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科普类文阅读技巧
一、特点
1
、短小性。它篇幅小，然而就其知识容量、主题意义、现实作用又可以很大。它旁征
博引
，尺幅千里，能及时反映科学上新的事物、思想、方法和动态。
2
、知识性。它普及科学知识，把科学的最新信息常给读者。它常常把握住现实生活中
的某一事物或现象，
用正确的理论，
去
进行科学的解释，
纠正常识错误，从而使读者了解世
界万物变化
、运动的规律。
3
、文学性。它要以
优美文字、形象手法，来表达科学内容。它常采用比喻、拟人等文
学手法和故事、对话、
散文等形式及通俗、形象、幽默等语言，生动活泼、情趣盎然地介绍
科学知识。
4
、思想性。它往往以具体细小的事物，阐发
一点耐人寻味的哲学道理，给人起启示，
发人深省。阅读科普文章，要注意把握好两个层
面的目标和要求：一是科学与人文的层面。
也可以说是科学的人文性。
< br>从科学中吸取智慧与力量，
体会求实的科学态度和勇于探索创新
< br>的科学精神。
另一个是知识和能力的层面。
要根据科学小
品这一体裁的特点，
学会筛选并整
合文中有用信息，把握作者的
写作思路，重点研习将抽象内容说明得具体生动的技巧。
二、基本要求
1
、理清说明顺序。主要有空间、时间、逻辑顺序。逻辑顺序又包含从原因到结果、从
主要到次要、从整体到局部、从概括到具体、从总说到分说、从现象到本质、从特点到用途
等。在段落中尽量找到表示说明顺序的显著的语言标志。
(
一
)(2011?
全国卷Ⅱ
)
For
those
who
study
the
development
of
intelligence
(
智力
)
in
the
animal
world
，
self-
awareness is an important measurement. An animal that is aware (
意识
) of itself
has a high level
of intelligence.
Awareness can be tested by studying
whether the animal recognizes itself in the
mirror, that
is
，
its own
reflected image (
反射出的影像
).
Many animals fail this exercise bitterly, paying
very
little
attention
to
the
reflected
image.
Only
humans,
and
some
intelligent
animals
like
apes
and
dolphins
，
have
been shown to recognize that the image in the
mirror is of themselves.
Now
another
animal
has
joined
the
club.
In
the
Proceedings
of
the
National
Academy
of
Sciences, researchers report that an
Asian elephant has passed the mirror
selfreflection test.
“We thought that
elephants were the next important animal.” said
Diana Reiss of the Wildlife
Conservation Society, an author of the
study with Joshua M. Plotnik and Fans B. M. de
Waal of
Emory University. With
th
eir large brains, Reiss said,
elephants “seemed like cousins to apes and
dolphins”
．
The researchers tested Happy, Maxine
and Patty, three elephants at the Bronx Zoo. They
put
an
8footsquare
mirror
on
a
wall
of
the
animals'
play
area
(out
of
the
sight
of
zoo
visitors)
and
recorded what happened with cameras,
including one built in the mirror.
The
elephants used their long noses to find what was
behind it, and to examine parts of their
bodies.
Of the three, Happy
then passed the test, in which a clear mark was
painted on one side of her
face. She
could tell the mark was there by looking in the
mirror, and she used the mirror to touch
the mark with her long nose.
Diana
Reiss
said,
“We
knew
elephants
were
intelligent,
but
now
we
can
talk
about
their
1
/
6
intelligen
ce in a better
way.”
1
．
What can mirror
tests tell us about animals?
A
．
Whether they
have large brains.
B
．
Whether they
have selfawareness.
C
．
Whether they
enjoy outdoor exercises.
D
．
Whether they
enjoy playing with mirrors.
2
．
Why does the
author mention apes and dolphins in the text?
A
．
They are most
familiar to readers.
B
．
They are big
favorites with zoo visitors.
C
．
They are
included in the study by Reiss.
D
．
They are
already known to be intelligent.
3
．
What made Happy
different from Maxine and Patty?
A
．
She used her
nose to search behind the mirror.
B
．
She recognized
her own image in the mirror.
C
．
She painted a
mark on her own face.
D
．
She found the
hidden camera.
答案与解析
1.B
细节理解题。根据第二段第一
句可知，通过研究动物是否在镜子中识别自己可以
测试它们的自我意识。
2.D
推理判断题。根据
第二段最后一句可知，作者提到猿和海豚是因为它们和人一样
可以识别镜中自己的形象，
是人们已知的有智力的动物；
再根据第三段，
< br>一个亚洲象也通过
了该测试，也加入到有智力的行列里，故选
D
项。
3.B
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段
，三个大象中只有
Happy
通过了镜子测试，也就是
说只有她能识别镜中自己的形象，因此这是她有别于其他大象的地方，故选
B
项。
(
二
)(2011?
