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修辞与翻译

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2021-02-24 16:19
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2021年2月24日发(作者:危地马拉城)


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Lecture 1


?


Give Timex to all, to all a good time.


?


这是个新造词,由

< br>Time



Excellent


组成。



?


结合修辞的



头韵



(两个


g




两个


t


)和修辞的



顶真



(连珠)


,五汉字对五音节翻译如下:



?


人戴天美时,美时天下人。



?



美时,美时


‖< /p>


应对


―to all, to all‖


,都是



顶真





?


两个


m,


两个


sh


应对两个


g




两个

< br>t


,双声对头韵。




?


莎士比亚


14


行诗第


18


首有两句名言


——



?



So long as men can breathe and eyes can see,


?


So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.


?


只要人能呼吸,眼睛不失明,



?


我的诗就流传,赐予你永生。




?


仿拟点化(师承前人之功,化出时 代之新)


——



?


So long as you go to a greater height,


?


So long you will enjoy a grander sight.


?


(欲穷千里目,更上一层楼。





?


1. What Is Rhetoric?



?


Rhetoric


is


the


art


of


using


language


to


communicate


effectively.



?


To


define


rhetoric,


let‘s


do


at


the


same


time


from


the


Chinese for it:


修辞


.


?


修 :修饰,研究,学习;辞:文字辞句。



?

修辞:修饰文字词句,运用各种表现方式,使语言表达


得准确、鲜明而生动有力。< /p>



?


Rhetoric,


effective


use


of


words


to


make


the


language


accurate,


clear-cut,


vivid


and


powerful


by


various


ways


expression.


?










——< /p>


《汉英双语现代汉语词典》


2157


页< /p>




?


2. Rhetoric Applications Are Everywhere


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A New Year, A New Career.



?


New, new











——


Repetition


(反复)



?


Year, career







——


Rhyme






(尾韵)



?


Tear, career







——


Antithesis


(对照)



?


Why is the river rich? It has two banks.


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Now, try to translate the pun .


(双关)



?

< p>
为什么说河水富有?因为它年年有鱼(余)



< /p>


?


为什么说河水富有?因为它总是向前(钱)




?


为什么说河水富有?因为它水多啊(水为财)




?


Better late than the late.


(双关,仿拟


Parody














?


晚了总比完了好。


(仿拟了什么英谚?)




Now in a bus we may see a sign reading:


?


Please


offer


your


seat


to


the


people


in


need


voluntari ly.



Euphemism




?


请主动让座予有需要人士。


(委婉语)



?


Not


:请给老弱病残孕让个座。


(没有修辞效果)



?


And


so,


my


fellow


Americans


ask


not


what


your


country


can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.


?


因此美国同胞们,你们应该问 的不是国家能为你们做些


什么,而应该问你们自己能为国家做些什么。

< br>


?


这是什么修辞?



?


——


Antithesis

< br>(对照)




?


3. Why Rhetoric Is Needed?



―In


short,


to


be


logical,


to


be


grammatical


and


to


have


a


better


command


of


rhetoric



these


are


the


three


points


I


would like you to bear in mind when you write.‖



——


Mao Zedong



?


Recite material


?


In writing articles, one must pay attention to logic. That is to


say,


one


must


pay


attention


to


the


structure


of


an


article


or


speech


as


a


whole,


and


there


must


be


some


sort


of


relation


between


the


beginning,


the


middle


and


the


end,


a


sort


of


inner relationship, and the three must not be at variance with


one another.



One must also observe the rules of grammar.


Many comrades tend to omitted the subject or the object of a


sentence


when


it


should


not


be


omitted


or


use


adverbs


as


verbs


or


even


leave


out


verbs.



All


this


is


ungrammatical.



Attention must also be paid to rhetoric, to how to write more


vividly.



In


short,


to


be


logical,


to


be


grammatical


and


to


have a better command of rhetoric



these are the three points


I would like you to bear in mind when you write.



?


For the same reason, translation has to be done logically



grammatically and beautifully.



?


What is grammar, logic and rhetoric?


?


Grammar is to study the rules of the linguistic structure, a


study of whether the writing is clear, coherent



and smooth


or not.


?


Logic is to study the form and rules of thinking, a study of


whether your statement is right or not.


?


Rhetoric is to study the arts and rules in using languages for


more


effective


and


vivid


results,


so


as


to


beautify


the


languages.




1


?



写文 章要讲逻辑。


就是要注意整篇文章、


整篇讲话的结


构,开头、中间、尾巴要有一种关系,要有一种内部的联


系,不要互相冲突。 还要讲文法。许多同志省掉了不应该


省掉的主词、宾词,或者把副词当动词用,甚至于省 掉动


词。这些都是不合文法的。还要注意修辞,怎样写得生动


一 点。


总之,


一个合逻辑,


一个合文法,


一个较好的修辞,


这三点请你们在写文章的时候注意。




——


毛泽东




?


1.


He


bought


a


picture


of


the


house


which


many


people


thought to be a replica.



?


2.


He


bought


a


picture


of


the


house


which


many


people


thought to be the former apartment of Longfellow.



?


——


What does which mean respectively?


?


他买了一张那座房子的画,



?




1


、很多人认为那是一件复制品。


(指


pic ture




?




2


、很多人认为那是朗费罗先前的住所。


(指


house





?


4. Two Kinds of Rhetoric


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4.1 Passive Rhetoric


(消极修辞,一般修辞)


< br>?


要求:意义明确,轮次通顺,求雅换词,安排稳密。



?


实际并非



消极



,而是一种没有固定辞格的写作技巧。

< br>


?


4.1.1 Word Rhetoric


(词语修辞)



?


要求:准确,鲜明,生动,简练。



?


Many more visitors than it can comfortably hold pour into it,


off



the


regular


steamers,


off



chartered


motorboats


and


off



yachts;


and


all


day


they


amble


up


the


towpath,


looking


for


what?


?


乘客多了,这小地方就拥挤不堪。搭班船的,坐包船的,


驾游艇的,一批批涌到,从早到晚,通过那条纤路,漫步


进村观光, 想看什么呢?





?


4.1.2 Sentence Rhetoric


(句式修辞)



?< /p>


要求:根据语境,锤炼句式,上下文协调,衔接自然。



?


The


church


was


surrounded


by


yew


tree


(紫杉)


which


seemed almost ancient with itself. Its tall Gothic spire shots


up lightly from among them with rooks and crows generally


wheeling about it.


?

< br>译


1


:这教堂的四周有和它一样古老的紫杉包围着。它< /p>


的高高的哥特式塔尖矗立在他们中间,


时有乌鸦飞翔在它


们的周围。



?



2


:教堂四周,有杉树环抱,两者几乎一样古老。教


堂高高的哥特式塔尖,矗出树梢,时有鸦群萦绕飞翔。



?



1


的问题:介词照译;句子太长 ;炼字功夫欠缺。译


2


介词复原,长句短译,炼字准确,衔接自 然。胜一筹。





?


4.1.3 Textual Rhetoric


(篇章修辞)



?< /p>


篇章修辞:是超出句子结构以外,以谋篇布局为特点的


修辞活动。



?


要求:解决句群与句群,段落与段 落,章节与章节之间


的逻辑联系问题,


常常跟词语修辞和句式修 辞技巧有相似


之处,着眼于语言片段的整体修辞效果。



?


It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going


over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day


compounded from silences of bee and flowers and ocean and


land,


which


were


not


silences


at


all,


but


motions,


stirs,


flutters, risings, fallings, each in its own time and matchless

< p>
rhythm.


(翻译:大处着眼,整段构思)




?


4.


2


Active


Rhetoric


(积极修辞,辞格修辞)



?


辞格,修辞格:修辞的格式


figures of speech


?


当某些修辞方法经频繁使用而具有相当固定的形式的时

< p>
候,它们就成为修辞格(


figures


of


speech



,如:夸张、


头韵、明喻、隐喻、对照等等。随着文化的发展


,


语言的


丰富,英语修辞格中出现了习语和俚语。



?


修辞格在实际应用中形成的特征:



?


1


、生动的表意功能



?


2


、一定的结构规律



?


3


、特殊的语 言方式





?


A


Figure


of


Speech


is


where


a


word


or


words are


used


to


create an effect, often where they do not have their original


or literal meaning. If someone says tha


t they are ―starving‖,


they


do


not


mean


that


they


are


in


fact


dying


of


hunger,


but


that they are very hungry.



?


5. Translation of Speech Figures


?


辞格的翻译



P 3


?


5. 1 Literal Translation


(直译法)


P 4


?


The real humorist laughs and we laugh with him. The clown


feigning a sense of humor and we laugh at him.


(译文见书)




?


The


fair


breeze


blew,


the


white


foam


flew,


the


furrow


followed free.



?



furrow,


犁沟


,


喻船驶过留下的浪花


,/f /


喻风浪声)



?


清风徐徐吹,白浪翩翩飞,水花任意随船尾。




5. 2 Extensional Translation


(引申法)



P 5


To


add


some


meanings


so


as


to


help


readers


better


understand the original.


?


有多少丫头不想学花袭人呢?(一译如书)



2








?


Is


there


any


maid


who


doesn‘t


wish


to


become


a


lady


as


attractive as flowers.




?


5. 3 Conversional Translation


(转换法)


P 5


?


5.3.1 Content conversional translation


?


内容转换



?


如书例


5



6


。报警电话按读者对象的不同而转换。而例

< br>6


译文,一般修辞中的篇章修辞翻译的成果。




?


内容转换法,应用在双关辞格,双 声(头韵)辞格、谜


语辞格比较多。如上


河富



例。又如:



?


Why is the letter T like an island?


?


——


Because it is in the middle of water.


?


因何竖钩像座岛?



?


——


竖钩位于水中央。




?


What flower does everybody have?


?


——


Tulips.




Tulips rounds like two lips.




?


人人都有的花是什么花?



?


——


泪花。





?


5.3.2 Figure-of-speech conversional translation


?


辞格转换



?


如书例


7



8.



?


5. 4 Liberal Translation


(意译法)



P 6


?


如书例

9



10


?


What does that lawyer do after he dies?


