consequence they do not have
9
SA
T
语法
D, weekends, therefore they do not have
E, weekends; consequently, they do not
have
2.
Even the
play’s most minor characters work together with
extraordinary skill,
their
interplay creates a moving theatrical
experience.
A, their interplay creates
a moving theatrical experience.
B, a
moving theatrical experience is created by their
interplay
C, and their
interplay creates a moving theatrical experience.
D, and a moving theatrical experience
being the creation of their interplay
E, with their interplay they create a
moving theatrical experience.
3.
逻辑主语
Logic subject
doing/done
·
·
·
，
SVO.
adj./adv.
，
SVO
4.
having
，
being
自杀词：在句子中充当时态的组成部分。
正确：放在句首大写。
例：
Having
been
a
victim
of
malicious
rumors,
Helen
purposely
avoided
gossips.
（
P954.
3
）
(A) Having
been a victim of malicious rumors
(B)
Her being a victim of malicious rumors
(C) Her having been victimized by
malicious rumors
(D) Because being a
victim of malicious rumors
(E) Because
having been a victim of malicious rumors
5.
时态
tense
6.
单复数
singular &
plural
5
、
6
常常合在一起考，从动
词开始划线
7.
平行结构
parallel
structure
①
doing, doing, and doing /
名词
，名词，
and
名词
②
两者之间的平行
10
SA
T
语法
例：
Most drivers know not only
that excessive speeding on highways wastes
gasoline,
but also that it is
dangerous.
（
P678.13
）
(A) know not only that
excessive speeding on highways wastes
(B) know that excessive speeding on
highways could be wasteful of
(C) are knowledgeable that excessive
speeding on highways not only wastes
(D) have known that excessive speeding
on highways wastes not only
(E) know
that excessive speeding on highways not only by
itself can waste
③
同类相比较
8.
固定用法
so
that
，
just
as
…
so
，
had hardly
…
when
，
no
sooner
…
than
，
…
not
…
any
more
…
例：
The
new
regulations
have
so
complicated
the
process
of
formulating
a
school
budget
to
where
no
one
on
the
Board
of
Education
is
eager
to
undertake
the
tas
k.
（
P430.6
）
(A) budget to where
(B)
budget, therefore
(C)
budget, even
(D) budget as
(E) budget that
例：
Just
as
Ireland
has
produced
many
famous
writers
and
the
Netherlands
on
abundance
of
famous
painters,
so
Finland
has
provided
a
large
number
of
famous
architects.
（
P775
.10
）
(A) so
Finland has provided a large number of famous
architects
(B) Finland provides famous
architects, and by large numbers
(C)
Finland
’
s contribution is to
provided famous architects in a large number
(D) and so then, for
Finland, a large number of famous architects is
provided
(E) and like them Finland has
provided a large number of famous architects
例：
No sooner had Andrea del
Sarto traveled to France to work for the French
king but
his wife persuaded him to
return to Italy.
（
P676.4
）
(A) but his wife persuaded
him to return
(B) but his wife had him
persuaded into returning
11
SA
T
语法
(C) than he was persuaded by his wife
that he will return
(D) but he was
persuaded by his wife into returning
(E) than his wife persuaded him to
return
例：
Chaplin will not be
remembered for espousing radical causes any more
than they
will remember Wayne for
endorsing conservative political candidates.
（
P677.6
）
(A) any more than they will remember
Wayne
(B) as will Wayne not be
remembered
(C) any more than Wayne will
been remember
(D) just as
they will not remember Wayne
(E) no
more than Wayne will be remembered
9.
双主语
N SVO / N,
SVO / N, S, VO
。
例：
The Basque language,
possibly one of Europe
’
s
oldest, whose origins are hotly
debated
.
（
P863.10
）
(A)
The
Basque
language,
possibly
one
of
Europe
’
s
oldest,
whose
origins
are
hotly
debated.
(B)
The
Basque
language,
possibly
one
of
Europe
’
s
oldest,
its
origins
are
hotly
debated.
(C)
Possibly
one
of
Europe
’
s
oldest
languages,
the
origins
of
Basque
are
hotly
debated.
(D) The origins of
the Basque language, possibly one of
Europe
’
s oldest, are hotly
debated.
(E)
Basque
is
hotly
debated
as
a
language
whose
origins
are
possibly
Europe
’
s
oldest.
10.
同位语优先
主语，?，
VO
1. The
comet has recently changed direction toward
Jupiter, which is leading scientists
to
wonder about the composition of the object.
(A) which is leading scientists to
wonder about
12
SA
T
语法
(B) this development leading scientists
to wonder about
(C)
and with
it scientists’ wonder of
(D)
a development leading scientists to wonder about
(E) this leading scientists to wonder
on
2. The rare-earth metal dysprosium,
being a member of the lanthanide series, and is in
group IIIb of the periodic table.
