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简析英语中“除??外”的词组
在英语中能表
达“除外；除??之外”意思的介词或词组常用的有
besi
des
、
except
、
but
、
except
for
、
but
for
、
other than
以及
apart from
等。学生
对这些词的具体运用容易弄混，
给阅读和写作带来一定的困难。现就这些词的区别与用法
做如下总结。
一、
except
、
but
和
besides
A.
当我们要表示“从整体里减去一部分”
，常用
ex
cept
和
but
。
< br>except
的含意是因为“所说
的道理或事实不能适用
于那部分”
，着重于“排除在外”
。如：
1. Everybody went to the exhibition
except/but Mary.
2.
I had nothing in the world except/but a one-
million-pound note.
值得注意的是，
< br>but
多用在序数词、
all
、
none
、
who
以及由
every-
，
any-<
/p>
，
no-
词缀构成
的复合词如
everything
，
anywhere
，
nobody
等之
后，如：
1. In the maths
competition he won the first place but two.
(
第三名
)
2. They are all gone but me.
3. There is no one but me in the office
now..
4. Who but George would do such a
thing?
5. You can get the book anywhere
but here.
还有，
but
之后可接动词不定式。如果
but
前有行为动词
do
（不管它以何种形式出现）
，
动词不定式前的
to
常省略；反之保留
to
。如：
1. Jenny
could do nothing but accept the offer.
2. He didn
’
t ask
anything but to see his son in safety.
3. The bear had no choice but to lie
down and sleep.
4.
They didn’
t open their
mouths except to complain
B.
表示“除了甲做了某事外，乙也做了某事”
，
即“除??以外，另外还有??”时，要
用
besides
。着重“另外还有”
。这时做了某事的应是甲乙相加的和。如：
1. What else did you see besides the
dolphins in the Ocean Park?
2.
Brown bought two other books besides this
dictionary.
3. Besides the pupils, all
the teachers donated money to help those in
trouble.
C.
注意，<
/p>
except
、
but
< br>和
besides
之后所接的部分逻辑上应与前面所说明
的部分在句法功能上
一致。如果都是名词，其类别也应相等。请看下列句子：
1. He went nowhere
but/except to the museum.
（
nowhere
和
to the museum
作地点状语）
2.
We had piano lessons every day except at the
weekend.
（
every day
和
at the weekend
作
时间状语）
3. When questioned, he said he knew
nothing about the murder except that two were
killed.
（
nothing
和
that two were
killed
作宾语）
4. He
seldom comes here except when he wants money.
（
seldom
和
when he wants money
作时间状语）
5. All the
farmers were affected to tears besides the
workers.
（
all the farmers
和
the workers
第
1
页
共
4
页
都是表人的名词，作主语）
D.
此外，
except
还可以做动词用，表“除
,
把??除外
,
反对
,
不计”
，
其名词形式是
exception,
有分词形式
excepting
和<
/p>
excepted
。
1. You will be punished, I
can except no one.
2. Everyone enjoyed
walking home, John excepted.
3. All of
us, nobody excepted, agree to the decision.
excepting = except,
但一般用于句首或用于
not
，
without
，
always
等词
之后。如：
1. Excepting his
brother, they are all right.
2.
Everyone, not excepting myself, must share the
blame.
3. All of us, without excepting
those who know more about the subject, should
study.
4. All my brothers come here
every day, always excepting the youngest.
5. The crew on the ship were all saved
excepting the captain.
二、
except
for
和
but for
两者都表示
“如果没有??
;
要不是有??（的
话）
；除??之外”
。用
except
for
时，
除开的和前
（后）
面所说明的不是同类事物，
常用来对前面所说明的事物进行细节上的更正
，
语气上通常表示遗憾。
1.
Your composition is well written except for a few
misspellings.
句中
a few misspellings(
除去的）
和
Your composition
（前面所说明的）
是不同类的事物。
2. He leads a typical American way of
life, except for one
thing
－
he looks exactly like
the
President, Bill Mitchell.
(2004
全国卷
III
完形填空
)
句中
one
thing
－
he
looks
exactly
like
the
President,
Bill
Mitchell
(
除去的）和
a
typical
American way of
life
（所说明的）是不同类的事物。
3. Except for some old furniture, the
castle is quite empty.
句中
some old furniture
(
除去的）和
the
castle
（后面所说明的）是不同类的事物。
而
but for
只用于虚拟语气，可与
without
、
if it
were not for
…
、
if it had not been
for
…
互换。如：
But for your kind help, I
wouldn
’
t have finished the
task so easily.
But
for
your
kind
help
=
Without
your
kind
help/If
it
hadn
’
t
been
for
your
kind
help/If
I
hadn
’
t had your
kind help.
三、
apart from
apart from
具有多重意义：既可表示
besides
，也可以表示
except
或
except for
，还可以
表示
without
的意思。如：
1. Apart from the cost, it will
take a lot of time.
(=
besides)
2. All the children like music
apart from Bobby.
(= except)
3. This is a good composition, apart
from a few grammar mistakes.
(= except for)
4. There can be no knowledge apart from
practice.
（＝
without
）
(
实践出真知
)
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