-
高中重点语法
-----
定语从句
【考点】
对定语从句的考查主要集中在以下几个方面：
1
．定语从句的功用和结构；
2
．关系代词和关系副词的功用；
<
/p>
3
．各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法；
【精讲】
一
.
定语从句的功用和结构
在复合句中，
修饰某一名词或代词的从句
叫做定语从句。
被定从句修饰的词<
/p>
叫做
先行词
。
定
语从句必须放在先行词之后。
引导定语从句的
关联词有关系代词
和关系副词。
例如：
This is the present that
he gave me for my birthday.
二
.
关系代词和关系副词的功用
关系代
词和关系副词用来引导定于从句，
在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作
用，使二者联系起来。
关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。
关系
待客做主语，宾语，定语，关系副词可作状语。
1.
作主语：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的
谓语动词的人称和数须
和先行词一致。例如：
I
don
’
t like people who talk
much but do little.
2.
作宾语：
She is the person that I
met at the school gate yesterday.
3.
作定语
:
关系代词
whose
在定语从句中作定语用。
例如：
What
’
s the name of
the young man whose sister is a doctor?
4.
作状语
I
’
ll never forget the day when I first
came to Beijing.
三
.
各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法
1. who
指人，在定语从句中作主语。
例如：
The person who broke the
window must pay for it.
2.
whom
指人，在定语从句中作宾语。
例如：
Mr Lee (whom) you want to
see has come.
3. whose
指人，在定语从句中作定语。
例如：
The girl whose mother is
ill is staying at home today.
4.
which
指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。
1
例如：
A dictionary is a book
which gives the meaning of words.
多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
例如：
I’ve read th
e
newspaper that(which) carries the important news.
6. when
指时间，在定语从句中作状语。
例如：
He arrived in Beijing on
the day when I left.
7. where
指地点，在定语从句中作状语。
例如：
This is the house where
we lived last year.
四
.
关系代词
whom
，
which
在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放<
/p>
于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将
whom
与
which
与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面，如：
That was the room in which we had lived
for ten years. = That was the room
which we had lived in for
ten years.
五
.
具体使用时还要注意下列问题：
1.
只能使用
that,
不用
which
的情况：
(1)
先行词是
all, few,
little, nothing, everything, anything
等不定代词时。
例如：
All that he said is true.
(2)
先行词被
only, no, any,
all,
等词修饰时。
例如：
He
is the only foreigner
that has been to
that place.
(3)
先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。
例如：
< br>He was the second (person)
that told
me the secret.
(4)
先行词是形容词最高
级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。
例如：
This is the
best book (that) I have read this year.
(5)
先行词既包括人又包括物时。
例如：
He talked about the people and the
things he remembered.
2.
只能用
which
，不用
that
的情况：
(1)
在非限制性定语从中。
例如：
The
meeting was put off, which was exactly what
we wanted.
(2)
定语
从句由介词
+
关系代词引导，
先行词是
物时
。
例如：
The thing
about which
he is talking is of great
importance.
2
高中重点语法之
---
状语从句
状语从句主要有：
(
九种
)
时间、地点、原因、条
件、让步、目的、
（结果、方式、比较、
）
一、时间状语从句
1.
常见关联词
1
）
.
基本类
包括
before,
after,
when,
while,
as,
since,
till,
until,
once,
as
soon
as
等。
如：
Did
anyone
call
when
I
was
out?
我不在家时谁来过电话吗
?
We
have
known
each
other
since
we
were
children.
我们从小认识。
You’ll
feel
better
after
you
take
the
pills.
吃完药丸后你会感到好一些。
Make
sure
that
all
the
lights
are
off
before
you
go
to
bed.
睡觉前一定要关灯。
Don’t
promise
him
anything
till
we’ve
had
time
to
think
about
it.
在我们有时间考虑之前别答应他什么。
2
）
.
句型类
包括
no
sooner…than,
hardly…when
；
scarc
ely…when
等。如：
I
had
no
sooner
closed
the
door
than
somebody
knocked.
我刚把门关上就
有人敲门。
Hardly
were
the
words
uttered when
he
began
to
regret
them.
话刚说出口
他就开始后悔了。
2.
