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英语国家概况知识点（绝对全）
第一部分
英国
第一章
英国地理
1. The
official name of the United Kingdom is the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland.
2. There are three
political divisions on the islands of Great
Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.
3. About a hund
red years
ago, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth
of the world’s people
and one fourth of
the world’s land area.
4.
The
Britain
Empire
was
replaced
by
the
Britain
commonwealth
in
1931,which
is
a
free
association of independent counties
that were once colonies of Britain.
5.
Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by
the English Channel in the south and the North
Sea in the east.
6. Britain has, for centuries, been
tilting with the northwest slowly rising, and the
southeast slowly
sinking. The north and
west of Britain are mainly highlands. The
southeast and east are mainly
lowlands.
7. The pennies, a range of hills
running from north midlands to Scottish border,
are the principal
mountain chain.
8.
Ben Nevis
in
Scotland
is
the
highest
mountain
in Britain,
and
the
Lough Neagh
in Northern
Ireland is the
largest lake in Britain.
9. There are
three natural zones in Scotland: the highlands in
the north, the central lowlands, and
the southern uplands. The lowlands in
the center comprise mostly the forth and Clyde
valleys.
10. Edinburgh, Cardiff and
Belfast are the capitals of Scotland, Wales and
Northern Ireland.
11.
Scotland has about 800 islands, including the
Orkney, Shetlands and Hebrides.
苏格兰有
800
座岛屿，包括奥克内群岛，谢特兰群岛和赫不里德群岛。
12.
Besides, the Tweed, the Tyne, the Tees and the
Thames Rivers on the east coast all face the
North Sea ports on the European
continent.
除此以外，东海岸的邓恩河，泰河，迪斯河和泰晤士河都面临欧
洲大陆上的北海各港口。
13. The longest
river in Britain is the Severn River. The most
important river is Thames River.
River
Clyde is the most important river in Scotland.
英国最长的河流是赛文河，最重要的河流是泰晤士河。克莱德河是苏格兰最重要的河流。
14.
Though
the
weather
in
Britain
is
so
changeable
and
unpredictable,
the
climate
is
in
fact
a
favorable
one. Britain has a steady reliable rainfall
throughout the whole year.
虽然英国的天气总是如此变
化无常，
无法预测，
但实际上英国的天气相当宜人。
英国全年有
稳定的降雨量。
15. Britain has a population of
57411000. it is a densely populated country with
an average of 237
people per square
kilometer, and it is very unevenly distributed.
90% of the population is urban,
and
only 10% is rural.
英国人口为
5741
1000
。
它是一个人口稠密，
分布不
均的国家，
每平方公里平均
237
人，
90
％
的人生活在城镇，只有
10
％的人居住在农村。
16. the English are Anglo-
Saxons, but the welsh, Scots and Irish are Celts.
英格兰人是安各鲁－撒克逊人。而威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰人是凯尔特人。
17.
The
Celts
of
Wales
defended
their
freedom
for
1000
years
and
were
not
conquered
by
the
English until 1536. today about a
quarter of the welsh population still speak welsh
as their first
language and about one
percent speak only welsh.
威尔士的凯尔特人为自由战斗
了
1000
年，
直到
< br>1536
年才被英格兰人征服。
今天有大约四分
之一的威尔士人把威尔士语当作第一语言，大约
1
％的人只讲威尔士语。
18.
though
the
Gaelic
language
is
still
heard
in
the
Highlands
and
western
isles,
the
English
language is spoken all over the
Scotland.
尽管在高地和西部岛屿还能听到盖尔语，但英语却遍及全苏格兰。
19. Since then, there has
been bitter fighting between the Protestants who
are the dominant group,
and the Roman
Catholics who are seeking more social and economic
opportunities.
从那时起，
新教徒和罗马天主教徒间展开了艰苦的斗争，
新教徒是统治者，
而罗马教徒要求
更多社会和经济机会。
20. About three million have came to
live and find work since world war second. They
are mainly
from the West Indies, India
and Pakistan.
自二战以来，约有三百万人来
到英国居住，他们主要来自西印度群岛，印度和巴基斯坦。
第二节
英国的起源（历史部分）
21.
The
first
known
setters
of
Britain
were
the
Iberians.
More
dramatic
monuments
were
the
henges,
the most important of which was Stonehenge in
Wiltshire.
人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比例亚人。
更为引人注目的是那些圆形石结构，
其中最重要的
是在维尔特
郡发现的巨石阵。
22. The Celts may
originally have come from eastern and central
Europe, they came to Britain in
three
main waves: the first wave was the Gaels, the
second was Britons and the third was Belgae.
凯尔特人最初来自于东欧及中欧，
他们入侵英国分三次高潮：
第一次是盖尔人；
第二次是布
立吞人；第三次是比利
其人。
23. Julius Caesar, the
great roman general, invaded Britain for the first
time in 55BC. For nearly
400 years,
Britain was under roman occupation.
