交通工程专业英语翻译

在向有组织的人类社会的演变过程中，这种组织在今天是通过由各国组成的国际化大

家庭表现出来的，交通作为人与货物移动的物理过程，电促进了这种发展，不断地经历

着技术与组织方面的改变。

4

．

There

is

no

other

choice

but

to

look

for

alternatives

to

present

transport

systems

or

to

modify

the

technical

and

operational

characteristics

of

related

modes

so

that

energy

consumption and costs will be reduced and environmental impacts can be kept at a minimum

．

没有别的办法，只 有寻找新的交通替代手段或改变相关模式的技术与运行特点，才

可以减少能源消耗和造价 ，对环境的影响也可以保持到最低程度。

4

交通工程专业英语

Unit

3

Transport

Telematics

Text

Introduction

Transport telematics

，

also

known as intelligent

transport systems

(ITS)

，

are concerned

with

the

application

of

electronic

information

and

control

to

improve

transport

．

Some

new

systems

have

already

been

implemented

and

the

pace

of

implementation

can

be

expected

to

quicken

．

With a crystal ball

，

we can foresee how a typical journey to work may look in 10

years time

．

运输信息通讯，也称为智能交通系统

（

ITS

）

，涉及电子信息与控制应用 提高运输。

一些新的制度已经实施和执行的步伐将会加快。有一个水晶球，我们可以预见 典型之旅

工作在

10

年时间里可能看起来。

You feel pleased with yourself that you have preceded your in-car navigation system with the

coordinates of your final destination

，

and soon you are obtaining instructions on your best route

with information updated from the local travel control center

．

以确定影响服务的任何中断和旅行的时间。

这一次您选择乘搭车，

因为你必须任命

1ater

在一天中在这些旧式商业公园是无法访问的公共交通工具之一。没有发生事件记录在你

正常工作，所以您不想使用您的计算机路由型号为您选择最佳路线的路线上。

As you near your place of work

，

you are aware of roadside messages informing you of the

next

park

and

ride

service

．

You

choose

to

ignore

these

as

you

will

need

to

make

a

quick

getaway for your appointment

．

You then check that your travel card is clearly displayed inside

the car

；

you don?t want to be fined for not having a positive credit for the city?s road pricing

and parking service! The same card gives you clearance to your parking space

；

you activate

your parking vision and co1lision control just to be sure of not scratching

the MD?s car

next to

you

．

一旦你的车，你头，高速公路和选择巡航控制、

车道支持和碰撞避免系统，使您可以

专注于您最喜欢的电台服务。突然间，这 是给你一件事你的路线上的信息的电台交通消

息通道服务被中断。你不是惊讶的时候，在 下一个路口，路边的可变信息标志

(VM)

确

认这

；

高速公路消息真的可信现在

Using transport elematics

All these information and control services, and many more besides, are discussed in the

UK Government' s consultation document. One way of categorising these services is into the

following application areas:

所有这些信息和控制服务和之外，

更多的讨论，

英国政府

' s

咨询文件。

Categorising

这些服务的一种方法是到下面的应用领域：

5

交通工程专业英语

①

traffic management and control

②

tolling and road pricing

③

road safety and law enforcement

④

public transport travel information and ticketing

⑤

driver information and guidance

⑥

freight and fleet management

⑦

vehicle safety

⑧

system integration

All

these

applications

are

being

developed

with

assistance

from

research

and

pilot

implementation programmes in Europe, USA and Japan.

Traffic management and control

Any

traffic

management

and

control

system

needs

information

on

traffic

flows,

speeds,

queues,

incidents

accidents,

vehicle

breakdowns,

obstructions

air

quality

and

vehicle

types,

lengths and weights. This information will be collected using infrared, radio, loop, radar, and

microwave

or

vision

detectors.

In

addition,

public

and

private

organizations

will

provide

information on planned events roadworks, leisure events, exhibitions.

The use to which this information is put depends on the objectives set for management and

control. Network management objectives set for urban areas include:

①

influencing traveller behaviour, in particular modal choice, route choice and the time at

which journeys are made.

