高考英语阅读理解-议论文5篇真题训练

高考英语复习

阅读理解专练

议论文

5

篇

Passage 1(2017

北京

,D)

Hollywood

’

s theory that machines with evil(

邪恶的

)minds will drive armies of

killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial

intelligence(AI)may become extremely good at achieving something other than

what we really want. In 1960 a well- known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who

founded the field of cybernetics(

控制论

), put it this way:

“

If we use, to achieve our

purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively

interfere(

干预

), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine

is the purpose which we really desire.

”

A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually

associate with living things:a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine,

this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introduced by humans;it is a logical

consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original

purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of

fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own

off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not

careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined,

super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real

world as the chessboard.

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The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate

the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the

machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but

never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems

unlikely to work:we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary

humans, let alone super intelligent machines.

Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be

possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival

of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of

hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and

machines can coexist as long as they work in teams

—

yet that is not possible unless

machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just

“

switch them off

”

as

if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others

think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11,1933, famous

physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence,

“

Anyone who expects a

source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.

”

However, on September 12,1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the

neutron- induced(

中子诱导

) nuclear chain reaction.

aph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may

.

out of human control

y human

’

s real desires

d armies of killer robots

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faster than a mathematician

es with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because

they might be able to

.

t themselves from being destroyed

e their original goals independently

anything successfully with given orders

humans in international chess matches

ing to some researchers, we can use firewalls to

.

super intelligent machines work better

secure against evil human beings

machines from being harmed

robots

’

affecting the world

does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?

will disappear with the development of AI.

will get worse with human interference.

will be solved but with difficulty.

will stay for a decade.

Passage 2(2016

课标Ⅰ

,D)

The meaning of silence varies among cultural es may be

thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a

conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness, or worry. Silence may be

viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable;therefore attempts

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may be made to fill every gap(

间隙

)with conversation. Persons in other cultural

groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person

’

s needs.

Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of

communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons

do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly

stops, what may be implied(

暗示

) is that the person wants the listener to consider

what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for

reflection.

Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with

conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of

power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show

agreement between parties about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans

may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be

rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in

Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a

person in authority.

Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of

silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be

experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural

construction of silence so that a patient

’

s silence is not interrupted too early or

allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing(

治愈

)value of

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silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own

and from other cultures.

does the author say about silence in conversations?

implies anger.

promotes friendship.

is culture- specific.

is content-based.

of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought?

Chinese.

French.

Mexicans.

Russians.

does the author advise nurses to do about silence?

it continue as the patient pleases.

it while treating patients.

te its harm to patients.

use of its healing effects.

may be the best title for the text?

and Silence

It Means to Be Silent

e to Native Americans

Is Silver;Silence Is Gold

Passage 3(2016

浙江

,A)

“

Did you hear what happened to Adam last Friday?

”

Lindsey whispers to Tori.

With her eyes shining, Tori brags,

“

You bet I did. Sean told me two days ago.

”

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Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about? It just happens to be yours truly,

Adam Freedman. I can tell you that what they are saying is (a) not nice and (b) not

even true. Still, Lindsey and Tori aren

’

t very different from most students here at

Linton High School, including me. Many of our conversations are gossip(

闲话

). I

have noticed three effects of gossip: it can hurt people, it can give gossipers a

strange kind of satisfaction, and it can cause social pressures in a group.

An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being

talked about. Usually, gossip spreads information about a topic

—

breakups,

trouble at home, even dropping out

—

that a person would rather keep secret. The

more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes.

Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie. People often think of

gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.

If we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it? The

answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us. Sharing the latest

rumor (

传言

)can make a person feel important because he or she knows something

that others don

’

t. Similarly, hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like

part of the

“

in group.

”

In other words, gossip is satisfying because it gives people

a sense of belonging or even superiority (

优越感

).

Gossip also can have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules

about how people should act. Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is

important in policing behaviors in a group. Translated into high school terms, this

means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or

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what Jane said, then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get

you the same kind of negative attention. The do

’

s and don

’

ts conveyed through

gossip will never show up in any student handbook.

The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation. The next time you feel

the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what

effects your

“

juicy story

”

might have.

author uses a conversation at the beginning of the passage to

.

uce a topic

t an argument

be the characters

y his writing purpose

important negative effect of gossip is that it

.

up relationships

asses the listener

s information around

unpleasant experiences

the author

’

s opinion, many people like to gossip because it

.

them a feeling of pleasure

them to make more friends

them better at telling stories

s them to meet important people

sor David Wilson thinks that gossip can

.

e students with written rules

people watch their won behaviors

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schools to improve student handbooks

t the police

’

s attention to group behaviors

advice does the author give in the passage?

become a gossiper.

away from gossipers.

’

t let gossip turn into lies.

twice before you gossip.

Passage 4(2016

北京

,D)

Why College Is Not Home

The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in

autonomy(

自主性

) and the development of adult identity. However, now they are

becoming an extended period of adolescence,during which many of today

’

s

students are not shouldered with adult responsibilities.

For previous generations, college was a decisive break from parental

control;guidance and support needed to come from people of the same age and

from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and

dependence on family, thanks to cell phones, email and social media, have

increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead

of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to

autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they

should provide the same environment as that of the home.

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To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility,college needs to be a

time of exploration and experimentation. This process involves

“

trying on

”

new

ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually(

在思维方面

) and personally.

While we should provide

“

safe spaces

”

within colleges, we must also make it safe

to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual growth and flexibility

are fostered by strict debate and questioning.

Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a college

community(

群体

) differs from the family, many students will struggle to find a

sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate their social

behavior and thinking pattern,they are not facing the challenge of finding an

identity within a larger and complex community.

Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student

behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults:the response to

being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behavior is too strictly

defined(

规定

) and controlled, the insensitive or aggressive behavior that

administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged.

It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when

there are reasons to do so. Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at

times of national emergency. What is lacking today is the conflict between

adolescents

’

desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world.

Therefore, there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not

places to experience intellectual growth.

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