2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)真题及参考答案

2013

年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）真题及参考答案

Section I

Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D

on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Given the advantages of electronic money,

you

might think that we would move quickly to the

cashless

society

in

which

all

payments

are

made

electronically.

1

a

true

cashless

society

is

probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been

2

for two decades but have not

yet

come

to

fruition.

For

example,

Business

Week

predicted

in

1975

that

electronic

means

of

payment

would

soon

the

very

3

of

money

itself,

only

to

4

itself

several

years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so

5

in coming?

Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on

paper, several factors work

6

the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very

7

to set

up

the

computer,

card

reader,

and

telecornmunications

networks

necessary

to

make

electronic

money the

8

form of payment Second, paper checks have the advantage that they

9

receipts,

something

thai

many

consumers

are

unwilling

to

10

.

Third,

the

use

of

paper

checks

gives

consumers several days of

-

it

takes several days

11

a check is cashed and funds are

12

from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can cam interest on the

funds in the meantime.

13

electronic payments arc immediate, they eliminate the float for the

consumer.

Fourth,

electronic

means

of

payment

may

14

security

and

privacy

concerns.

We

often

hear

media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter

information

15

there. The fact that this is not an 16 occurrence means that dishonest persons

might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and

17

from someone

else's

accounts.

The

18

of

this

type

of

fraud

is

no

easy

task,

and

a

new

field

of

computer

science is developing to 19

security issues. A further concern is that the use of e lectronic means

of

payment

leaves

an

electronic

20

that

contains

a

large

amount

of

personal

data.

There

are

concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby

violating our privacy.

1.

[A]

However

[B]

Moreover

[C]

Therefore

[D]

Otherwise

2.

[A]

off

[B]

back

[C]

over

[D] around

3.

[A]

power

[B]

concept

[C]

history

[D] role

4.

[A]

reward

[B]

resist

[C]

resume

[D] reverse

5.

[A]

silent

[B]

sudden

[C]

slow

[D] steady

6.

[A]

for

[B]

against

[C]

with

[D] on

7.

[A]

imaginative

[B]

expensive

[C]

sensitive

[D]

productive

8.

[A]

similar

[B]

original

[C]

temporary

[D]

dominant

9.

[A]

collect

[B]

provide

[C]

copy

[D] print

10. [A] give up

[B] take over

[C] bring back

[D]

pass down

11.

[A]

before

[B]

after

[C]

since

[D] when

12.

[A]

kept

[B]

borrowed

[C]

released

[D] withdrawn

13.

[A]

Unless

[B]

Until

[C]

Because

[D] Though

14.

[A]

hide

[B]

express

[C]

raise

[D]ease

15.

[A]

analyzed

[B]

shared

[C]

stored

[D] displayed

16. [A] unsafe

[B] unnatural

[C] uncommon

[D]

unclear

17.

[A]

steal

[B]

choose

[C]

benefit

[D] return

18.

[A]

consideration

[B]

prevention

[C]

manipulation

[D]

justification

19. [A] cope with

[B] fight against

[C] adapt to

[D] call

for

20.

[A]

chunk

[B]

chip

[C]

path

[D] trail

Section II

Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.

Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton

about

just

how

much

a

modern

textile

mill

has

been

automated:

The

average

mill

only

two

employees today

,” a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man

away from the machines.”

Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that

the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today

is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution,

which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker.

In

the

past,

workers

with

average

skills,

doing

an

average

job

，

could

earn

an

average

lifestyle ,But ,today ,average is officially over. Being average just won

’

t earn you what it used to.

It

can

’

t

when

so

many

more

employers

have

so

much

more

access

to

so

much

more

above

average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius.

Therefore,

everyone

needs

to

find

their

extra- their

unique

value

contribution

that

makes

them

stand out in whatever is their field of employment.

Yes,

new

technology

has

been

eating

j

obs

forever,

and

always

will.

But

there’s

been

an

acceleration. As Davidson notes,” In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so

fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three

manufacturing jobs-about 6 million in total -disappeared.

There will always be changed-new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know

for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require

workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.

In

a

world

where

average

is

officially

over,

there

are

many

things

we

need

to

do

to

support

employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of for the 21st

century that ensures that every American has access to poet- high school education.