②

reducing the impact of traffic on air quality.

③

improving priority for buses and LRT vehicles.

④

providing better and safer facilities for pedestrians, cyclists and other vulnerable road

users.

⑤

restraining traffic in sensitive areas.

⑥

managing demand and congestion more efficiently.

The

software

systems

used

will

include

control

applications

such

as

SCOOT,

SCATS,

SPOT and MOTION. These are responsive systems, which control a network of traffic signals

to meet these objectives. Automatic vehicle location and identification will provide information

for giving priority or allowing access to certain vehicles only.

Interurban

network

management

systems

will

have

similar

objectives

but

will

make

greater

use

of

access

control

by

ramp

metering

and

other

means,

and

of

speed

control

and

high-occupancy vehicle lane management. Regional traffic control centers will advise motorist

of

incidents

and

alternative

routes

by

VMS

and

by

RDS-TMC,

a

signal

FM

radio

service

broadcasting localized traffic messages and advice to drivers.

6

交通工程专业英语

Tolling and road pricing

Interurban motorway tolling and urban road pricing provide another approach to meeting

network

management

objectives

while

obtaining

additional

revenue

that

can

be

invested

in

transport.

Singapore's

electronic

zone

pricing,

the

TOLLSTAR

electronic

toll

collection

and

ADEPT automatic debiting smart cards are examples of such applications.

These systems rely on microwave or radio communication to an in-vehicle transponder in

a smart card with detection of vehicle licence plates using image processing for enforcement

purposes.

Public transport travel information and ticketing

Travel information is needed by passengers at home or office and also during their journey.

London

Transport's

ROUTES

computer-based

service

offers

routing,

timetable

and

fares

information on all public transport services in London through public inquiry terminals.

Real-time travel information is provided in London by the COUNTDOWN system which

is being expanded to cover 4000 bus stops. A similar system called STOPWATCH is available

in Southampton as part of the ROMANSE project and is based on Peek's Bus Tracker system

which can detect buses using either radio beacons or GPS (Global Positioning System) which

uses satellites to identify locations.

ROMANSE

also

includes

TRIP

lanner

interactive

enquiry

terminals

with

touch

screens

providing travel information.

Problems with tickets for through journeys can be a deterrent for travelers choosing public

transport. Smartcard stored-value tickets can provide a single ticket for car parking and all legs

of a journey served by different operators.

Driver information and guidance

Driver

information

systems

include

the

RDS- TMC

radio

data

system-traffic

message

channel, initially trialled between London and Paris in the PLEIADES project and elsewhere in

Europe

in

similar

EC-funded

projects.

There

is

also

the

Traffic

master

service

which

uses

infrared

monitors

to

identify

congestion

and

an

in-car

visual

map-based

screen

to

inform

drivers of congestion.

Driver guidance systems aim to take this a step further by informing drivers of their route

and giving guidance on navigation. Communication between the control center and the vehicle

can be by roadside beacon or by digital cellular radio network based on GSM(global system of

mobile

communications)

as

in

SOCRATES.

Commercial

products

include

Daimler

Benz's

copilot dynamic route guidance system trialled in Berlin and Stuttgart and Philip's Car Systems

CARIN.

Similar

products,

such

as

the

VICS

advanced

mobile

information

service,

are

commonly available in Japan.

Notes

1

．

Transport telematics

，

also known as intelligent transport systems (ITS)

，

are concerned with

the application of electronic information and control to improve transport

．

交通运输远程信息处理系统，通常也被称为智能交通系统

(ITS

系统

)

， 是利用电子

7

交通工程专业英语

信息和控制技术来改善交通的系统。

2

．

On this occasion

，

you choose to travel by car as you have an appointment later in the day

at one of those old-fashioned business parks that are inaccessible by public transport

．

在这种 情况下，当你在这天稍后有一个约会，而约会的地点是在公交车所不能到

达的一个旧式商 业停车场，那么你就可以选择乘坐小汽车前往。

3

．

Any traffic management and control system needs information on traffic flows

，

speeds

< br>，

queues

，

incide nts(accidents

，

vehicle breakdowns

，

obstructions)air quality and vehicle types

，

lengths and weights

．

任何一种交通管理 和控制系统都需要如下信息：交通流、车速、排队、交通事件

(

事

故、车损、障碍物

)