江苏高考
)
According
to
the
US
government,
wind
farms
off
the
Pacific
coast
could
produce
900
gigawatts
of
electricity
every
year.
Unfortunately,
the
water
there
is
far
too
deep
for
even
the
tallest windmills (see
picture) to touch bottom. An experiment under way
off the coast of Norway,
however, could
help put them anywhere.
The project,
called Hywind, is the world's first largescale
deepwater wind turbine
(
涡轮发电
机
).
Although
it
uses
a
fairly
standard
152ton,
2.3megawatt
turbine,
Hywind
represents
totally
new technology. The turbine will be
fixed 213 feet above
the water on a
floating spar ( see picture), a technology
Hywind's creator, the Norwegian company
StatoilHydro, has developed recently.
The steel spar, which is filled with stones and
goes 328 feet
below the sea surface,
will be tied to the ocean floor by three cables
(
缆索
); these will keep the
spar stable and prevent the turbine
from moving up and down in the waves. Hywind's
stability (
稳
定性
)
in
the
cold
and
rough
sea
would
prove
that
even
the
deepest
corners
of
the
ocean
are
suitable for wind power. If all goes
according to plan, the turbine will start
producing electricity
six miles off the
coast of southwestern Norway as early as
September.
To
produce
electricity
on
a
large
scale,
a
commercial
wind
farm
will
have
to
use
bigger
turbines than Hywind does, but it's
difficult enough to balance such a large turbine
so high on a
floating spar in the
middle of the ocean. To make that turbine heavier,
the whole spar's centre of
gravity must
be moved much closer to the ocean's surface. To do
that, the company plans to design
a new
kind of wind turbine, one whose gearbox
(
变速箱
) sits at sea level
rather than behind the
2
/
6
blades (see
picture)
．
Hywind
is a test run, but the benefits for perfecting
floating windfarm technology could be
extremely large. Out at sea, the wind
is often stronger and steadier than close to
shore, where all
existing
offshore
windmills
are
planted.
Deepsea
farms
are
invisible
from
land,
which
helps
overcome the windmillaseyesore
objection. If the technology catches on, it will
open up vast areas
of the planet's
surface to one of the best lowcarbon power sources
available.
1. The Hywind project uses
totally new technology to ensure the stability of
________.
A. the cables which tie the
spar to the ocean floor
B. the spar
which is floating in deepsea water
C.
the blades driven by strong and steady sea wind
D. the stones filled in the spar below
the sea surface
2. To balance a bigger
turbine high on a floating spar, a new type of
turbine is to be designed
with its
gearbox sitting________.
A. on the sea
floor
B. on the spar top
C. at sea level
D. behind the blades
3. Wide applications of deepwater wind
power technology can________.
A. solve
the technical problems of deepwater windmills
B. make financial profits by producing
more turbines
C. settle the arguments
about environmental problems
D. explore
lowcarbon power resources available at sea
答案与解析
1.B
细节理解题。根据第二段倒数
第三句可知，该工程采用了全新的技术，是为了确
保漂浮在深海水域中的圆材的保持稳定
。
2.C
细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句可知，为了使较大的涡轮发电机能在圆材上保
持平衡，
公司计划设计新的发电机，其变速箱在海平面上。
3.D
细节理解题。根据最后一段最
后一句可知，深海风能技术的广泛应用会在海洋上
开发出可使用的最好的低碳能源之一。
(
三
)(2
011
?
山东高考
)
Since the 1970s, scientists have been
searching for ways to link the brain
with computers.
Braincomputer interface (BCI)
technology could help people with disabilities
send commands to
machines.
Recently,
two
researchers,
Jose
Millan
and
Michele
Tavella
from
the
Federal
Polytechnic
School in
Lausanne, Switzerland, demonstrated
(
展示
) a small robotic
wheelchair directed by a
person's
thoughts.
In the laboratory, Tavella
operated the wheelchair just by thinking about
moving his left or
right hand. He could
even talk as he watched the vehicle and guided it
with his thoughts.
“Our brain has
billions of nerve cells. These send signals
through the spinal cord (
脊髓
)
to
the muscles to give us the ability
to move. But spinal cord injuries or other
conditions can prevent
these
weak
electrical
signals
from
reaching
the
muscles.”
Tavella
says.
“Our
system
allows
disabled people to
communicate with external world and also to
control devices.”
The
researchers designed a special cap for the user.
This head cover picks up the signals from
the scalp (
头皮
)
and sends them to a computer. The computer
interprets the signals and commands
the
motorized wheelchair. The wheelchair also has two
cameras that identify objects in its path.
They help the computer react to
commands from the brain.
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