?


——


Lie still.


?


那个律师变鬼后还能干什么?



?


——


还是说鬼话。





Lecture 2







Chapter 1



?


Review


< br>?


1



Recite the quotation on what is to be kept in mind when


writing by Mao Zedong.



?


2



Transla te the Q & A as follows:


?


A. What animal is


rich


?


?


B: Bloodhound, because he is always


picking up scents


.





?


Tips:




bloodhound


,侦探猎犬;②



Study two words of


scent


and


cent,


and


associate


each


one‘s


pronunciation


and


meaning.



?


A: What animal is


rich


?


?


B: Bloodhound, because he is always


picking up scents


.


译文



?


甲:什么动物最有钱?


< p>
?


乙:猎犬最有钱,因为他总是捡钱。



pick up scents


是发


音双关,意 为



捡美分、嗅东西






?

评议:音意关联信息全,语失幽默意味变。



另一译文



?


甲:什么动物很有钱?



?


乙:金钱豹很有钱,它满身是金钱。



?


评议:




金钱



双解解难题,意义关联联幽默。




?


竹篮子打水一场空。



?


Drawing


water


with


a


bamboo


basket


——


all


in


vain



achieving nothing



.


?


With


a


bamboo


basket


to


draw


water,


One


will


achieve


nothing for ever.


?

中国南方各省,人们都喜欢吃辣椒。江西是



不怕辣




湖南是



辣不怕



,四川是



怕不辣





?


The


people


in


many


provinces


in


south


China


are


fond


of


hot


peppers.


The


Jiangxi


people


like


their


food


spicy,


the


Hunan people, spicier, while the Sichuan people, the spiciest.


(活用三级形容词)




?


A feather/ as a gift/ may be cheep




?


But conveys/ from afar/ feelings deep.


?


千里送鹅毛,礼轻情意重。



?


The gift itself may be insignificant as a goose feather



but


sent from afar



it conveys deep feeling.


(一般表达)



< /p>


?


(修辞法诗意表达如前,格律为:抑抑扬格三音步)

< p>


?


For a grander sight,/ To a greater height.


?


The greater the height,/ The grander the sight.


?


欲穷千里目,更上一层楼。



?


To command a thousand-


mile view, /Let‘s go up one more


flight.



?


莎士比亚


14


行诗第


18


首有两句名言


——



?


So long as men can breathe and eyes can see,


?


So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.


?


只要人能呼吸,眼睛不失明,



3



?


我的诗就流传,赐予你永生。




?


仿拟点化:师承前人之功,化出时 代之新,试译


:


?


欲穷千里目,更上一层楼。



?


So long as you can go to a greater height,


?


So long you will enjoy a grander sight.



?


Chapter 1


?


Simile, Metaphor & Metonymy


?


翻译明喻格、暗喻格和借喻格



?


Section 1: Association and Figuration


?


构成比喻


F iguration


的四大要素:



?


1.


本体




the signified tenor

< br>(被比喻的事物,


X




?


2.


喻体




the signifier vehicle

< p>
(用作比喻的事物,


Y




?


3.


相似性




s imilarity


(联想,


associative meaning





?


4.


相异性




d issimilarity


(整体上不相同)



?


Please analyze Ex 2/ P 2: ―7‖ is like a sickle.



?


Pick up the signified tenor and signifier vehicle




?


比喻的分类


——



?


X tenor


(本体)



Y vehicle


(喻体)



?


1




Simile


(形象生动的明喻)


P 21


?


X is like



as




Y.


?


She‘s as


thin


as six o‘clock.



Ex 9/ P5




?


她瘦得 像钟表的长短针指着


6


点正。


(引申法 )



?


Ex 12-14/ P6




for self- taught after class




?


My love is like a red, red rose.


?


To take the clearest type of figuration, simile is a two-term


analogy in which a subject or ―tenor‖ is explicitly compared


to a ―vehicle‖: ―My love‖ as tenor in Burns



彭斯的诗歌)


, to


―a red, red rose‖, as vehicle.





?


2.



Metaphor


(含而不露的暗喻,隐喻)


P 25


?


X is Y


.



?


Life is after all a theater.



Ex 3,4/ P4




?


All the world‘s a stage.



Shakesp eare




?


这世界本是一座舞台(


《皆大欢喜》独白题目)


< p>


?


A metaphor is


an


analogy


between


two


objects


or


ideas;


the analogy is conveyed by the use of a metaphorical word in


place of some other word. For example


——




?





?


Metaphors are comparisons that show how two things that


are not alike in most ways are similar in one important way.




?


Metaphor is the description of one object or idea in terms of


another. Examples:


?


factory is operating at full throttle.


?


该工厂正在开足马力进行生产。



?


2. The company scored a classic own goal when it missed


the deadline for tax return.


?


该公 司误了完税期限,


这下子可算把球踢进自家门儿了。



?


Popular


metaphor


such


as


those


associated


with


sport


or


travel


will


help


a


reader


feel


comfortable


with


the


writing


while adding a little color and interest.



?


3. Metonymy


(借彼喻此的借喻)


P 30


?


本体


X


名称和比喻词不出现,借彼


Y


喻此


X


,故名





< p>
,又可理解为转用别的与本体


X


密切相关的事物的 名



Y


来代替


X


,故又名



转喻



Ex 97-99/ P 30


?


X does not appear, but changes its name as that of Y


, with


which X is associated.


?


The hall applauded.


?


大厅里掌声雷动。



?


Give every man thine ears, bit few thy voice.


?


多听别人讲,自己少发言。



?


What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave.


?


幼年所学,终身难忘。





?


4


、曲喻:抓住一点相似,然后扩大化,推衍到其他不相


似的事物,进 行二者之间的比并。如:



?


银浦流云学水声。



?








本无多少相似,唯一相似点是


——



?





。水流 有声,云流无声。诗人李贺看来,既然水流


有声音,云流自然有声响了。




?


李商隐《天涯》


The End of the Sky


?


春日在天涯,



Spring is far, far away,


?


天涯日又斜。



Where the sun slants its ray.


?


莺啼如有泪,



If orioles have tear,


?


为湿最高花!



Wet highest flowers here.


?< /p>


言内之意:人啼有泪鸟啼无,两啼曲转喻泪珠。



?


言外之意:诗人怀才总不遇,心孤独泪托曲喻。




?


5


、博喻 (


Sustained


Metaphor


:用一连串的比喻将对象


的特征反复强调,


或用一个接一个的不同方事物来比喻事


4


物的各个 侧面。如:



天地有正气


……


或为出师表,鬼神


泣壮烈;或为渡江楫,慷慨吞胡羯







?


O my love is a red, red rose,


?


That‘s newly sprung in June;



?


O my love is like the melodie


?


That‘s sweetly pay‘d in tune.



?


啊,我爱人像红红的玫瑰,



?


它在六月里初开;



?


啊,我爱人像一支乐曲,



?


美妙地演奏起来。





?


My heart is like a singing bird,


?


Whose nest is in watered shoot;


?


My heart is like a an apple tree,


?


Whose boughs are bent with thickest fruits;


?


My heart is like a rainbow shell,


?


That paddles in a halcyon sea;


?


My heart is gladder than all these,


?


Because my love is come to me.


?


我的心像一只欢歌鸟,窝儿在沾雨带露的嫩枝间;< /p>



?


我的心像一棵苹果树,累累的果实把 树枝儿挂弯;



?


我的心像一枚彩贝壳 ,轻轻荡在风平浪静的大海;



?


我的 心比它们更欢快,因为,我的爱人就要到来!





?


苏轼诗《百步洪①




(片段,供自习用)



?




长洪斗落生跳波②,轻舟南下如投梭③。



水师绝叫凫雁起④,乱石一线争磋磨。







有如兔走鹰隼落⑤,骏马下注千丈坡⑥。






断弦离柱箭脱手⑦,飞电过隙珠翻荷⑧。


?


上述诗句中有多少个形容



水流 急剧凶猛



比喻?


< br>?


①百步洪,在徐州市东南二里,泗水所经有激流险滩,


凡百余步,故名百步洪。②斗落:即陡落。





③投梭:


形容舟行之快,如织布之梭 ,一闪而过。④水师:船工。


绝叫:狂叫。凫雁:野鸭子。⑤隼:音


sun3,


一种猛禽。


⑥下注: 水向下急流。这两句,一以鹰隼捕兔为比,一以


骏马注坡(从坡上急驰而下)为比,都形 容水流之快。⑦


断弦离柱:柱是乐器上调弦用的木把,使劲旋转,使弦绷


得太紧,就会断掉,在那一瞬间,弦很快地离开柱。⑧飞


电过隙:飞逝的闪电很 快掠过隙缝。珠翻荷:猛一掀起荷


叶,上面的水珠急遽落下。







?


Lecture 3



?


Chapter 1



2





?


R & T 1 Homework


?


篇章修辞:是超出句子结构以外,以谋篇 布局为特点的


修辞活动。



?


要求:解决句群与句群,段落与段落,章节与章节之间


的逻辑联系问题,


常常跟词语修辞和句式修辞技巧有相似


之处,着眼于语言片段的 整体修辞效果。



?


It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going


over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day


compounded from silences of bee and flowers and ocean and


land,


which


were


not


silences


at


all,


but


motions,


stirs,


flutters, risings, fallings, each in its own time and matchless


rhythm.


?








绿草萋萋,白云冉冉,彩蝶翩翩,这日子是如此


清新;蜜蜂无言,春花不语,海波声歇,大地音寂,这日


子是如此安静。


然而并非安静,


因为万物各以其独特的节


奏 ,或动,或摇,或震,或起,或伏。




?


Section 2: Figuration and Translation


?


2.1



Simile and Translation



?


2.1.1


、查字典工:

Dane


只查出是



丹麦人



,不确;这就


要加上


great


,以


great Dane


为辞条查。



?


Great Dane: Any of various large, powerful dogs of a breed


developed


in


Germany,


having


a


muscular


body,


a


short


smooth coat, and a narrow head.


(金山词霸)


?


丹麦大狗:有德国狗血统的大型、有力的狗的任一种,


身 体强而有力,毛短而滑,头窄。





?