、空气质量以及 车辆的类型、长度与重量。

4

．

Interurban

network

management

systems

will

have

similar

objectives

but

will

make

greater

use

of

access

control

by

ramp

metering

and

other

means

，

and

of

speed

control

and

high-occupancy vehicle lane management

．

城市间的网络管理系统将会有相似的目标，但是在通过匝道车流调节和其他一些方法

来进 行人口控制与速度控制以及高占有率车道管理方面也会起到很大作用。

5

．

These systems rely on microwave or radio communication to an in- vehicle transponder in

a smart card with detection of vehicle license plates using image processing for enforcement

purposes

．

为实施管理的目的，这些系统依靠 微波或无线技术与设在一张小卡片上的车载发射

机应答器实现通信联系，这张卡片采用图 像处理技术来探测车辆的驾驶执照。

8

交通工程专业英语

Unit

4

Public Transport Priority

Text

Design objectives

Public transport priority has to be seen in the context of an overall urban transport strategy

with

objectives

which

include

not

only

improved

bus

or

tram

operation

and

restraint

of

car-borne

commuting

but

also

an

enhanced

environment

for

residents,

workers

and

visitors.

Measures proposed must serve all these objectives and yet also be demonstrably cost-effective

and enforceable.

Typical design objectives for public transport priority measures include:

①

to

improve

the

conditions

and

reliability

of

bus

operations

through

the

introduction of appropriate bus priority measures.

②

to alter the traffic balance in favor of buses at those locations where this can

be properly justified.

③

to improve conditions for bus passengers at stops and interchanges.

④

to

improve

road

safety

generally

and,

in

particular,

for

pedestrians,

cyclists

and people with disabilities.

⑤

to

review,

where

appropriate,

hours

of

operation

of

waiting

and

loading

restrictions.

⑥

to

establish

and

implement

the

coordinated

and

coherent

application

of

waiting, parking and loading enforcement regimes on bus route corridors.

⑦

to improve conditions for all road users and frontagers on bus route corridors.

Achieving

these

objectives

often

involves

compromises

between

improving

bus

operation

and

the

needs

of

local

businesses

and

residents

for

reasonable

access

and

of

pedestrians and cyclists for safe and convenient movement.

Bus Priority Measures

Typical bus priority measures fall into four main categories:

①

bus lanes and busways

②

traffic and parking management measures

③

traffic signal control

④

bus stop improvements.

These are

considered separately, but

in

practice

the design for

a bus route corridor will

draw on measures from all these categories.

(1)

Bus lanes and busways

9

交通工程专业英语

With-flow bus lanes are relatively commonplace. They enable buses to avoid queues on

congested

sections

of

road

by

providing

a

lane

marked

and

signed

clearly

and

implemented

under a traffic regulation order prohibiting use by general traffic.

Contraflow bus lanes enable buses to avoid circuitous routes, e.g. in a gyratory system, by

permitting two-way movement for buses only over a road section. The main disadvantage of a

continuous contraflow bus lane is that it prevents kerbside access by vehicles, such as goods

vehicles, that are not permitted to use it.

Busways

and

bus-only

streets

provide

a

dedicated

track

for

use

by

buses.

Busways

are

either separate roadways or a part of a roadway but segregated from it, normally by kerbs.

(2)

T

raffic and parking management measures

These are typically no-entry and banned turn controls which allow buses and possibly also

cyclists to make a movement prohibited to other vehicles.

Finance

and

space

permit.

One

solution

is

for

the

highway

authority

to

enable

provision

access route to commercial properties and to provide dropped kerbs and allow residents to gain

access over the footway to parking within the curtilage of their properties.

(3)

T

raffic signal control

Traffic

signal

control

include:

①

Signal

rephrasing

for

passive

bus

priority

②

Selective

vehicle

detection-active

bus

priority

③

Overlap

phases

④

Queue

relocation

and

traffic

metering

⑤

Presignals and bus advance areas.

