-
Unit2
London. He wore his
mother's old red
He
was
born
in
a
poor
area
of
South
stockings
mother
cut
down
for
ankle
socks.
s
was
Chaplin's
childhood. But only Charlie
might
temporarily
His
have
created
declared
Charlie
Chaplin could have created the great
comic
little
character
of
Tramp
the
permanent fame.
man
in
rags
who
gave
his
creator
Spain, even Japan
Other
countries
applause (and
profit) where Chaplin is
—
have provided more
—
France,
Italy,
concerned
n quit Britain for
good in
than
the
land
of
his
1913 when he journeyed to America with
a group of performers to do his comedy
act on the stage, where talent scouts
recruited
the king of
Hollywood comedy films.
him
to
work
for
Mack
Sennett,
the
1920s and 1930s thought Chaplin's
Sad
to say, many English people in
Tramp a
bit, well,
middle-class
working-class
audiences
did;
the
likely
revolted against authority, using his
to
clap
audiences
for
a
character
were
more
who
wicked little cane to trip it up, or
aiming
well-placed
the
the
kick
heel
at
of
its
his
broad
boot
rear.
for
a
seem
same,
working-class.
all
Chaplin's
that
comic
English
beggar
or
didn't
All
even
sport
tiny moustaches, huge pants or
English
tramps
didn't
tail
Italian waiters wore
things like that.
coats:
European
leaders
and
Then again, the Tramp's
quick eye for
a
that was
considered, well, not quite
pretty
girl
had
a
coarse
way
about
it
nice by English
audiences
foreigners behaved, wasn't it?
But for
—
that's how
over
had
half
British nationality.
no
screen
of
his
screen
voice
to
career,
confirm
Chaplin
his
Chaplin when he could no longer resist
Indeed,
it
was
a
headache
for
the
right
talking
postponed
voice
movies
and
had
to
find
In
in
Modern
Times
that
day
for
in
as
1936,
long
his
Tramp.
He
the
as
first
possible:
waiter, he made up
a nonsense language
which
he
was
heard
as
a
singing
film
which
He later said he
imagined the Tramp to
sounded
like
no
known
nationality.
be a college-
educated gentleman who'd
come
able to speak with an educated accent
down
in
the
world.
But
if
he'd
been
in
doubtful
those
early
short
comedies,
it's
world fame. And the English would have
if
he
would
have
achieved
been sure to find it
certain
purpose but this helped to bring about
whether
Chaplin
did
it
on
his huge success.
determined
to a degree unusual even in
He was an
immensely talented man,
the ranks of
Hollywood stars. His huge
fame gave him
the freedom
importantly, the
money
—
and, more
master.
explore
He
discovered
and
already
—
to be
his own
extend
had
a
the
talent
urge
to
in
himself
as
he
went
along.
he
extraordinary,
first sight of
himself as the Tramp on
the screen.
imagination. Chaplin didn't have his
But
that
shock
roused
his
jokes
he was the kind of comic who used his
written
into
a
script
in
advance;
physical
went
senses
to
invent
his
art
as
he
especially
along.
Lifeless
objects
turned
Thus,
them
with
helped
Chaplin
make
into
himself
other
as
an
artist.
He
The
Pawnbroker became a
a
broken
alarm
clock
kinds
in
of
the
objects.
movie
undergoing surgery; boots were boiled
in
soles eaten with salt and
pepper like
his
film
The
Gold
Rush
and
their
prime
removed
cuts
transformation,
like
of
fish
fish
bones).
(the
This
nails
physical
being
which he executed it
again and again,
plus
the
skill
with
is
comedy.
surely
the
secret
of
Chaplin's
great
loved
He
also
had
being betrayed.
—
and
a
corresponding
a
deep
need
fear
to
be
of
sometimes
The two were hard
to combine and
marriages
—
as
in
resulted
—
his
early
painfully-bought self-knowledge found
in
the collision between
them
disaster.
Yet
even
this
its way
into his comic creations. The
Tramp
flower girl who'll be waiting to walk
never
loses
his
faith
in
the
into
other side of Chaplin
makes Monsieur
the
sunset
with
him;
while
the
Verdoux, the French wife
killer, into
a symbol of hatred for
women.
eventually
It's a
relief to know that life
stability and
happiness it had earlier
gave
Charlie
Chaplin
the
denied
found
him.