2.1.2


、编辑功:重新组织表达 的文句。



?


(当然也要有语言功底, 分析句子结构如书。




?

< p>
2.1.3


、辞韵功



?


There be none of Beauty‘s daughters



?


With a magic like thee;


?


And like music on the waters


?


Is thy sweet voice to me…



?

< br>(原诗韵式


abab


,译文则用


aaba


韵式


——


< br>


?


没有哪个美神的公主,



?


像你那样,魅力丰富;



?


我欣赏你的甜蜜之声,



?


犹如音符在水上漂浮。




?


2.2 Metaphor and Translation


?


Ex 86-88, 89-91 / P 28


5


?



All the world‘s a stage,



?


And all the men and women merely players.


?


世间是舞台,


?


男女皆演员。


(直译)



?


He needled his way through.


?


他穿过人群。


(意译)



?


The wind was whispering in the pines.


?


风儿 轻轻飘荡过,松林飒飒传声波。


(引申)




?


2.3 Complicated Figuration and Translation


?


2.3.1 as…as/ more than



?


So as she shows she seems like the budding rose


?


Yet sweeter far than is earthly flower…



?


她的出现,看似含苞的玫瑰,



?


却远比尘世的花儿馥郁名贵


……



?


In the morning the dust hung like a fog, and the sun was as


red as ripe new blood.


?


早上,尘埃如雾似烟,笼罩大地,太阳红得犹如鲜血。





?


2.3.2 as if/ as though


?


She


was


the


fattest


woman


I


have


ever


seen


in


my


life


dozing in a straight- backed chair. It was as if a sack of grain


was supported by a matchbox.


?


他是我平生从未见过的最胖的女人,坐在一把直背椅子


上打 瞌睡,那简直就像一口袋粮食放在一个火柴盒上。



?


2.3.3 A is to B as/what C is to D


?


Etiquette to society is what apparel to the individual.


?


礼节之于社会,犹如衣冠之于个人。




?


请翻译:字乃人之衣冠。



?


Handwriting to a man is what apparel to himself.


?


2.3.4 what…, that…, as…, so



?


一个古老传统的明喻结构



?


As fire tries gold, so does adversity try virtue.


?


如火试真金,逆境见人心。



?


What salt is to food that wit and humor are to conversation


and literature.


(译语顺序)



?


智慧和幽默之于会话和文学,恰如盐之于食物。





?


A



What


salt


is


to


food


that


wit


and


humor


are


to


conversation and literature.



?


这个句子如何分析?请看刚才的例 子


——



?


B



Etiquette to society is what apparel to the individual.


?



A



B

< br>两句结构相同的部分画底线比较


.


?


A




What


salt


is


to


food


that


wit


and


humor


are


to


conversation and literature.


?


A


句的结构就是


——



?


Salt to food is that what wit and humor are to conversation


and literature.


?


知其然,有条件最好还要知其所以 然。




?


As the lion is king to beasts, so the eagle king of birds.


?


Which is the tenor? And the vehicle?


?


Let‘s


identify


the


main


and


subordinate


clauses



then


translate in Chinese expression:


?


鹰为百鸟之王,如同狮为百兽之王一样。




?


2.3.5 It is in/ with…as in/ with



?


It is in studying as in eating; he who does it gets the benefits,


and not he who sees it done.


?


读书和吃饭一样,得益的是实际在吃的人,而不是在一


旁观 望的人。




?


It


is


with


words


as


with


sunbeams;


the


more


they


are


condensed, the deeper they burn.


?


语言如阳光,越浓缩越强。


(共同点:浓缩


/


简练)




?


2.3.6 may/might as well as


?


一个特殊连接 比喻的方法。


结构虽为肯定式,


通常带


may


的句子译成肯定式,带


might


的译成否定。



?


Friendship is vase, which, if it is cracked by accident, may


as well be broken at once.


?


友谊好 比花瓶,只要偶然发生有裂痕,就很有可能马上


破碎的。




?


You might as well erect a house without bricks and mortar


as try to get on in life without education.


?


不受教育而想立身处世,



犹如没有砖灰想建房子。



?



Only building materials



not enough.





?


2.3.7


no more/ less…than; not…any more than



?


no more…than




not…any more than



?


意为



不多于


,常译为否定式:




……


,正如不


……‖



?


no less… than


< /p>


?


意为



不少于



,常译为肯定式


:―


正如


……


一样





?


The


greatness


of


people


is


no


more


determined


by


their


6


number


than


the


greatness


of


a


man


is


determined


by


his


height.



V


. Hugo





?


一个民族的伟大不决定于人口多少,



正如一个伟人不决


定于他的身高一样。


(雨果)



?


Our village is no less beautiful than this picture.


?


我们的村子同这幅画一样美丽。



?


请翻译:


A


home


without


love


is


no


more


a


home


than


a


body without soul is a man.


?


无爱之家,家不成家;无灵魂人,人不是人。




?


2.3.8



and


结构表示比喻关系

< p>


?


This


is


a


typical


mode


of


simile,


with


the


tenor


and


the


vehicle combined by a conjunction ―and‖ as a compounded


subject, very often in English idioms.



?


A word and a stone let go cannot be called back








?


一言既出同抛石,犹如覆水难收回。



?


The strong man and the waterfall channel their own path




?


强者好比瀑布水,自辟蹊径走出来。




?


Kings and bears often worry their keepers



< /p>


?


国王和熊一样,总使照料的人坐立不安。



?



伴君如伴虎

< br>‖


可作上译。但我爱如下翻译


——



?


Escorting the emperor is like keeping company with a tiger.


?


Time and tide wait for no man.


?


时光如流水,机会不等人。


(时不我待。




?


Love and a cough cannot be hid.


?


恋爱如同咳嗽,难避他人耳目。




?


2.3.9


明喻的其他表现形式



?


明喻表现形式繁多,除上述种种,有时我们还可以采用


以下各种表现形式。< /p>



?


2.3.9.1


be something of


表示

< br>―


有点像





?


1



He is something of a political chameleon




?


他像是政治上的变色龙。



?


2



He is something of Hamlet in politics




?


政治上,他有点像哈姆雷特,优柔寡断,心慈手软。





?


2.3 .9.2



compare…to…


表 示比喻关系




?


1



The ancient Egyptians compared the rising of the sun to


the beginning of life and the setting of the sun to the end of


life





?


古代埃及人把日出比作生命的开始,把日落比作生命的


结束。



?


2



The


people


often


compare


eloquence


to


a


fast


flowing


river




?


人们常常以滔滔的河水比喻口才。




?


Translate the s entences



Homework



:


?


1. If you study hard, you'll make progress like seedlings in


spring


growing


everyday


without


knowing


it;


if


you


stop


studying


you'll


lag


behind


like


grindstones


worn


out


everyday without knowing it.



?


2.


A


student


can


no


more


obtain


knowledge


without


studying than a farmer can get harvest without plowing.



?


3. The woman made him fetch and carry just as if he was a


great Newfoundland dog




?


4. What blood vessel is to a man‘s body



that railway is to


transportation





Lecture 4


?


Chapter 3



?


Translate the sentences



Last Homework



:



?


1. If you study hard, you'll make progress like seedlings in


spring


growing


everyday


without


knowing


it;


if


you


stop


studying


you'll


lag


behind


like


grindstones


worn


out


everyday without knowing it.




?



1


:勤奋学习,就像春 天幼苗茁壮成长,不知不觉天


天向上;无心向学,则如磨刀之石磨损亏蚀,无意识中日< /p>


日退步。




2


:勤学如春起之苗,不见其长,日有所增;辍学如磨


刀之石,不 见其损,日有所亏。




?


2.


A


student


can


no


more


obtain


knowledge


without


studying than a farmer can get harvest without plowing.



?

学生不学习不能得到知识,就如农夫不耕种不能收获一


样。


(学生不学无知识,农夫不耕无收成。





?


3. This woman had a way of tyrannizing over



Dobbin and


made


him


fetch


and


carry


just


as


if


he


was


a


great


Newfoundland dog




?


这个女人有本事把多宾捏在手里任意使唤,叫他拿这做


那,简直把他当作一条纽芬兰大狗。



f & c:


打杂)




?


4.


What blood vessel is to a man‘s body



that railway is to


transportation



< /p>


?


铁路对于运输,好比血管对于人的身体一样。

< br>


7



What


a


gentleman


will


do


is


to


enhance


his


attainment


by tranquility and raise his character by thrifty.


He


is


fully


aware


that


he


will


be


unable


to


successfully cultivate his high aspiration without


suppressing


his


desires


for


wealth


and


fame


or


focus


on his ultimate goal without removing disturbances


from outside world.


夫君子之行,静以 修身,俭以养德。非淡泊无以明志,非


宁静无以致远。



Knowledge


can


change


one's


fate;


Learning


can


create


one's future.


知识改变命运、学习成就未来。




With the development of these tools



it is as if a


man suddenly became a millionaire of the mind




随着这些新工 具的发展,


好像一个人一夜之间成了知识上


的百万富翁似的。< /p>





?


关于



明、暗、借



三喻




?


1. Simile


(形象生动的明喻)


P 21


?


X is like



as




Y.



?


2.



Metaphor


(含而不露的暗喻,隐喻)


P 25


?


X is Y


.




?


3. Metonymy


(借彼喻此的借喻)


P 30


?


…Y



?< /p>


本体


X


名称和喻词不出现,


借彼


Y


喻此


X



故名



借喻




又可理解为转用别的与本体密切相关的事物的名 称


Y



代替


X


,故又称



转喻






?


Section 2: Figuration and Translation


?



con tinued




?


2.3 Metonymy


(借喻)


and Translation



?


Metonymy


(借彼喻此的借喻)


P 30


?


本体


X


名称和比喻词不出现,借彼


Y


喻此


X


,故名





< p>
,又可理解为转用别的与本体


X


密切相关的事物的 名



Y


来代替


X


,故又名



转喻



Ex 97-99/ P 30


,已讲。



?


X does not appear, but changes its name as that of Y


, with


which X is associated.


?


The hall applauded.