考点
1
）
.
wh
en
，
while
，
< br>as
显然都可以引导时间状语从句，但用法区别非常大。
a)
、
wh
en
可以和延续性动词连用，也可以和短暂性动词连用；而
wh
ile
和
as
只
能和延续性动词连用。
①
Why do you want a new job
when you
’
ve got such a good
one already
？（
get
为
短
暂性动词）你已经找到如此好的工作，为何还想再找新的？
②
Sorry
，
I was out when you called me
．（
call
为短暂性动词）
对不起，你打电话时我刚好外出了。
③
Strike while the iron is ho
t
．（
is
为延续性动词，表示一种持
续的状态）
趁热打铁。
④
The students took notes as
they listened
．（
listen
为延续性动词）
学生们边听课边做笔记。
2)
、
till
、
until
、
not.....until
的用法
The boy
didn’t smile until he saw his mother
Not until he saw his mother did the
little boy smile.
It was not until he
saw his mother that the little boy smiled.
Until he saw his mother, the little boy
didn’t smile.
3)
、
表示
“
一
.....
< br>就
”
的连词
3
1
、
once,
as
soon
as;
hardly/scarcely.....when;
no
sooner.....than;
the
minute;
the
moment; the instant; immediately;
directly; instantly
都表示
“
一
.....
就
”
4
）
It
is/has been +
时间段
+since
从句（一般过去时）
5
）
while
：
1
当……时候；
2
，然而；
3
，尽管，虽然
单选练习：
1.“
you’re there,can you get me some
stamps?”
e
2. It's almost
three years____I last saw her.
A. since
D. after
二、地点状语从句
地点状语从句通常由
where,
wherever
，
anywhere, everywher
e
引导
,
地点状语
从句常置于主句之后。至于句首，常用逗号隔开，表示强调作用。
Where I
live
，
there are plenty of
trees.
我住的地方树很多。
Wherever I
am
，
I will be thinking of
you.
不管我在哪里我都会想到你。
三、原因状语从句
引导词：
because,
since, as
和
for
1
．
because
语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答
why
提出的问题
；他可
以与强调词
only
和
just
连用；他可用在
It is
...that...
强调句中
I
didn't go, because I was afraid.
2
．
当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，
就用
as
或
sinc
e
。
Since
有既然的含义，
as
引导的原因状语从句，若强调时还可以倒装。
Since /As the weather is so bad, we
have to delay our journey.
Hard as he
studied, he passed the test with ease.
四、条件状语从句
连接词主要：
if,
unless,
as/so
long
as,
on
condition
that
、
suppose(that)/
supposing
(that),
providing/provided(that),
in
case
等。
.
1.
条件状语从句中时态的用法
1)
一般现在时表将来
Unless I
am free, I won
’
t take you to
the park.
2)
if <
/p>
引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟
< br>语气中阐述。
If I were you, I
would go with him.
3)
主句和条件从句的时态关系
I apologize if
I
you, but I assure you it was
unintentional.
offended
have offended
have offended
4
= if
not.
Let's go out
for a walk unless you are too tired.
If you are not too tied,
let's go out for a walk.
You will be late ___ you leave
immediately.
A.
unless
B.
until
C.
if
D. or
五，目的状语从句
表示目的状语的从句可以由
that, so that,
in order that, lest, for fear that, in case
等词
引导，从句中常有
may/might;shal
l/should;will/would;can/could
等例如：
You must speak louder so that /in order
that you can be heard by all.
1
、从句一般位于主句后
2
、
lest, for fear
that, in case
引导的目的状语从句，
有时含有否
定意思，
意为以免，
以防，生怕
Better take more clothes in case the
weather is cold.
He wrote
the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget
it.
六、让步状语从句
让步状语从句的引导词
though,
although
，
even though, even
if
和
although
注意：
当有
though, although
时，
后面的从句不能有
but
，
但是
though
和
yet/still
可连用
Although it's raining, they
are still working in the field.
虽然在下雨，
但他们仍
在地里干活。
He
is very old, but he still works very
hard.
虽然他很老，
但仍然努力地工作。
Though the sore be healed,
yet a scar may remain.
伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。
（谚语）
典型例题
_________she is young, she knows quite
a lot.
A.
When
C. While
D.
Unless
2
．
as,
though
引导的倒装句
as
/
though
引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实
义动词提前）
。
Child as /though he was, he knew what
was the right thing to do.=
Though he was a small child, he knew
what was the right thing to do.
注意：
a
.
倒装时，句首名词不能带任何冠词。
b.
倒装时，句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状
语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he
never seems
able to
do
the work satisfactorily.=
Though he
tries hard, he never
seems…
虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。
if, even though.
即使
We'll make a trip even though the
weather is bad.
5