In
Oona
O'Neill
Chaplin,
affection
a
partner
he
difference
spanned
whose
stability
and
seemed so threatening,
that when the
between
the
them,
37
years
which
age
had
official who was marrying them in 1942
turned
given notice of their
wedding date, he
to
the
beautiful
girl
of
17
who'd
said,
where
is
the
young
man?
waited
—
Chaplin,
child
of a large family with its own
outside.
then
As
54,
Oona
had
herself
cautiously
was
the
problems,
battle that Chaplin's life became as
she
was
well
prepared
for
the
many unfounded rumors surrounded them
both
of calm in the quarrels
that Chaplin
—
and,
later
on,
she
was
the
center
sometimes
family of talented
children.
sparked
in
his
own
large
A few months later, a couple of almost
Chaplin
died
on
Christmas
Day
1977.
comic body thieves
stole his body from
the family burial
chamber and held it
for
more
money.
clumsy Keystone Cops
would have done,
efficiency
The
police
than
recovered
Mack
Sennett's
it
with
but
would
one
incident
have
can't
help
feeling
Chaplin
of having the last laugh on a world to
as
a
fitting
regarded
memorial
this
—
strange
his
way
which he had given so
many.
Unit3
Everybody
A
welfare
client
is
supposed
to
cheat.
a
people
in wheelchairs I know bleed the
dinner
of
expects
raw
pet
it.
food
Faced
with
the
with
cat,
sharing
many
system
the
government that they are getting two
for
a
few
extra
dollars.
They
tell
hundred
pension so they can get a little extra
dollars
less
than
their
real
welfare
caseworker that the
landlord raised the
money.
Or,
they
tell
the
rent by a hundred
dollars.
complete
I
have
opted
to
live
a
life
of
drum up some business and
draw cartoons.
honesty.
So
instead,
I
go
out
and
I even
tell welfare how much I make! Oh,
I'm
tempted to get paid under the table.
But
big
even
if
I
yielded
to
that
involved
in some sticky situation. They
magazines
are
not
going
temptation,
to
get
keep
goes
Very high-profile.
right
my
records,
into
the
and
government's
that
information
computer.
bow
As a welfare client I'm
expected to
caseworkers
before
the
fools
of by many of their clients, and
know
caseworker.
that
they
are
Deep
being
down,
made
they
clients bow to them as
compensation. I'm
feel
they
are
entitled
to
have
not
as
college-educated liberals with high
being
bitter.
Most
caseworkers
begin
ideals.
that
But
after
a
few
years
in
a
they
practically
become
like
requires
the
one
people to
system
I
shall
lie,
call
Suzanne came to inspect
my apartment and
Not
long
after
Christmas
last
year,
saw
some new posters pasted on the wall.
she wanted to know.
for it, by God. You have to
report any
donations or
gifts.
talked
This was my cue
to beg. Instead, I
somebody on the
street the other day. Do
back.
got
a
cigarette
from
I
have to report that?
the rules, Mr.
Callahan.
repairs
Suzanne tries to lecture me about
breaking
to
my
wheelchair,
which
is
always
money
Mr. Callahan, I've heard that you put a
maintaining
down
because
it
properly.
welfare
won't
spend
know,
lot more miles on that wheelchair than
average.
not
Of
course
I
do.
I
what
can
a
vegetable.
get
around
in
I
live
I'm
near
an
active
downtown,
worker,
so
hip and had to crawl to
work.
she'd
think
if
a
she
wheelchair.
suddenly
broke
I
wonder
her
resulted
Government
cuts
in
welfare
of people, not just
me. But people with
in
hunger
and
suffering
for
a
have
lot
spinal
cord injuries felt the cuts in a
unique
care of our chairs. Each time mine
broke
way:
The
government
stopped
taking
down, lost a screw,
needed a new roller
bearing, the brake
wouldn't work, etc.,
and I called
Suzanne, I had to endure a
little
if I can find time today, I'll call the
y,
she'd
say,
medical
worker.
medical worker, who would
certify that
She
was
supposed
to
notify
the
there
worker
was
a
problem.
Then
the
medical
companies to get the
cheapest bid. Then
called
the
wheelchair
repair
the
welfare
medical
considered
office
worker
in
the
at
matter
the
state
alerted
the
main
for
days
capital.
while
They
lucky, they called back
and approved the
bed,
unable
to
move.