< br>(大厅里掌声雷动。




?


What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave.


(幼年所


学,终身难忘。







?


Metonymy is a


figure of use in rhetoric in which a thing or


concept


is


not


called


by


its


own


name,


but


by


the


name


of


something


intimately


associated


with


that


thing


or


concept.


For


instance,


―Washington‖,


as


the


capital


of


the


United


States,


can


be


used


as


an


instance


of


metonymy


for


its


government.




?


Translate the following sentence


——



?


Tokyo


wants


to


open


diplomatic


relations


with


Beijing


as


soon


as


possible


and,


if


necessary,


will


―do


on


Beijing


terms‖.



?

< br>日本政府想尽快和中国政府建立外交关系,必要的话,


日本政府将



答应北京的条件





?


(在一定的语境中,


华盛顿



转喻为



美国政府







?

< br>复习:构成比喻


Figuration


的四大要素:



?


1.


本体




the signified tenor


(被比喻的事物,< /p>


X




?


2.


喻体




the signifier vehicle

< p>
(用作比喻的事物,


Y




?


3.


相似性




s imilarity


(联想,


associative meaning





?


4.


相异性




d issimilarity


(整体上不相同)




?


Now,


point


out


figures


of


speech


and


the


tenors


and


the


vehicles in Ex 100-101/ P 31


?


There is a metaphor and a Metonymy.



?


Of the metaphor


(暗喻)



?


Tenor : love


?


Vehicles : the lamp at the


ship‘s bow



?


Of the Metonymy


(借喻)



?


Vehicle: the ―When…but down‖ clause




?


The difference between vehicle and slang.


?


Ex 106-107/ P 33


?


我想知道买下外头那架昂贵的 直升飞机要多少钱。




?


Now translate the following


——



?


He chose a gun instead of a cap and gown.


?


他投笔从戎。



?


上例是何种修辞方法?


< p>
?


那是


synecdoche

,借代格,又称提喻格。



P 35




?


借 代(或提喻)



是不直接说某一事物的名称,

< br>而是借事


物的本身所呈现的各种对应的现象来表现该事物的这样

< br>一种修辞手段。提喻又称举隅法。




?


Synecdoche,


meaning



neous


understanding―,


is


a


figure


of


speech


in


which


a


term


is


used


in


one


of


the


following ways:



?


How substitute


(代体)


is used for tenor


(主体)?



8


?


1. The abstract for the concrete


(抽象代替具体)


;


?


2. The concrete for the abstract


(具体代替抽象)


;


?


3. The part for the whole


(局部代替整体)


;


?


4. The whole for the part


(整体代替局部)


;


?


5. The species for the genus


(种代替属)


;


?


6. The genus for the species


(属代替种)


;


?


7. The specific for the general


(特征代替主体)


;


?


8. The materials for the thing made


(材料代制品)


;


?


9. The container for the contents


(容器代其内容)






?


1. The abstract for the concrete


?


(以抽象代替具体)



?


The


moon


was


above,


cold


and


beautiful,


and


the


music


from


the


church


remind


him


of


those


days


when


his


life


contained


such


things


as


mothers


and


roses


and


clean


thoughts and collars.


?


Note



Mothers, roses, clean thoughts and collars above



are


used for maternal love



love, noble ideas and decent material


life. < /p>


?


月亮高悬上空,冷酷而又美丽。教堂的音乐唤起他昔日


的好时光。那时候,他的生活充满着母爱、亲情、爱情和


友情;他有着崇 高的理想,享受着体面的物质生活。




?


2. The concrete for the abstract


?


(以具体代替抽象)



?


She has come to realize that life is not a bed of roses.


?


What a bed of roses is used for?



?


她终于认识到人生并非 总是称心如意的。



?


The gentleman in me made me stand up to go away, but the


journalist in me made me stand still.


?



What



gentleman and journalist are used for?




?< /p>


我内在的君子风度使我站起来告辞,然而我心中的记者


职责却使我 站立不动。


(请指出译文里的范畴词)



?


The wolf and the pig mingled together in his face.


?



What wolf and the pig are used for?




?


残暴和贪婪的表情交织在他的脸上。




?


3. The part for the



whole


?


(以局部代替整体,


p 48




?


Ex 44-49/ P 48


?


During my stay in Rwanda, when I come across the hungry


mouths, big or small, I felt sympathetic and helpless as well.


?


What the mouths are used for?


?


在卢旺达期间,我看见很多饥饿的人, 无论是大人还是


小孩,心中十分同情,但又力不能及。



?


4. The whole for the part



?


(以整体代替局部)



?


All


the


plants


in


this


cold


country


become


green


in


the


smiling year.


?


在这个寒冷的国度,所有的植物都在这气象万千的春天


里披 上绿装。





?


5. The species for the genus;


?


(以种代替属)



?


Had he


chosen


painting


instead


of


politics,


he


would


have


been a great master with the brush.


?

(以


Brush


画笔代替


Pain ting


美术行业)



?


如果他当初选择的是绘画而不是政治,他一定会成为一


位驾驭画笔的大师。< /p>




?


The young man is very clever; he may be another Edison.


?


(以特定的爱迪生代替像爱迪生一样聪明的 发明家)



?


这位青年很聪明,


可能成为另一个爱迪生那样的发明家。




?


也可认为是


Specific for General







?


6. The genus for the species


?



(以属代替种)



?


No


one


grasped


you


by


the


shoulder


while


there


was


still


time;


and


naught


will


awaken


in


you


the


sleeping


poet


or


musician or astronomer that possibly inhabited you from the


beginning.


?


(以


poet


or


musician


or


astronomer


代替


people


of


high


intelligence


,即有才能到人,有才华的人)



?


也 许你一生下来就具有诗人、


音乐家或天文学家的才能,


但在还不 是为期已晚的时候,


没有人拉你一把,


时机一过,


就再也无法唤醒沉睡在你身上的这些才能了。



?


Napoleon



was a great soldier.


?


(以士兵、军人代替将军或指挥官)



?


拿破仑是将军。




?


7. The specific for the general


?



(以标志性特征代替特征所在的主体,


P55




?


A


thousand


mustaches


can


live


together,


but


not


four


breasts.


?


千条汉子能共处 ,两个婆娘难相容。


(原风格消失了)



?


这是意译,不是直译。这就引出直译和意译的关系的问


题。 有人说



能直译就直译


……‖


,应该说



该直译就直



……‖


。上例是很好的说说明。


< /p>


?


千把胡子能共处,两双乳房难相容。


( 原风格再现了)



?


(此例能直译,但 很多人认为不该直译)



?


Ex 76-77/ P 55-56


9


?


Who


needs


to


read


books


written


in


those


square


characters?


?


还有谁需要阅读这些方块字书本呢?




?


8. The materials for the thing made


?


(以原材料代替其制品)



?


The criminal was bound in irons, but he escaped.


?


(以铁块代替


fetters made of iron


,即脚镣,手铐)



?


这犯人戴着脚镣手铐,但还是逃跑了。




?


9. The container for the contents


?


(容器代替所盛的内容)



?


The kettle is boiling.


?


壶开了。


(壶里的水开了。

< br>)




?


借代和借喻的共性


——



?


都是用用借(喻)体代替本体,即都不出现本体,而用


借(喻)体说话。








?


借代和 借喻的区别


——







?


构成借喻的基础是本体和喻体的相似性,


它是借中有喻,

< p>
重点在




< p>



?


构成借代的基础是 借体和本体的相关性,两者无比喻关


系,重点在





,即



代称




< br>?


借代和借喻的检验


——



?


借喻能还原出本体,改为明喻;



?


借代本体无法显身。







?


借代和借喻修辞效果不同


——

< p>


?


借喻重在形象美感;



?


借代则靠相关联想来揭示事物的特征,以渲染气氛,将


情感与形象融为一体。




?


Over the Purple



Mountain sweeps a storm headlong.

< p>
?



钟山风雨起苍黄



中,



钟山



代替南京,


是因为钟山


(即

< p>
紫金山


Purple



Mountain


)位于南京附近,和南京有相


关性,所以是借代。



?




急风暴雨


‖ storm head long


代替



革命形势




因为它和


< p>
革命形势



有相似点,故为借喻。




?


What figures of speech are in the following?


?


1. The hall applauded.

< p>
(大厅里掌声雷动。




?


2. Great minds think alike.


?


英雄所见略同。




?


3. He is not the man who lets his heart rule his head.



?


他不是那种让感情控制理智的人。



?


Sample 1: Hall for audience. Audience is not part of the hall,


so it‘s metonymy


(借喻)



?


Sample


2-3:


Though


mind,


heart


and


head


are


parts


of


a


body, yet not for it, but for though, emotion and reason or wit,


so, it‘s not synecdoche


(借代)


, but metonymy.



?


3. Translation of Figuration Needs More…



?


Ex 19- 21/ P 8


: 彩霞咬着牙,向他头上戳了一指头,说


道:


< br>没良心的!狗咬吕洞宾


——


不识好歹。

< br>‖



?


源出




苟杳吕洞宾,不识好人心。



……―


苟杳不是负心


郎,

< br>路送金银家盖房,


你让我妻守空房,


我让你妻哭断肠




原来苟杳在暗中帮助吕洞宾时附带了一 个小小的苦味玩


笑。故事传开,因



苟 杳



的谐音而有该俗语


.



?


Caxias


bit


her


lips


and


with


one


finger


rapped


him


on


the


forehead.


―You


ungrateful


thing!


Like


the


dog


that


bit


Lu


Dongbin


——you bite the hand that feeds you.”




?


Lecture 5


2



& 3



?


Chapters 2



?


For more than 60 years, the Venice


(威尼斯)


International


Film Festival has brought movie stars, moguls, and the media


to


the


Lido,


the


narrow


resort


island


that


separates


the


Venetian Lagoon


(威尼斯湾)



from the Adriatic Sea


(亚


德里亚海)


. It may play second fiddle to Cannes


(戛纳)


as a venue for dealmakers, but it‘s even more important as a


launch pad for Europe‘s fall movie season.



second fiddle


第二小提琴(手)


,仅次于)



?