伟大的罗马将军朱略思，恺撒，于公元前
< br>55
年第一次入侵英国。
将近
4
00
年，英国人处
于罗马的占领下。
24. The roman built two
great walls to keep the Picts. There
were the Hadrian’s wall running from
Carlisle to Newcastle, and the Antonine
wall linking the estuaries of the Forth and the
Clyde.
罗马人修建了
2
座长城
以抵御皮特人。
一条是哈德良长城，
从卡莱尔到纽卡斯尔，
另一条是
链接福斯河口和克莱德河口的安东尼长城。
25.
The
Romans
made
use
o
f
Britain’s
natural
resources,
mining
lead,
iron
and
tin
and
manufacturing pottery.
罗马人很好
地利用了英国的自然资源，开采铅矿、铁矿和锡矿以及生产陶瓷。
26. In the
mid-5th century
a new wave of invaders,
Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain,
they were three Teutonic tribes.
五世纪中叶，朱特人，撒克逊人和安各鲁人不断入侵英国。这是三支日尔曼部落。
27.
These
seven
principal
kingdoms
of
Kent,
Essex,
Sussex,
Essex,
East
Anglia,
Mercia
and
Northumbria have given
the name of Heptarch.
这七个主要的王国：肯特、威塞克斯、
苏塞克斯、埃赛克斯、东安各鲁，麦西亚和诺森薄利
亚合称七王国。
28. At the beginning of ninth
century, under their king Egbert the West Saxons
of defeated the
Mercies. In 829, Egbert
became an overlord of all the England.
九世纪初，在国王埃格伯特的带领下，西撒克逊人打败了麦西亚人。
829
年，埃格伯特成了
整个英国的最高君主。
29.
In
597,
pope
Gregory
I
sent
ine
to
England
to
convert
the
heathen
English
to
Christianity. Augustine
was remarkably successfully in converting the king
and the nobility.
597
年，教皇格
里高利派遣圣奥古斯廷去英格兰，使异教徒的英国人皈依基督教。在使国王
和贵族皈依基
督教方面，圣奥古斯廷特别成功。
30. Alferd,
king of Wessex, was strong enough to defeat the
Danes. He is known as the “father of
B
ritain navy”.
威塞克斯的国王阿尔佛雷德非常强大，打败了丹麦人，他以
“
英国海军之父
”
闻名于史。
< br>
31. When Ethebred’s death left no
strong Saxon successor, the Witan chose Canute the
Danish
leader, as king in 1016.
埃塞尔雷德死后没有留下有实力的撒克逊继承人，
于是贤人会议选择了丹麦首领
克努特为国
王。
32. King
Edward seemed more concerned with building
Westminster Abbey than with affairs of
state. He was far more Norman than
Saxon.
爱德华国王对国事的关心远不及对威斯敏斯特大教堂的修建，他更像诺曼
人而非撒克逊人。
33.
Anglo-
Saxon England perished with
Harold’s death. William was crowned king of
England in
Westminster Abbey by the
Archbishop of York.
随着哈罗德德死亡，
安各鲁撒克逊人的英国消失了，
在威斯敏斯特大教堂，
约克大
主教加冕
威廉为英格兰国王。
34. The Norman conquest of
England is perhaps the best-known event in English
history. Under
William, the feudal
system in England was completely established.
诺曼征服或许是英国历史上最著名的事件，至此，英格兰的封
建制度被完全建立起来。
第三节
英国的形成
35. William
replaced the witan , the council of the Anglo-
Saxon kings, with the Grand Council of
his new tenants-in-chief.
威廉
用由他的土地承租人组成的大议会取代了安各鲁撒克逊国王的顾问团－贤人会议。
36. The
Doomsday Book, completed in 1086, was the result
of general survey of England made in
1085, and stated the extent , value,
the population, state of cultivation and
ownership.
《末日审判书》
完成于
1086
年，
它记录了
108
5
年进行的英国总调查结果。
此册陈述了土地
< br>的范围、价值、人口、耕种情况和所有权。
37.
William’s policy towards the church was
to keep it completely under his
con
trol, but at the
same
time to uphold its power.
威廉对教会的政策是完全控制的同时，赞成它拥有权利。
38.
Henry
Π
was
the
first
king
of
the
House
of
Plantagenet.
He
took
measures
to
bring
the
disorders of king Stephen reign to an
end.
亨利二世是金雀花王朝的首位国王。他采取措施结束了史蒂芬森国王统治时期
的混乱局面。
39.
H
enry
Π
greatly
strengthened
the
King’s
Court
and
extended
with
its
judicial
work.
He
insisted that all clerks charged with
criminal offences should be tried in the King’s
Courts instead
of in the Bishop’s
Court.