21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_______

[A] the impact of technological advances

[B] the alleviation of job pressure

[C] the shrinkage of textile mills

[D] the decline of middle-class incomes

22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to______

[A] work on cheap software

[B] ask for a moderate salary

[C] adopt an average lifestyle

[D] contribute something unique

23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ______

[A] gains of technology have been erased

[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed

[C] factories are making much less money than before

[D] new jobs and services have been offered

24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is_____

[A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution

[B] to ensure more education for people

[C] ro advance economic globalization

[D] to pass more bills in the 21st century

25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?

[A] New Law Takes Effect

[B] Technology Goes Cheap

[C] Average Is Over

[D] Recession Is Bad

Text 2

A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic inclued settlers and sojourners. Along with

the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no

intention to stay, and 7millin people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all

Italian

immigrants,

for

exanmle,

eventually

returned

to

Italy

for

good.

They

even

had

an

affect

ionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio,” birds of passage.

Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide nemcomers into two categories: legal

or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or our broken immigrantion

system an

d the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don’t need more categories, but we

need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strick definitions of

legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in

the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.

Crop

pickers,

violinists,

construction

workers,

entrepreneurs,

engineers,

home

health-care

aides

and

physicists

are

among

today’s

birds

of

passage.

They

a

re

energetic

participants

in

a

global

economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas .They prefer to come and go as opportunity

calls them , They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.

With

or

without

permission,

they

straddle

laws,

jurisdictions

and

identities

with

ease.

We

need

them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without

committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and

there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.

Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the

immigration battle .Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the

middle

ground

and understanding

that

managing

immigration

today

requires

multiple

paths

and

multiple outcomes. Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.

26 “Birds of passage” refers to those who____

[A] immigrate across the Atlantic.

[B] leave their home countries for good.

[C] stay in a foregin temporaily.

[D] find permanent jobs overseas.

27 It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration stystem in the US____

[A] needs new immigrant categories.

[B] has loosened control over immigrants.

[C] should be adopted to meet challenges.

[D] has been fixeed via political means.

28 According to the author, today’s birds of passage want___

[A] fiancial incentives.

[B] a global recognition.

[C] opportunities to get regular jobs.

[D] the freedom to stay and leave.

29 The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated __

[A] as faithful partners.

[B] with economic favors.

[C] with regal tolerance.

[D] as mighty rivals.

30

选出最适合文章的标题

[A] come and go: big mistake.

[B] living and thriving : great risk.

[C] with or without : great risk.

[D] legal or illegal: big mistake.

Text 3

Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and

think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our

quick, hard-wired responses.

Snap

decisions

can

be

important

defense

mechanisms;

if

we

are

judging

whether

someone

is

dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we

need

more

time

to

assess

other

factors.

To

accurately

tell

whether

someone

is

sociable,

studies

show,

we

need

at

least

a

minute,

preferably

five.

It

takes

a

while

to

judge

complex

aspects

of

personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.

But

snap

decis

ions

in

reaction

to

rapid

stimuli

aren’t

exclusive

to

the

interpersonal

realm.

Psychologists

at

the

University

of

Toronto

found

that

viewing

a

fast-food

logo

for

just

a

few

milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating.

We

unconsciously

associate

fast

food

with

speed

and

impatience

and

carry

those

impulses

into

whatever else we’re doing, Subjects exposed to fast

-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece

lasts too long.

Yet

we

can

reverse

such

influences.

If

we

know

we

will

overreact

to

consumer

products

or

housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate

agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners

are

more

likely

to

reject

attractive

female

applicants,

we

can

help

screeners

understand

their

biases-or hire outside screeners.

John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only

after we ground such snap reactio

ns in “thick sliced” long

-term study. When Dr. Gottman really

wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a muck

longer evaluation; two days, not two seconds.

Our ability to

mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals:

doge can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have

spent

about

12

percent

of

our

days

contemplating

the

longer

term.

Although

technology

might

change the way

we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to

rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.

31. The time needed in making decisions may____.

[A] vary according to the urgency of the situation

[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction

[C] depend on the importance of the assessment

[D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment

32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snao decisions____.

[A] can be associative

[B] are not unconscious

[C] can be dangerous

[D] are not impulsive

33. Toreverse the negative influences of snap decisions,we should____.

[A] trust our first impression

[B] do as people usually do

[C] think before we act

[D] ask for expert advice

34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on____.