六十多年来,威尼斯国际电影节吸引了众多电影明星,



行业泰斗和传媒人士来到利都


——


将威尼斯湾和亚德里



亚海分隔的狭长岛屿胜地。


对于电影交易商来说,


她是




次于戛纳的重要地方,但是对欧洲秋季电影而言,她




更关键的跳板。




?


Chapters 2

< p>


2


)借代


synecd oche


的翻译



?


Review synecdoche from a Tang poem:


?


赤壁



《杜牧》





?


折戟沉沙铁未销,



自将磨洗认前期。




?


东风不与周郎便,



铜雀春深锁二乔。



?



【参考译文】

折断的画戟沉没在泥沙中尚未销融,


拾起


磨洗一番,


仍可隐约看见历史的刀光剑影。


倘若东风不来,


周瑜怎么能借东风火烧曹操八十万水军而大获全胜呢?


否则,东吴美人大乔(孙策夫人 )和小乔(周瑜夫人)可


能就深锁在曹操的铜雀台,春恨无限了。




Ex 78/ P 56




10


?


后一句,借代,以结果代替原因。




?


赤壁



《杜牧》





?


折戟沉沙铁未销,



自将磨洗认前期。




?


东风不与周郎便,



铜雀春深锁二乔。



?


We dig out broken halberds buried in the sand


?


And wash and rub these relics of an ancient war.


?


Had the east wind refused General Zhou a helping hand,


?


His foe‘d have locked his fair wife on Northern Shore.




‘d= would




?


典故:揽二乔于东南兮,乐朝夕之与共



?


原文为



揽二乔于东西兮, 若长空之虾蝾。




出自曹操


在官渡大战告捷,基本统一北方后,建筑了铜雀台,而令


其子曹植所做 的《铜雀台赋》


。古代



< p>
‖―




相通。原句





二乔



‖< /p>


是指铜雀台的两个柱子


——


玉龙桥和金燕




。诸葛亮有意曲解成东吴美人



二乔



,改为< /p>



揽二乔于


东南兮,乐朝夕之与共



,智激周瑜,使吴国联蜀抗曹,


奠定了




赤壁之战


‖< /p>


的良好基础。



?


其实,像铜雀台这样的名赋,既然诸葛亮知道,难道文


物双全的周瑜却不知道意思?他 为何如此轻易被诸葛孔


明忽悠了呢?



?


小说家为了突出诸葛亮,就把周瑜作陪衬了。这是文学


创作, 不是历史事实。有人为周鸣冤。





?


During


the


1990s,


public


interest


in


Diana‘s


love


-life


reached


fever


pitch.


The


media


speculated


endlessly


about


who her current boyfriend might be. Millions of words were


written and broadcasted about whom she might marry next.



?

< br>20


世纪


90


年代期间,公众对 黛安娜爱情生活的兴趣达


到了狂热的极点。媒体则无休止地猜测谁是她的现任男


友。


在电视广播和报纸报道中,


对她的下任丈夫 是谁也猜


测不断。




?


自习这段课文,翻译如下语句:


< /p>


?


1


、朋友百人犹觉少,仇敌一个却嫌多 。



?


2


、及 时处理,事半功倍。



?


3

< p>
、母亲育儿成人难,他女令之愚蠢易。



?


It


takes


a


woman


twenty


years


to


make


a


man


of


her


son,


and


another


woman


twenty


minutes


to


make


a


fool


of


him.


——


Helen Rowland


?


Ex 82-83




本店有好酒,三碗不过岗



,如何译?



?


Three bowls of the famous liquor served here,



?


Makes the drinker couldn‘t cross the hill near.



?


Ex 86-89


,作称呼的名词变 动词,代替



少说废话



意。



?


别对我

< p>








后了。我知道你葫芦里 卖什么药!




?


Don‘t you ―brother‖ me. I know what yo


u want!




?


Chapters



3


?


Personification, Objectification and Transferred Epithet



?


栩栩如生的拟人格



?


The


sun


kisses


your


skin


with


growing


warmth.


The


light



sea breeze caresses




your fair hair.


?


日益暖和的太阳亲吻着你的肌肤。轻柔的海风抚弄着你


的秀发。



?


海上云天,天下珠海。



?


By the romantic Zhuhai,


?


The sea kisses the sky.


?


The best physicians are Dr. Diet, Dr. Quiet, and Dr. Merry


man.


?


节食医生,安静医生,快乐医生,都是最好的医生。





?


A


special


economic


zone


designated


by


the


State


in


1980,


Zhuhai,


a


coastal


city


in


South


Guangdong,


is


in


another


vigorous springtime. Adding to the dramatic changes of the


city is the City‘s Greenway Program that starts at the Haitian


Waystation on the Lovers‘ Road where the Pearl River flows


towards the South China Sea, rolling waves kissing the sky


and breezes caressing the trees.



?

< p>
峥嵘岁月三十载,百花争艳又一春。庚寅虎年,南粤大


地,新意盎然。千里 绿道,连珠江美景;情侣长堤,承秀


木繁阴。临海天相接之处,听碧波潮声,声声入耳; 入曲


径通幽之所,观婆娑树影,郁郁葱葱。




?


Translate the following sentences


——



?


1. I was traveling in China when Samaranch announced in


Moscow


that


the


city


for


hosting


the


2008


Olympics


was


Beijing.


All


the


people


were


overjoyed;


all


the


mountains


were overjoyed; all the rivers were overjoyed.


?


2.



?


Heaven would have grown old were it moved to emotions;



?


The world goes on with changes in the fields and oceans.


?


P 65



?


与拟人相反的拟物格



?


Ex 48,51/ P 79-80



?


If someone mean or nasty catches me off-guard and barks in


my ear.


?


Ex 79-80/ P 87


?


Those who have no roots cannot fight a war.


?


Ex 81-84/ P 88



11


?


移花接木的移就格



?


拟人,泛指一般人的动态,把类属性的人类心理状态话


行为动作套在其他事物上。



?


——


投奔怒海,


P 72


?


移就,在某个文本的某个已经意境中,把某个特定人物


的心理状态话行为动作 转移到其他事物上。



?


——


怒发冲冠,


P 72


?


Ex 28, 30/ P 73


?


Suffocate, scarcely


?


Ex 31-32/ P 74


?


Ex 34-35/ P 75



Lecture 5


Chapter 3



2





?


?


Homework









































?


Translate the following sentences and point out what figure


of speech each one is:


?


例:


A hedge between keeps friendship green.



?


译文:君子之交淡如水。



metonymy




?


1. Friendship never forgets.


?


朋友绝不会忘记。



Synecdoche,


抽象代体具体)

< br>


?


2. These are not limps of lifeless paper, but minds alive on


the shelves.


?


这些书 并非毫无生气的纸堆,而是活跃在是暑假上的思


想。




Synecdoche,


以思想代替有才智 的人。


人才能活跃。


翻译时可直译。





?


3.


He


describes


a


ragged,


sensitive-faced


young


man


haunting


the


streets


of


a


North


African


town,


as


a


lost


Mozart.


?


他把一个衣衫褴褛但长相聪颖,常在北非某城市街头游


荡的少年,描绘 成一个被埋没的莫扎特。



Synecdoche





被埋没的莫扎特



代替所有



被埋 没的接触音乐家






?


4. She was to be sure a girl, who excited the motions, but I


was not the one to let my heart rule my head.


?


她确实是一位易于使人动情的姑娘,可我不是那 种让感


情统治理智的人。




metonymy








―< /p>


感情





脑袋





理智









脑袋



虽为人体器官,但不是代替人的



身体



,即不是以部分代 替整体。









?


5. He felt at ease with all the world.



?


他悠然自得,与世无争。




Synecdoche


,以

< br>―


整个世界



代替



世界上每一件事



。相当 于)



?


6. If there is any bad blood in the fellow he will be sure to


show it.


?


如果这个人心里 有所怀恨的话,他一定会流露出来。




metonymy




< p>
血液





脾气




故有



血气方刚



之说。




?


7. I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat.


?


我没有什么可以贡献,只有热血、辛劳、眼泪 和汗水。



metonymy


,借



热血、辛劳、眼泪和汗水





牺牲、同


情和艰苦工作










?


8. The teachers are cultivating the flowers of our country.



?


教师们培育着祖国的花朵。



metonymy


,借


花朵






少年一代





?



9. A group of red scarves are going to the Lei Feng Park.












?


一群红领巾向公园走去。




Synecdoche


,以



红领巾




标志代替



少先队员






?


10. When we speak, we must address the chair.


?


当我们发言时,我 们必须向主席致意。




metony my





椅 子





地 位、职务



。固有


< br>他坐了第一把


?


交椅


‘‖



说。






?


Chapters



3



2




?


移花接木的移就格(


P 72




?


Transferred Epithet


?


为什么



投奔怒海



是拟人格


?


?


为什么



怒发冲冠



是移就格


?



?


首先,先弄清何谓拟人格?(


P 62




?


拟 人格以物当人,把人类特有的性情动态,加在动物或


死物上。



?


怒海中的





,人之七情之一。以海拟人,发怒的大概

< br>汹涌澎湃。故



投奔怒海



是拟人格。





?


现在,要弄清何谓移就格?(


P 72




?


The English for


移就格


is Transferred Epithet. As the name


suggests, the Chinese for the term is


转移修饰语。


?


在某个文本的某个语境中,


把修饰



特定人物的心理状态


或行为动作



的词语



转移



到其他事物上,


这就是移就格。


< /p>


?


怒气本指肝火,在脏腑之处,但



怒发冲冠



,指岳飞动

12







了肝火,不能平服,满腔怒气转移 到头发上去了,以至冠


冕也戴不住了。这就是说,


< p>
怒气



这个修饰语已经从脏腑

转移到头发去了。



?


所以,




怒发冲冠



是移就格。




?


拟人和移就的异同


——




?


相同之处:



?


拟人和移就,都是以物当人,把人都表情动态加在其他


事物 或死物上。




?


不同之处:



?


拟人泛指一般人的表情动态,加在其他事物上。



?


移就特指特定人物在某个特定语境中特定的表情动态转


移到其他事物上。




?