(4)

B

us stop improvements

One

of

the

major

causes

of

delay

in

urban

areas

for

buses

and

general

traffic

is

inconsiderate parking near bus stops. Buses have difficulty in gaining access to bus stops and

subsequently rejoining the traffic stream. Passengers have to resort to walking between parked

cars to board a bus.

Sometimes the imposition of waiting and loading restrictions is inappropriate because this

would

prevent

the

reasonable

use

of

lengths

of

road

kerb

by

local

residents

and

businesses.

One

solution

is

to

deter

parking

local

to

the

bus

stop

and

provide

easier

boarding

for

passengers by constructing bus boarders which consist of local extensions of the footway into

the carriageway of about 1.0-2.0m.

The positioning of bus stops is often dictated by practicalities such as avoiding banks and

post

offices,

where

space

for

special

deliveries

is

required,

and

avoiding

creating

poor

sight

lines for side road traffic.

Bus

shelters

are

an

obvious

improvement

at

bus

stops,

providing

protection

from

the

weather.

Timetable

information

should

also

be

provided

at

bus

stops

in common

static

form

listing the schedule of times of buses arriving at the stop and of reaching

destinations, or as

real- time information.

Passel kerbs are high-sided curved kerbs which allow bus drivers to align their vehicles

precisely

at

bus

stops.

The

great

advantage

is

that

boarding

and

alighting

passengers

have

a

near-level entry and exit to the vehicle, without the need to step onto the road.

10

交通工程专业英语

Notes

1

．

Public transport priority has to be seen in the context of an overall urban transport strategy

with

objectives

which

include

not

only

improved

bus

(or

tram)

operation

and

restraint

of

car- home commuting but also an enhanced environment for residents

．

workers and visitors

．

公交优 先应被看作是整个城市交通战略的一部分，它的目标不仅是改善公交

(

< br>或电

车

)

的运行和限制小汽车通 勤交通，而且也是为居民、工作人员和游客提供一个更好的环

境。

2

．

Achieving these objectives often involves compromises between improving bus operation

and the needs of local

businesses and residents

for reasonable access

and of pedestrians and

cyclists for safe and convenient movement

．

为了实现这些目标通常需要协调改善公交运行与各种要求之间的关系，这些要求

包括地区商业和居民合理进入的需要、步行者和骑脚踏车的人的安全便利通行的需要。

3

．

One

of

the

major

causes

of

delay

in

urban

areas

for

buses

and

general

traffic

is

inconsiderate parking near bus stops

．

随意在 公交车站附近停车是引起市区公交车和总体交通延误的主要原因之一。

4

．

The positioning of bus stops is often dictated by practicalities such as avoiding banks and

post offices

，

where space for special deliveries is required, and avoiding creating poor sight

lines for side road traffic

．

公交站点位置通常 以实用性标准来选定，例如避开银行和邮局，因为那里要有进行特

别递送活动的空间，而 且也要避免造成路边交通视线不好的情况。

11

交通工程专业英语

Unit

6

Highway Systems and Functional Classifications

Text

Systems and classifications

The

classification

of

highway

into

different

operational

systems

，

functional

classes

，

or

geometric

features

is

necessary

for

communication

among

< br>engineers

，

administrators,

and

the

general public. Different classification schemes have been applied for different purposes in different

rural and urban regions.

Classification of highways by design types based on the major geometric

feat ures(e

．

g

．

< br>，

freeways and conventional streets and highways)is the most helpful one for highway

location and design procedures

．

Classification by route numbering(e

．

g

．

，

U.S.

，

< br>State primary

，

State

secondary

，

and

county

numbering

systems)

，

is

the

most

helpful

for

traffic

operations.

Administrative classification (e

．

g

．

，

State Federal aid primary

，

State Federal aid secondary

，

State

primary

，

and state secondary)is used to denote the levels of government responsible for, and the

method of financing, highway facilities

．

Functional classification

，

the grouping of highways by the

character

of

service

they

provide

，

was

developed

for

transportation

planning