(A) dysprosium, being a member of the
lanthanide series, and is in group IIIb of
the periodic table
(B)
dysprosium is a member of the lanthanide series,
it is in group IIIb of the
periodic
table
(C) dysprosium, a member of the
lanthanide series, is in group IIIb of the
periodic
table
(D)
dysprosium is in group IIIb of the
periodic table being a member of the
lanthanide series
(E)
dysprosium, to be a member of the lanthanide
series, is in group IIIb of the
periodic table
3. By the
time she was twenty-one, Jane Austen had begun
writing a novel which she
initially
titled
First Impressions
and
which she later called
Pride and
Prejudice
, this is
a book
that many fans consider her best work.
(A) this is a book that many fans
consider her best work
(B) since many
fans consider this her best work
(C)
the best work that many fans considered it to be
(D) a book that many fans consider her
best work
(E) it is considered by many
fans as her best work
4. At only four-
feet-eight inches and ninety-four pounds, a small
frame being
necessary for a gymnast,
Mary Lou Retton captured the hearts of the
American people
and won a gold medal in
the 1984 Olympic Games.
(A)a small
frame being necessary for a gymnast
(B)
having a small frame necessary for a gymnast
(C) being small frame necessary for a
gymnast
13
SA
T
语法
(D) a small frame necessary for a
gymnast
(E) because her small frame is
necessarily for gymnasts
11
．代词
pronoun
（
it, they,
their, which, that
）
①
singular &
plural
；
②不能
pro-verb, per-
sentence
；
例：
During the labor dispute,
barrels of potatoes were emptied across the
highway, and
they thereby blocked it to
all traffic.
（
P599.4
）
(A) highway, and they
thereby blocked it to all traffic
(B)highway and thereby blocking it to
all traffic
(C) highway, by which all
traffic was therefore blocked
(D)highway, and therefore this had all
traffic blocked
(E)
highway, thereby blocking all traffic
③不能
pro-none;
④
ambiguous usage;
⑤一个句子有两个同样的指代，成立前提是必须指代同一内容
―― plague
原则
例：
The lawyers representing
the parking-lot operators asserted as to the
defensibility
of their practices as
legal and ethical.
（
P615.6
）
(A) as to the
defensibility of their practices as legal and
ethical
(B) as to their practices and
their defensibility on legal and ethical grounds
(C) that their practices, that is the
operators, are defensible in legal terms as well
as ethics
(D) that in
regards to defensibility their practices are
legally and ethically
defensible
(E) that the practices of
the operators are legally and ethically defensible
12. S
，?，
< br>V
＋
O
14
SA
T
语法
错误用法：
S, ... ,
doing+O
S, ... , which / that +O
S, ... , and +v. +O
S, ... ,
he / she +v.+O
例：
The problem
of water pollution, frequently compounded in
certain areas because
the treatment and
release of industrial wastes are not adequately re
gulated.
（
P954.2
）<
/p>
(A) pollution, frequently
compounded in certain areas because
(B)
pollution, frequently compounded in certain areas
and
(C) pollution, frequently
compounded in certain areas when
(D)
pollution is frequently compounded in certain
areas where
(E) pollution is frequently
compounded in certain areas and
13.
S+V+O
；
S+V+O
→
S+V+O<
/p>
；
it+V+Oit
只能指代上一句话的
主语。
S+V+O
，
which
?
S+V+O<
/p>
，
ving/ved
?
< br>
例：
Conners,
a
publishing
and
media
services
company,
is
acquiring
Dispatch
Education, it manufactures school unifo
rms.
（
P599.2
）
(A) Dispatch Education, it
manufactures
(B)Dispatch Education,
which manufactures
(C)Dispatch
Education, manufacturing
(D) Dispatch
Education, it is manufacturing
(E)Dispatch Education, for the
manufacturing of
例：
Many
communities in my state are forming neighborhood
watch programs, for it
will deter crimi
nals.
（
P739.10
）
(A) programs, for it will
deter
(B)programs, in which it will
deter
(C)programs that will deter
(D) programs for the deterrence of
(E)programs being able to
deter
15
SA
T
语法
例：
It
is
hard
for
some
young
people
to
believe
that
women
were
at
one
time
not
admitted to some colleges, but they
have since become coeducational.
（
P802.8
）
(A)
colleges, but they have since become coeducational
(B)colleges, but they are now
coeducational
(C)colleges, and have
since become coeducational
(D) colleges
that have since become coeducational
(E)colleges, since becoming
coeducational
例：
When
Catherine the Great had a magnificent dinner
service of Sevres porcelain
made
for
her,
she
was
scandalized
by
its
great
cost,
which
became
the
subject
of
prolonged controversy.
（
P987.8
）
(A)
which became
(B) so it was to be
(C)with a result that it
was destined to become
(D) therefore
becoming
(E)consequently it would
become
排三剩二时口诀：有
A
选
A
，无
A
选
短。
定语从句
>
分词短语
>
平行句
14. the
reason…
be that
①
the
reason…
be
that
②
the reason
…
because
例：
The
main reasons students give for failing to
participate in the political process is
that they have demanding assignments
and work at part-time jobs.
（
P600.6
）
(A) is
that they have demanding assignments and work at
(B) are demanding assignments and they
work at
(C)are that they have demanding
assignments and that they work at
(D)
is having demanding assignments and having to work
at
(E) are demanding assignments, in
addition to working at
16
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