Ex 28, 30/ P 73


?


空气忽然郁闷起来,我几乎窒息。




?


Ex 28


,拟人还是移就?



?

< p>
虽然人的表情感受



郁闷



加在



空气



上,但是这里有一


个特定的语境:


特 定人物





在,


感到



郁闷




呼吸困难。



?


Ex 29


,逻辑上不通。




?


Ex 30




It became suffocating all of a sudden and I could


scarcely breathe.



?


Ex 31-32/ P 74


?


Ex 31



Christine


,克莉丝汀



?


希望



凉快



的,本是



特定的人

< br>‖


,转移到空调器上。




文如


Ex 32






?


Ex 34-35/ P 75


?


Ex


34




A


nervous


silence


was


followed


by


a


nervous


laughter.


?


为什么这是移就格?



?


特定场合特定人物的心理活动转移到空气和笑声上。



?


译文如


Ex 35.




?


移就格翻译与词语的搭配



?


Ex 36-38/ P 75-76


?


Ex 36


,为何是移就格?



?

< p>
特定人的


uneasy


转移到

silence


上,特定人的


relaxed



转移到


silence


上 。




?


Ex 37


,译文



无拘无束的沉默



搭配不当。



?


英汉互译课关于地道译文的一个要求是,


力戒词语

< br>―


搭配


不当


< br>。



?


Ex 38


,译文地道,同时将完整的一句英语长句译为多个


短句,体现了:英语人写文 章



化零为整



,中国人写文章



化整为零







?


搭配难,译文可不译出原文修辞格



?


Ex 39-41/ P 76-77


?


hostile


敌对(的)



?


Above


the


hostile


shoulder


of


Luigi,


Brenda


saw


Rossi‘s


face at the window of the office.


?

特定人物


Luigi


敌意的心理活动本在其心上,


却在这特定


的语境中转移到他的肩膀上。



?


Ex 40


译文,

< br>字面没错,


但也是地道译文另一个要力戒的


< p>
虚假对等





?


Ex


41


,特定人物


Luigi


敌意的心理活动从转移到肩膀上


还原到其心上。



?


认 识修辞格,使用修辞格是一回事,翻译是另一回事。


翻译必须顾及不同语言的地道通顺的 表达。







?


精彩的移就格实例翻译练习



?


1. The big man crashed down on a


protesting


chair.

< p>
?


那大汉一屁股坐下来,


椅子吱吱作响,


好像发出抗议声。



?


2. Hans shrugged a


scornful


shoulder.


?


汉斯轻蔑地耸一耸肩膀。



?


3. He was left outside the


pitiless


cold.


?


他被拒之门外,门外寒气逼人。



?


4. He answer with a


helpless


smile.


?


他回答问题时,无可奈何地笑了一笑。




?


5. He spent a


sleepless


night on the project.


?


为了这个项目,他干了一个通宵。



?


6. The


indefatigable


bell now sounded the fourth time.


?


那不 知疲倦的钟声如今敲响地四遍了。



?


7. They prolong the clap for the photographers, exchanging


smiling


words.


?< /p>


他们久久地握着手,让摄影师照相,同时微笑着交谈。



?


8. They listened with


smiling


attention.


?


他们在笑着,也全神贯注地听着。



13



?


9.


The


old


farmer


held


a


big


watermelon


with


a


smiling



harvest.


?


这位老农抱着一个大西瓜,流露出丰收的喜悦,开怀大


笑。



?


10.


Letting


the


ball


into


our


own


goal


was


an


expensive



mistake. It cost us the championship. < /p>


?


这个射入自己龙门的乌龙球,是一个代价很高的错误,


它让我们失去冠军的宝座。



?


He passed many an


anxious


hour in the train. < /p>


?


他在火车上度过了许多个焦急不安的时辰。


Lecture 7


?



Chapter 3



3



Chapter 4



从莎士比亚的名言说起



?


What's in a name?



?


That which we call a rose


?


By any other name



?


would smell as sweet.



?


——


From Shakespeare's


Romeo and Juliet




?


名何所谓?



?


花中玫瑰,



?


改称别名,



?


其香不毁。





?


The real meaning of



Shakespeare‘s Quotation



?


What matters is what something is, not what it is called.


?


What really matters is what a person is, not what groups he


belongs to.




?


The line is just after Juliet finds out that Romeo belongs to a


group that she has hated all her life. She already loves


him


though, and realizes that no matter what group he belongs to



in this case his family



, she still loves him for who he is.




?


Shakespeare


was


also


making


a


joke at


the


expense


of


the


Rose


Theatre.


The


Rose


was


a


local


rival


to


his


Globe


Theatre and is reputed to have had less than effective sanitary


arrangements. The story goes that this was a coy joke about


the smell.




?


修辞格的译名各家学者有些不同,关键是翻译好。




?


Laziness travels so slowly that poverty overtakes him.



?


懒惰缓缓而行,贫穷迎头赶上。


(拟人格)



?


The big man crashed down on a protesting chair.


?


大胖子一屁股坐了下来,椅子吱吱作响,发出抗议声。



< /p>


?


(大胖子气恼的情感借特定语境移到椅子上。移就格)



?


The farmer toiled in the thirsty sun.


(啥辞格


?


译之)






?


上句移就格;译文:赤日炎炎似火 烧,农夫劳作渴难熬。



?


Chapter 3



3


)拟物格



?

< p>
跟上述的拟人格和些移就格相反,在一个拟物格的句子


里,


作定语或谓语用的词语或词组必须含有非人类情态的


意义成份。拟物格分两类< /p>


——




?


1


)以人当物,主语或中心语是含有



人的意义成份,谓


语或修饰语含有非人类情态的意义成份。




?


2


)以物当物,即以甲物当乙物,


主语或中心语是非人类


的生物、


死物或事物,


但谓语或修饰语含有另一种非人类


的意义成份。





?


以人当物



?


Ex 46-47/ P 78


兔子老鼠才会钻洞,人钻进客栈是拟物。



?


Ex 48-51/ P 78


狮虎猛兽才会吼叫,说人吼叫也是拟物。


?





的英译看对象,各种动物吼叫中,译为狗吠最适宜。



?


Ex 79-80/ P 87



?


以甲物当乙物



?


Ex 60-61-62/ P 82-83


,适宜保留拟物格(


61




?


Ex 63-66/ P 83


,原文辞格不宜保留,改变辞格也无妨。



?


Ex 83-84/ P 89


,作 定语用的词语或词组必须含有非人类










funds


of


love,


of


kindness,


of


understanding, of peace.





?


Chapter 4


< p>
?


Zeugma


(拈连)


and Pun


(双关)



?


Zeugma


?


Zeugma, as a rhetorical device, is widely employed for its


specific


pragmatic


functions


such


as


merging


situations


of


context, creating humorous or satirizing effects.


?


拈连作为一种有效的语言修饰手段,广为人们所用,它


具有结合语境发人联想 、幽默、讽刺等语用功能。



?


特点: 甲词与乙词的搭配顺理成章,但甲词与丙(丁、



……


)词虽作出一方常规的、乖违的搭配,却达到语必


惊人的效果。又叫



轭式搭配



。< /p>





?


动词性轭体




P 91





?


Ex 1-2/P 91-92


,译出拈连格。



14 < /p>


?




+


东西



的搭配顺理成章;


?




+


东西



的搭配乖违特殊,要以其引申 义理解。




?


Ex 6-8/P 93-94


,放弃拈连格。



?



投炸弹





投鸡蛋



,各自搭 配顺理成章,但两者风马


牛不相及扯在一起,是一种黑色幽默。



?


1



―< /p>


锦上添花




t o pain the lily, to ice on the cake


)另一


表达


: to put an egg in somebody‘s bear.



?


2


)不好照译原辞格,改变辞格译无妨。




?


Ex 13-15/P 96-97


,放弃拈连格。




?


形容词性轭体(


P 97




?


Ex 21-22/P 98-99



?


名词性轭体(


P 100




?


Ex 39-40/P 104



?


其他词性轭体(


P 105




?


Ex 43-45/P 105-106



?


书上所述的拈连格与其名有些不符。



?


拈连格原文指


一副軛套上两只牲口




意为甲词 语跟乙、


丙词语搭配,好像两只牲口功用一副軛。


< p>
?


其实,书上的例子,是两个相同的軛,套上两个牲口。

< br>


?


还其较真的面目



?


英语中的轭式修辞法(


Zeugma



,又叫轭式搭配法,指


的是用一个词(通常是 动词,形容词或介词)同时修饰或


支配两个或两个以上的名词,


但其中只有一个是合乎逻辑


的搭配句式。英语中的轭式修辞格主要有以下几种类型:



?


1.


一个动词支配两个名词(宾语)



?


She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy.


?


她打开了门,也向那个无家可归的小男孩打开了她自己


的心扉。




?


She possessed two false teeth and a sympathetic heart.


?


她假牙两颗,同情心一颗。




?


He caught a cold and a bus.


?


他赶上了公共汽车,也赶 上了一场感冒。



?


2.


两个主语搭连一个动词



?


During the next year, a young widow and a fortune fell in


love with him.



?


在接下来的 一年中,他得到了一位年轻寡妇的爱情,也


得到了一大笔财产。


(直译:一位年轻的寡妇爱上了他,


一大笔财产也跟着爱上了他。





?


3.


一个形容词同时修饰两个或两个以上的名词



?


The room was not light, but his fingers were.


?


这个房间的光线差, 但他灵活的手指一点也不差。





?



轭式搭配句的典型风格就是它的幽 默感和彼此不相干


的词语之间连接时候的俏皮感。几种翻译方式


——




?



一、


利用排比或类似英语押头韵的方法,


使意义不相干


的词语做到某种形式的



搭连





?


1. The umpire lost his cap and his cool.


?



直译:裁判丢了帽子,大为激动。



?



汉译:裁判丢了帽子,也丢了风度。



?


2. Mr. Pickwick took his hat and his leave.


?



直译:匹克威克先生提起帽子,告辞离去。



?



汉译:匹克威克先生提起帽子,提脚离去。




?


二、两种情况可照原句直译:



?



