考研翻译汇总

1997

71) Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which

is something the world does not have.

72)

Some

philosophers

argue

that

rights

exist

only

within

a

social

contract,

as

part

of

an

exchange of duties and entitlements.

73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should

be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration

at all.

74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect,

extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice

75)

When

that

happens,

it

is

not

a

mistake:

it

is

mankind’s

instinct

for

moral

reasoning

in

action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.

1998

71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the

past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago

72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward

in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.

73) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne

instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon

74) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea,

a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory

75)

Odd though

it

sounds,

cosmic

inflation

is

a scientifically plausible

consequence of

some

respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for

the better part of a decade that it is true.

1999

71)

While

there

are

almost

as

many

definitions

of

history

as

there

are

historians,

modern

practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the

significant events of the past.

72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of

history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves

73)

During

this

transfer,

traditional

historical

methods

were

augmented

by

additional

methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.

74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical

work

in

general

or

to

the

research

techniques

appropriate

to

the

various

branches

of

historical

inquiry.

75)

It

applies

equally

to

traditional

historians

who

view

history

as

only

the

external

and

internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific

techniques.

2000

71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence

the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.

72) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up

with

the

efficiency

of

its

agriculture

and

industry,

and

that

this

in

turn

rests

upon

the

efforts

of

scientists and technologists of all kinds.

73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are

feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often

forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.

74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization -- with all the

far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed -- was spread over nearly a century, whereas

nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.

75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems

arising from mass migration movements

-- themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern

means of transport.

2001

71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that

will disable them when they offend.

72)

Children

will

play

with

dolls

equipped

with

personality

chips,

computers

with

in-built

personalities

will

be

regarded

as

workmates

rather

than

tools,

relaxation

will

be

in

front

of

smell- television, and digital age will have arrived.

73)

Pearson

has

pieced

together

the

work

of

hundreds

of

researchers

around

the

world

to

produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect

hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.

74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-

machine integration: “It will be the

beginning

of

the

long

process

of

integration

that

will

ultimately

lead

to

a

fully

electronic

human

before the end of the next century.”

75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will

result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder -- kitchen rage.

2002

61)

One

difficulty

is

that

almost

all

of

what

is

called

behavioral

science

continues

to

trace

behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.

62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items

often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard

to find.

63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred

years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the

individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.

64)

They

are

the

possessions

of

the

autonomous

(self-governing)

man

of

traditional

theory,

and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given

credit for his achievements.

65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and

with it possibly the only way to solve our problems

2003

61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus

subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.

62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their

endeavors

in

the

same

reasoned,

orderly,

systematic,

and

dispassioned

manner

that

natural

scientists use for the study of natural phenomena

63)

The

emphasis

on

data

gathered

first-hand,

combined

with

a

cross- cultural

perspective

brought

to

the

analysis

of

cultures

past

and

present,

makes

this

study

a

unique

and

distinctly

important social science.

64)

Tylor

defined

culture

as

“…

that

complex

whole

which

includes

belief,

art,

morals,

law,

custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”

65) Thus, the anthropological concept of “ culture,” like the concept of “ set ” in mathematics,

is

an

abstract

concept

which

makes

possible

immense

amounts

of

concrete

research

and

understanding.

2004

61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process

of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

62)

We

are

obliged

to

them

because

some

of

these

languages

have

since

vanished,

as

the

peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.

63)

The

newly

described

languages

were

often

so

strikingly

different

from

the

well

studied

languages

of

Europe

and

Southeast

Asia

that

some

scholars

even

accused

Boas

and

Sapir

of

fabricating their data.

64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea

that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.

65)

Whorf

came

to

believe

in

a

sort

of

linguistic

determinism

which,

in

its

strongest

form,

states

that

language

imprisons

the

mind,

and

that

the

grammatical

patterns

in

a

language

can

produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.

2005

46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed

-- and

perhaps

never

before

has

it

served

so

much

to

connect

different

peoples

and

nations

as

in

the

recent events in Europe.

47)

In

Europe,

as

elsewhere,

multi-media

groups

have

been

increasingly

successful:

groups

which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in

relation to one another.

48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a

fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than

50% took a loss in 1989.

49) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditio

ns which go

to

make

up

the

connecting

fabric

of

the

Old

Continent

is

no

easy

task

and

demands

a

strategic

choice

50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand,

divided we fall”

.

2006

46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life

the activity of thinking in a Socratic (

苏格拉底

) way about moral problems.

47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in

as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.

48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of

moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects

of those problems.

49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any

more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct

in business