Finally,
if
I
I
lay
was
repair.
money
When welfare learned
I was making
on
my
every two months. She
looked into every
every
cartoons,
fortnight
Suzanne
instead
started
of
corner
or maids, or a roast pig in the oven,
or
in
search
of
unreported
appliances,
a
never
new
helicopter
always a thick
pile of forms to fill out
found
anything,
parked
but
out
there
back.
She
was
at the end of each visit, accounting
for
every penny.
a gradual
shift away from welfare. I am
There
is
no
provision
in
the
law
for
an
building
independent
jump off welfare
and suddenly be making
up
my
market.
businessman,
It's
impossible
slowly
to
two
love to be able to pay for some of my
thousand
dollars
a
month.
But
I
would
living
embarrassing
and
not
have
to
go
a spare part for my
wheelchair.
situation
every
through
time
I
need
an
act
There needs to be a lawyer who can
welfare clients, because the system so
as
a
champion
for
the
rights
of
easily
welfare
lends
Welfare
givers
itself
as
well
to
as
by
abuse
the
by
the
apartment
sent
Suzanne
to
look
around
clients.
in
chemist said I was using a larger than
the
other
day
because
the
my
usual amount of medical supplies. I
was,
indeed:
cut to drain
urine had changed size and
The
hole
that
has
been
surgically
the
leaking.
connection
to
my
urine
bag
was
rang and Suzanne answered it. The
caller
While
she
was
taking
notes,
my
phone
was
a little. Would I sit on the governor's
a
state
senator,
which
scared
Suzanne
committee and try to
do something about
the
like
me, could earn part or all of their
thousands
of
welfare
clients
who,
own
one step
at a time?
livings
if
they
were
allowed
to
do
so,
like me will thrive under a new system
Hell, yes, I would! Someday people
that
convict them of
cheating. They will be
will
encourage
them,
not
seek
to
free
guilt
to
job.
or
fear
develop
—
or
just
their
hold
talents
a
good,
without
steady
Unit4
should
A
transformation is occurring that
the
developing world. Places that until
greatly
boost
living
standards
in
recently were deaf and
dumb are rapidly
acquiring up-to-date
telecommunications
that will let them
promote both internal
and
decade for many countries in Asia,
Latin
foreign
investment.
It
may
take
a
America, and Eastern
Europe to improve
transportation,
other
fiber with a diameter
of less than half
utilities.
power
But
a
supplies,
single
optical
and
a
millimete can carry more information
than a large cable made of coppe wires.
By
switches,
installing
optical
fiber,
digital
transmission systems, a parade of urban
and
the
latest
wireless
centers
to Budapest are stepping directly into
and
industrial
zones
from
Beijing
the Information Age.
A spider's web of
digital
is
of Eastern Europe.
already
and
reaching
wireless
most
communication
of
Asia
and
links
parts
advanced
communications as a way to leap
All
these
developing
regions
see
over
Widespread
whole
stages
technologies, for
example, promises to
access
of
economic
to
development.
information
condense
labor-intensive
the
time
required
to
change
from
industries
assembly
work
to
marketing,
that
involve
engineering,
communications
and
China and Vietnam a huge advantage over
give
design.
countries
Modern
like
countries stuck with
old technology
ahead
How
fast these nations should push
think
is
a
matter
of
debate.
Many
experts
requiring
Vietnam
expensive
that
is
going
too
far
by
desperate
digital
all
models,
mobile
when
phones
it
be
countries
for
costs
lack
any
experience
phones,
period.
is
in
technologies,
and
choosing
weighing
between
communications
Still, there's little dispute that
separating the winners from the losers.
will
be
a
key
factor
Consider Russia. Because of its strong
educational
science,
system
in
Information
it
should
thrive
mathematics
in
and
the
national
that dates from the l930s. To lick this
phone
system
is
problem
a
rusting
is
antiqu
its
problem, Russia is
starting to install
optical
pump
fiber
and
has
a
strategic
plan
to
communications its economy
$$40
billion
into
various
is stuck in
recession and it barely has
the money
to even scratch the surface of
the
problem.