1


)句子本身 的特点决定了非直译不足以传情达意;



?


2


)找不到恰当的排比形式或直接押头韵的汉语词语。< /p>



?


1.


The


sun


shall


not


burn


thee


by


day,


nor


the


moon


by


night.


?


白天太阳将不会烤你 ,晚上月亮也不会烤你。



?


2.


Ten


minutes


later,


coffee


and


Commander


Dana


of


Intelligence arrived simultaneously.


?


十分钟后,咖啡送来了,海军情报司令达纳也来了。




?


三,根据情况灵活处理:



?


1. She possessed two false teeth and a sympathetic heart.


?



她假牙两颗,同情心一颗。



?



2. He caught a cold and a bus.


?


他赶上了公共汽车,也赶 上了一场感冒。




?


Pun



P107




?


一字千金的双关



?


The


pun


is


a


figure


of



speech


which


exploits


numerous


meanings


of


a


statement,


allowing


it


to


be


understood


in


multiple ways for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect.


?


双关是一种 修辞手段,利用一种说法的多重意义,使人


以多种方法予以理解,以达到幽默的修辞效果 。




15




?


1


、引申 义、借喻义并非双关语;谐音互借并非一定是双


关语(


P107 -114






?


2


、真正 的双关格,是单独利用一个词的词形与词音,同


时表达两个意义(


Ex 68-71/ P 114







?


1


、谐音双关



?


Then there was the man in the restaurant.


―You are not eating your fish,‖ the waitress said to him,



?


― Anything wrong with it ?‖



?


―Long time no sea.‖




?


对话中


sea



see


同音异形。这个顾客的回答 ,表面听


起来似乎是


―Long time no see‖< /p>


,相当于汉语中老朋友久别


重逢时所说的



好久不见



。但事实上,

< p>
―long time no sea‖


是说那些鱼已离开大海很久,


不新鲜了。


顾客巧妙地运用


谐音双关,既跟 女招待



打了招呼,问了好,又隐晦地批


评餐馆食物不新鲜,表达自己的不满。



< br>?


这是典型的、趣味横生的双关修辞法。




?


上述解释仅仅是

< br>―


理解和欣赏



!该如何表达( 翻译)?



?


有人译为


——



?


有一个人在饭店里用餐。



?



怎么啦?



女服务员问道,



为什么不来一份鱼?




?


< p>
鱼不新鲜。





?


如果如上那样生硬地直译,再加上连串的解释,必定使

< p>
原文的喜剧效果荡然无存,因为



解释语言幽默就 是扼杀


语言幽默




为了实现际功能,


不得不放弃字面意思的语


义关联而选 择在功能上与原文关联的译文,就像



河水为

< br>何富有



的译文处理那样


——< /p>



?


有一个人在饭店里用餐。



?



你怎么不喝?


‖< /p>


女服务员问道,



有什么不满意吗?




?



好酒(久)不见了。






?


2


、语义相关



?


The


Professor


rapped


on


his


desk


and


shouted:





?


The entire class yelled:



?


译文


1< /p>


:教授敲着桌子喊道:



先生们,安静!




全班一


起回答:



啤酒!


< br>


?


(译文读者体会到双关的幽默吗?)



?


译文


2


:教 授敲着桌子喊道:



先生们,你们吆喝(要喝)


什么?




全班一起回答:



啤酒!




?




你们吆 喝什么?



可理解为



吵什么,要安静!







?


We


must


hang


together,


or


most


assuredly,


we


shall


hang


separately.


?


我们必须 共同上战场,否则就得分别上刑场。



?


我们必须共赴沙场,否则就得分赴法场。





?


对双关,





以双关译双关


。这就要



变通


‖——



?


1


、译文必须含有比较明确的双重意义;



?

< p>
2



双关语中的言外之意和译文保持一致的情况下 ,


译文


的表层意义不必和原文完全相同;



?


3


、如果译诗,译诗的双关手段 可以与原文略有差异,如


谐音双关可考虑以予以相关代替,反之亦然。

< br>


?


变通的目的,是尽量保持原文富含的幽默与美感。< /p>




?


东边日出 西边雨,道是无晴还有晴。


(刘禹锡《竹枝词》




?


It rains in the west, yet in the east it‘s fine,



?


For all the rain, the Sun takes to me a shine.


?


短语


take a shine to someone


,喜欢或钟情于某人。




A


heavy


purse makes a


light


heart.



?



1


:钱包沉,心 情轻。


(反义词对仗,近似于


ST


)< /p>



?



2


:钱包饱,心情好。


(押韵对仗,近似于


ST





?


This murderer killed the boy and his parents only hope.


?


They cried with weeping eyes and hearts.



?

这个凶手杀了小孩,还毁灭了他父母的唯一希望



?


他们痛哭起来,眼睛在流泪,心灵在哭泣。




Lecture 8


?



Chapter 5



?

< p>
Doe


(母鹿)


; ray


()光线


; me


(我)


; far


(远)


; sew


(缝


制)




?


Doe, a deer, a female deer


?


doe


,一头鹿,一头小母鹿




?


Ray, a drop of golden sun



?


ray


,一线金色的阳光




?


Me, a name I call myself



?


me


是我 在叫自己



?


Far, a long, long way to run


?



far


要跑很远很远的路




?


Sew, a needle pulling thread



?


sew


是针儿穿着线




?


La, a note to follow Sew



16


?


l a


是跟着


sew


来的音符



?


Tea, a drink with jam and bread



?


tea


,喝茶加面包和果酱




?


That will bring us back to Do (oh-oh-oh)



?


这把我们又带回


do




?


2. What make the road broad?


?






That‘s the letter B.




?


译文:什么能使门变宽?



?


那是



< p>


字呗。




?


第五章



委婉格、加工格和夸张格



?


委婉格



Euphemism P 123


?


euphemism


,来自希腊语



?



eu = good, well


?






pheme = speech


?




euphemism = word of good omen,

< br>吉言,好的说法。


讲求对话者之间礼貌的措辞手段。




?


How to conduct euphemism?


?


1


)用中性 或正性词顶替忌讳语;



?


2


)索性把避忌本事省略而不谈。




?


A euphemism is


a


substitution


for


an


expression


that


may


offend or suggest something unpleasant to the receiver, using


instead an agreeable or less offensive expression, or to make


it


less


troublesome


for


the


speaker,


as


in


the


case


of


doublespe ak


(故弄玄虚的言辞)


.


?


The


purpose


of


the


substitution


may


also


be


to


avoid


revealing


secret


or


sacred


names


to


the


uninitiated,


or


to


obscure


the


identity


of


the


subject


of


a


conversation


from


potential


eavesdroppers

< p>
(偷听者)


.


Some


euphemisms


are


intended to amuse.



?


How to conduct euphemism?


?


1. Tabooed words are replaced by neutral words or positive


words.


?


Ex 5/ P 125, Ex 13-14/ P 128, Ex 17-18/ P 129


?


Ex 28-29/ P 132


?


He had an accident in the brain last week.


?


He left the job for reasons of health.


?


When talking urinate, use


?


Pass water, make water, do number one…



?


When talking defecate, use



?


Do the number two, move the bowels


?


When talking the toilet, use


?


Washing room, rest room



?


2. Tabooed matters are not spoken out.


?


Ex 38-39/ P 134-135, Ex 42-43/ P 136



?


If you will allow me, I will call your carriage for you.


?


如果你愿意的话,我去给你叫辆车。



?


(下逐客令的迂回说法)



?


The president told the reporters his remarks were strictly off


the record.


?


总统告诉 记者,对他的话要严守秘密。




?


加工格



?


与委婉格大异其趣,


加工格是一种加强语气的修辞手段。



P136




?


构成:



主题



+


加工部分



P 137


?














中心词



+


后置定语



P 138


?


Ex 44-45/ P 137-138


?


Ex 49-40/ P 139


?


Ex 69-70-71/ P 146


?


功用:



?


1.


补充:


Ex 78-79/ P 148-149


?


2.


修正:


Ex 83-86/ P 150-151



?


夸张格



Hyperbole P151


?


H yperbole


,原义为


exceed


(超越)



?


It is the last straw that breaks the camel‘s back.



?


骆驼负载过重,加根草 就能把它压死。



?


效果:人的忍受力 有限,最后不堪重负轻轻一击就要垮


下去。






?


Hyperbole


is


the


use


of exaggeration as


a rhetorical


device


or


figure


of.


It


may


be


used


to


evoke


strong


feelings


or


to


create


a


strong


impression,


but


is


not


meant


to


be


taken


literally.



?


Ex 90-93/ P 152-153



?


In


China,


there


are


the


―Five


Holy


Mountains‖,


historically


revered


and


symbolizing


the


boundaries


of


the


ancient empire. Though Mt. Huangshan was not among them,


its


scenic


glories


are


said


to


surpass


those


of



the


Five.


―After


seeing


the


Five


Sacred


Mountains,


you


will


feel


ordinary


mountains


are


nothing‖,


―After


seeing


Mount


Huang, you will feel


the Five Sacred Mountains are nothing.‖


17



These


are


two


lines


written


by


Mr.


Xu


Xiake,


a


famous


geographer


and


tourist


in


17th


century


during


the


Ming


Dynasty. Though his poem was in a hyperbole style, that‘s a


strong statement.




?


There


are


Five


Sacred


Mountains,


namely,


Mt.


Taishan


in


the


East,


Mt.


Huashan


in


the


West


,


Mt.


Hengshan


in


the


South, Mt. Hengshan in the North and Mt. Songshan in the


Central.



?


After seeing the Five Mountains Sacred,


?


The other ones need not be visited.


?


Though the five sacred ones are so fair,


?


Mount Huangshan is beyond compare.



?


Hyperbole is widely used in poems.



?


As fair



art thou, my bonnie lass,


So deep in Luve



am I,


And I



will love



thee still, my dear,


Till a‘ the seas



gang dry!



?


Till a‘ the seas



gang dry, my dear,



And the


rocks



melt wi‘ the sun!



And I will love



thee still, my dear,



While the sands


o‘ life shall run.



?


你是那么漂亮,美丽的姑娘,




?


我爱你也那么深切;




?


我要永远爱,亲爱的,




?


一直到四海枯竭。




?


一直到四海枯竭,亲爱的。




?


到太阳把岩石烧裂,




?


我要永远爱,亲爱的,




?


只要生命之流不绝。







?


Lecture 9


?



Chapter 5 Review & Chapter 6



?


In Chapter 5


?


Euphemism


(委婉格)



?


Euphemism


is


to


use


a


substitution


of


an


agreeable


or


inoffensive


expression


for


one


that


may


offend


or


suggest


something unpleasant.



?


委婉格 讲求对话者之间礼貌的措辞手段。



?


1


)用中性或正性词顶替忌讳语;



?


2


)索性把避忌本事省略而不谈。




?


1. Tabooed words are replaced by neutral words or positive


words.


?


2. Tabooed matters are not spoken out.



?


Supplement Process


(加工格)



?


与委婉格大异其趣,


加工格是一种加强语气的修辞手段。


其构成方式如下


——




?


主题



+


加工部分



P 137


?


中心词



+


后置定语



P 138


?


Supplement


Process


is


a


figure


of


speech


to


emphasize


some key contents so as to provide clearer and more detailed


information.



?


It may be conducted in a supplement style.


?


It may be expressed as an appositive.


?


It may be used as an attributive clause.





?


Hyperbole


(夸张格)



?


Hyperbole


is


the


use


of exaggeration as


a rhetorical


device


or figure of speech. It may be used to evoke strong feelings


or to create a strong impression, but is not meant to be taken


literally.


?


夸张格是一种言过其实的写作技术与语言技巧,目的是


加强语气,提高文字的感染力,令读者留下深刻的印象




?


Euphemism


(委婉格)


——


Supplement Process


(加工格)


——


Hyperbole


(夸张格)




?


委婉



——



加强



——



夸张



?


Supplement Process &



Attributive Clause


?


加工格与定语从句的翻译



?


You are just a robot who works, makes, eats and sleeps.


(中


心词



+


后置定语,


Ex 52-51/ P 140




?


1


:你是只会做工赚钱,吃饭睡觉的机器人。

< p>


?



2


:你是机器人,一个只会做工赚钱,吃饭睡觉的机


器人。


(此译更像



主题



+


加工部分






?


I


want


a


man


who


will


throw


his


hat


over


the


Yangzi


and


then lead his troops after it.

< br>?



1


:我要一个能在长江破釜 沉舟,然后率部过江的人。




?



2


:我要的是这样一个人,他决心在长江 破釜沉舟,


然后率领部队前进。



?< /p>



3


:我要的是这样一个人,一个能在长 江破釜沉舟并


率部过江的人。








?


They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of


18


every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have


laid down their lives.



?



1


:他们正在为实现那个每个中国人所珍爱的、过去


许 多中国人曾为之牺牲了自己的生命的理想而努力。




?



2


:他们正在为实 现一个理想而努力,这个理想是每


个中国人所珍爱的,


在过去,


许多中国人曾为了这个理想


而牺牲了自己的生命。




?


< br>3


:他们正努力去实现那个理想,那个每一位中国人


珍藏 于心中的理想,


那个许许多多中国人曾为之献出了生


命的理想。




?


此人优 柔寡断,


凡事没有主见,


连放个屁都要请示主任。



?


He is always indecisive and have no idea of doing anything.


He would even go and ask for his supervisor if it is all right


to pass wind.


?


If translating in euphemist style, do as follows:


?


…. He would even go and ask for his supervisor if it is all


right to sneeze.



?


不须放屁,试看天翻地覆。



?


No passing wind, you Bird,


?


Look, the heaven and the earth are upside down transferred.


?


Stop nonsense, you bird.




euphemist style





?


11



1


日学生座 谈会让我想起一首英诗


——



?


The



Heights




?


By Henry Longfellow


?


The heights by great men reached and kept














Were not attained by sudden flight,


But they, while their companions slept














Were toiling upward in the night.











(美)亨利


·


朗弗罗


·





吴伟雄












名人业绩似高山,





一步登临实在难。












伙伴酣酣甜入梦,





他们夜夜苦登攀。




?


Chapter 6




Antithesis and Parallelism


?


Part 1



Antithesis



?



对偶



,结构完美的



对照




?


从语法上分


——


1.


工对(严对)



2.


宽对



?


汉语严对较易,英语严对很难。



?


To see a world in a grain of sand,


?


And a heaven in a wild flower.



?


Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,



?


And eternity in an hour.




?


一粒沙里有一个世界,



?


一朵花里有一个天堂,



?


手握着无穷无尽,



?


永恒是霎那时光。


(英国威廉


·


布莱克的四句诗)




?


从汉语格律诗的对仗谈对偶



?



对仗



,又称



对偶



,像对联一样;不同于彼





,那是


要求平仄相对。格律诗里,首联和尾联,可以 不对仗,但


是中间两联必须对仗。




?



对仗


‖< /p>


,是格律诗的一个基本要素。



?


1


、对仗规定:出句和对句,必须


——



?




字数相同;②



词性相同;



?




结构对称;④



意思相并列:相对或相反。



?


2


、对仗的主要种类


——


?




工对;





宽对;


③流水对;


④借义对;













无情对




?




工对(严对)



?

不仅词性、结构、自已相同或并列、相对。如


——




?


支离东北风尘际,



?


平平仄仄平平仄



?


漂泊西南天地间。



?


仄仄平平仄仄平



?


三峡楼台淹日月,



?


仄仄平平平仄仄



?


五溪衣服共云山。



?


平平仄仄仄平平


< br>?


支离对漂泊(动词)


,东北对西南(名词)

< p>
,际对间(方


位词)


,风尘天地(名词)







?


②宽对



?


较多律诗的对仗,只是词性、结构相同,而所写具体事


物及其细类(如地名对地名)并不相称,这种对仗叫






。有少数律诗连词性也 不同,只是大体对仗而已,那


就更宽了。刘禹锡《酬乐天扬州初逢席上见赠》

< p>



?


巴山楚水凄凉地,



二十三年弃置身。




?


怀旧空吟闻笛赋,到乡翻似烂柯人。



?


沉舟侧畔千帆过,病树头前万木春。



?


今日听君歌一曲,



暂凭杯酒长精神。




?


这是宽对,因为对等都不是细类;而且,颔联的


―< /p>









< p>







,颈联的






< br>春



,词性都不同,但


却是一首 名篇。其中



沉舟


……‖


联更是千古流传。





19


?


③流水对



?


有些对仗,出句的意思没有说完,从语法意思上,还不


能算是 独立的句子,


需要和对句合在一起,


才能表达完整


的意思,语流像流水一样自上而下。



?


欲穷千里目,更上一层楼。



?


与君离别意,同是宦游人。



?


即从巴峡穿巫峡,便下襄阳向洛阳。




?


劝君更尽一杯酒,与尔同销万古愁 。


(集句成流水对)



?


I would ask you to drink a cup of wine again,


?


I will join you to drown our age-old grief and



pain.



?


④借义对



?


一个词有两个以上意义,诗中用其一义,而表现的实为


另一义 。




?


马娇珠汗落,胡舞白蹄斜。



?


借音:


:借



珠玉







音,对颜色词








?


酒债寻常行处有,人生七十古来稀。



?


借义:古代八尺为





,十六尺为


< p>



,借用此义变数


词, 对



七十



了 。





?




无情对举例



?


只讲究上下联字词相对,至于内容则各不相干,使人产


生奇味不尽的妙趣。这就是所谓 的



无情对






?


鸡冠花未放,狗尾草先生。



?


有姓叶的先生出联:


鸡冠花未放。



有人对:



狗尾草先


生。



字词 相对,而意则各不相干。前句本为主谓句,表


意为鸡冠花尚未开放,而对句成了偏正结构 句,



狗尾草



成了



先生



的定语,嘲讽了叶先生。



?


三星白兰地,五月黄梅天。



?


民国初年,一酒家出上联。众人纷对,未获首肯。当时,

< p>
年青的郭沫若对了,对绝了。




?


公门桃李争荣日



,法国荷兰比利时。






?


从内容 上分


——


1.


正对;


2.


反对



?


1.


正对



?




正对复句,翻译要注意译入语的行文习惯



?


Ex 7-8/ P 160-161

?


正对与双关、夸张三结合典型例子与翻译:



?


Ex 9-10/ P 162-163


(注意似曾相识的翻译风格)



?




正对单句



?


吃一錾,长一智。



?


A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.


?




正对诗节





?


The night has a thousand eyes,


?


And the day but one;


?


Yet the light of the bright world dies


?


With the dying sun.



?


夜晚的眼睛成千上万,



?


白天的眼睛只有半双;


< p>
?


但辉煌的世界将一片黑暗


——

< br>


?


只要太阳收起了光芒。




?


The mind has a thousand eyes,


?


And the heart but one:


?


Yet the light of a life dies


?


When love is done.



?


脑海的的眼睛成千上万,



?


心灵的眼睛只有半双;


< p>
?


但整个儿生活将一片黯淡


——

< br>


?


只要爱情熄灭了火光。




2.


反对



?




反对复句



?


Ex 27-28/ P 169


(对照:



Ex 3-4/ P 160




?


The person who knows how will always have a job; but the


person who knows why will be his boss.


?


(请试译)



?


知其然者,任事;知其所以然者,任人。



?




反对单句



?


Ex 29-32/ P 169-170


?




反对词组



?


Ex 37-38/ P 171-172


?


a smile from between dreams and reality.



?


Tess sat up in bed, lost in vague inter-space between dreams


and this information.


?


苔丝从床上坐起来, 一听这个消息,一半朦胧,一半清


醒,在那儿发愣。




?


Part 2



Parallelism



?


气贯长虹的排比



?


Parallelism is


grammatically


a


balance


of


two


or


more


similar words,


phrases,


or clauses.


The


application


of


parallelism in sentence construction can sometimes improve


writing style clearness and readability. It can also strengthen


sequences described.




?


We are caught in war, wanting peace.



?


We‘re torn by division, wanting unity.



20

-


-


-


-


-


-


-


-



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