China. Over the next decade,
it plans to
Compare that with the
mainland of
pour
telecommunications equipment. In a way,
some
$$100
billion
into
China's
because the expansion occurs just as
new
backwardness
is
an
advantage,
technologies are becoming cheaper than
copper wire systems. By the end of
1995,
each
except
of
switches
for
China's
Lhasa
provincial
will
capitals
links. This means
that major cities are
and
high-capacity
have
optical
digital
fiber
getting
become
superhighway,
allowing people to log on
major
the
basic
parts
of
infrastructure
the
information
to
to the most advanced
services available
Shanghai's
Telecommunications
financial center.
dream
of
becoming
is
also
a
key to
a
top
providing
To
offer
peak
performance
paperless
the
expect,
trading
electronic
in
global
data
and
telecommunications
networks as powerful
Shanghai
investors
plans
as those in Manhattan.
jump
into the modern world. Currently,
Meanwhile,
Hungary
also
hopes
to
700,000
To
Hungarians
are
waiting
for
phones.
funds and to speed
the import of Western
partially
overcome
the
problem
of
technology, Hungary sold a 30% stake in
its
further reduce the
waiting
national
phone
company
to
two
Western
list
rights to a Dutch-Scandinavian group of
for
phones,
Hungary
has
leased
companies to build
and operate what it
says
digital
will
mobile
be
one
phone
of
the
systems
most
advanced
in
popularways
fact,
wireless
is
one
of
the
most
the
in
to
get
a
phone
system
up
fast
build radio towers than to string lines
developing
countries.
It's
cheaper
to
across mountain ridges, and businesses
eager
accept a significantly
higher price tag
for
reliable
service
are
willing
to
for
two
a
wireless
call
over
fixed lines.
to
four
times
as
—
much
the
as
fee
for
is
calls
typically
made
exploded
Wireless demand and
usage have also
breadth of Latin
America. For wireless
across
the
entire
width
and
phone
business
service
providers,
America
like having an
endless pile of money at
—
having
better
an
operation
than
nowhere
in
there
Latin
is
is
your
with
disposal.
Bellsouth
Corporation,
estimates its
annual revenu per average
operations
in
four
wireless
markets,
customer at about
$$2,000 as compared to
$$860 in the
United States. That's partly
because
to four times as long on the phone as
Latin
American
customers
talk
two
people in North America.
as
of
a
Thailand
way
to
allow
is
also
turning
to
wireless,
traffic. And it
isn't that easy to call
all
the
time
Thais
they
to
spend
make
better
stuck
use
in
or fax
from the office: The waiting list
for
million
phone
lines
become
can
the
names
rage
on
among
it.
has
So
from
one
to
two
businesspeople
mobile
phones
have
jams.
remain
in
contact
despite
the
traffic
who
leaps.
Vietnam is making one
of the boldest
$$220
Despite
a
per
person
income
of
just
Vietnam
a
year,
all
of
the
300,000
lines
optical
plans
rather
fiber
to
with
add
digital
annually
will
be
electrons
than
next-generation
over
cheaper
copper
systems
switching,
wires.
By
that
going
send
for
Vietnamese telecommunications officials
technology
now,
say
anyone in Asia for
decades.
they'll
be
able
to
keep
pace
with
for
in
so
For
long,
countries
the
that
have
lagged
behind
the
one
persist
mistakes
jump
is
hard
temptation
to
move
ahead
they'll
to
resist.
make,
And
despite
they'll
alongside
—
so
that one day they can cruise
Europeans
Americans
superhighway.
on
the
and
information
Western
Unit5
22
in
million
Here we are, all by
ourselves, all
way
our
rooms,
of
us
some
by
of
recent
us
count,
alone
divorced, some
widowed, some never yet
and
some
of
us
not.
liking
Some
it
of
that
us
committed.
national disease here, and it's more
Loneliness
may
be
a
sort
of
embarrassing for us to
admit than any
other
alone
sin.
company
on
purpose,
On
the
other
having
hand,
to
be
is one characteristic of an American
rather
than
been
cast
out
rejected
by
it,
hero. The
solitary hunter or explorer
needs no
one as they venture out among
the deer
and wolves to tame the great
wild
on
areas.
Thoreau,
alone
turned
the
pond,
his
back
in
his
cabin
character for you.
to
the
town.
deliberately
Now,
that's
commodity for poets
and philosophers.
Inspiration
in
solitude
is
a
major
highly
They're all for it. They all speak
at
they hurry home for tea.
least
of
for
themselves
an
hour
or even
for
seeking
two
before
it
out,
for
Para4
Consider
William put on his
coat, finding his
instance,
helping
Dorothy
her
Wordsworth,
brother
notebook
as he sets forth into the early spring
and
pencil
for
him,
and
waving
sunlight
himself.
to
look
at
flowers
all
by
solitude,
improved by being
voluntary.
No
doubt
about
it,
solitude
is
arranging
Look
at
before they silently
creep away, so he
his
cushions
Milton's
and
daughters
blankets
can create poetry.
Then, rather than
trouble
he
to
put
it
in
his
own
handwriting,
write it down
while he dictates.
calls
the
girls
to
come
back
and
these
artistic types went outdoors to
You
may have noticed that most of
be alone.
keeping the kettle warm till they came
The indoors was full of loved ones
home.
solitude was Thoreau.
We admire him,
The
American
high
priest
of
not for his self-reliance, but because
he
Walden Pond, and he
wanted to be
was
all
by
himself
out
there
at
alone in
the woods.
—
all
minutes'
Actually, he lived
a mile, or 20
neighbor;
three hundred yards from a busy road.
half
walk,
a
mile
from
from
his
the
railroad;
nearest
He
day,
asking him how he could possibly
had
company
in
and
out
of
the
hut
all
be so
noble. Apparently the main point
of
wife nor servants, used his own axe to
his
nobility
was
that
he
had
neither
chop his own wood,
and washed his own
cups
laundry;
and
saucers.
don't
know
who
did
certainly
he
doesn't
say,
but
his
he
either.
Listen to him:
doesn't
mention
doing
his
own,
the
as
solitude.
companion
that
was
so
companionable
self-
importance
Thoreau
had
his
own
there's a
message here: The larger the
for
company.
Perhaps
ego, the less the need for other egos
around. The more modest and humble we
feel,
feeling ourselves
inadequate company.
the
more
we
suffer
from
solitude,
their
If
you
live
with
other
people,
refreshing.
temporary
absence
can
be
today
Solitude will end on
Thursday. If
to
the plural
form. While the others are
refer
I
use
to
a
myself,
singular
next
personal
week
I
will
pronoun
use
absent you can stretch out your soul
until it fills up the whole room, and
use your freedom, coming and going as
you please without apology, staying up
late
a
moving at
your own pace. Those absent
whole
to
read,
pint
of
soakin
ice
cream
in
the
at
bath,
one
sitting,
eating
will be back. Their waterproof winter
coats
keeps watching for
them at the window.
are
in
the
closet
and
the
dog
But when
you live alone, the temporary
absence
acquaintances
of
never come back.
leaves
your
a
vacuum;
friends
they
and
may
and
The
condition
of
loneliness
rises
forever.
falls,
but the
need
to
talk
goes
on
listen. Oh, we all have friends we can
It's
more
basic
than
needing
to
tell
call to say we lost our
job or fell on
important
things
to,
people
we
can
a slippery
floor and broke our arm.
complaints
It's the daily succession of small
opinions that backs up and chokes us.
and
observations
and
We
got a
parcel from our sister, or it's
can't
really
call
a
friend
to
say
we
getting dark earlier now,
or we don't
trust that new Supreme
Court justice.
who
Scientific
ourselves
live
alone
surveys show that we
talk
at
length
television. We ask the cat whether we
and
our
pets
and
the
to
should
dress.
wear
the
blue
suit
or
the
yellow
prepare steak, or
noodles for, dinner.
We
ask
the
parrot
if
we
should
We
greater sportsman: that figure skater
argue
with
ourselves
over
who
is
the
or this skier. There's nothing wrong
with 's good for us, and a lot
less
front
embarrassing
than
the
woman
in
telling
of
us
in
line
at
the
market who's
Melissa
the
Saturday, and Melissa is very fond of
may
cashier
be
coming
that
to
her
visit
niece
on
hot chocolate, which is
why she bought
the powdered hot
chocolate mix, though
she never drinks
it herself.
It's important to stay
rational.
settle
It's
important to stop waiting and
comfortable,
down
find
condition,
some
grace
at
and
least
make
ourselves
and
temporarily,
pleasure
in
and
British
princess sealed up in a tower, waiting
poet
not
but
like
like
a
self-centered
our
a
patient
for
the
happy
ending
to
our
fairy
tale.
be
time
where
After all, here we
are. It may not
Anyway, there is no
place like home.
being
we
we
expected
might
as
to
well
be,
call
but
for
it
home.
the
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