亨利二世大大加强了王室法庭的力量并扩展了司
法工作。
他坚持被控刑事犯罪的教士都应在
国王法庭受审而不是
在主教法庭受审。
40.
It
was
these
exceptional
privileges
enjoyed
by
the
clergy
that
brought
King
Henry
into
collision with Tomas Becket, the
Archbishop of Canterbury.
正是神职人员享有的特权导致
了亨利国王和坎特伯雷大主教托马斯贝克特之间的冲突。
41.
Geoffrey
Chaucer’s
best
known
work
is
the
Canterb
ury
Tales
which
describes
a
group
of
pilgrims traveling to
Canterbury to visitTomas Becket’s tomb.
杰佛利乔叟的名著
《坎特伯雷故事集》
描述了一群朝圣者到坎特伯雷参观托马斯贝克特坟墓
的旅行。
42. The baron’s charter, or Magna
Carta, as it came to be known was presented by a
delegation of
their class to the king
and his advisers in the summer of 1215.
1215
年夏天，贵族代表团把他们的宪章
——
后以大宪章闻名
——
递交给国王和他的顾问团
们。
43. A committee
of 24 barons plus the Mayor of London was chosen
to help the king carry out the
Charter,
with the right of declaring war on him should he
break its provisions.
由
24
名贵族和伦敦市市长组成的委员会帮助国王执行大宪章，若国王违反规定，他们有权
对国王宣战。
44.
Magna
Carta
was
a
statement
of
feudal
and
legal
relationship
between
the
crown
and
the
barons, a guarantee of
the freedom of the church and a limitation of the
power of the king.
大宪章陈述的是国王与贵族间的封建和法律关
系，保证了教会自由和限制了王权。
45.
While
the
king
Henry
Ⅲ
and
Prince
Edward
were
keep
in
prison,
Simon
de
Montfort
summoned in 1265
the great council to meet at Westminster which
developed later into the Lords
and the
Commons known as a parliament.
1265
年当亨利三世国王和爱德华王子被关入监狱，
西蒙德孟福尔在威斯敏斯特
召集大议会，
大议会发展到后来演变为议会，分为上议院和下议院。
46. The statute of Wales in 1284
placed the country under English law and Edward
Ⅰ
presented
his
new-born-son to the Welsh people as the Prince of
Wales, a title held by the heir to the throne
ever since.
1284
年
的威尔士法，使威尔士处于英国法律之下，爱德华一世将他新出生的儿子赠与威尔
士人民
，封他为威尔士王子。此后，该称号一直由该王位的继承人沿用至今。
47. When Edward
Ⅲ
claimed the French Crown
by the right of his mother Isabella, the French
refused
to
recognize
the
claim
because
the
Salic
Law
debarred
females
from
the
succession.
In
1337 Edward declared a war that was to
last a hundred years.
爱德华三世
通过他母亲伊莎贝拉的关系宣布继承法国王位，
但法国人民拒绝承认，
< br>因为萨利
法典规定女子不得继承王位，于是在
1337<
/p>
年，爱德华对法宣战，战争持续了一百年。
48. Black Death
swept through England in the summer of 1348
without warning. It killed between
one
half and one third of the population of England. <
/p>
1348
年夏天，黑死病横扫全英国，没有任何征兆，它夺去了三
分之一到一半的英国人口。
49. In 1351 the
government issued a statute of Laborers which made
it a crime for peasant to ask
for more
wage or for their employers to pay more than the
rates laid down by the Justice of the
Peace.
1351
年政府颁布<
/p>
“
劳工法令
”
。
规定农民们涨工资的要求或者雇主支付比地方官制定的工资
水平高的工资都是犯罪。
50.
Although
the
Peasant
Uprising
of
1381,
was
brutally
suppressed,
it
had
far-reaching
significance
in
English
history.
It
dealt
a
telling
blow
to
villeinage
and
a
new
class
of
yeomen
farmers emerged,
paving the way for the development of capitalism.
尽管
1381
年的农民起义被血腥镇压
了，但在英国历史上留下了深远的影响。它沉重打击了
封建农奴制度，产生了全新的自耕
农阶级，为资本主义发展铺设了道路
第四节
过渡时期的英国
51. The name the Wars of
Roses was referring to the battles between the
great house of Lancaster,
symbolized by
the red rose, and that of York, symbolized by the
white.
玫瑰战争这个词是指两个家族间的战争，
以红玫
瑰为标志的蓝凯斯特家族和以白玫瑰为标志
的约克家族。
52. In 1455, after Henry
Ⅵ
hand completely lost his
reason, war broke out between the Yorkists
and
the
Lancastrians.
In
1461,
the
Duke
of
York’s
son
Edward,
emerged
the
victor
and
was
proclaimed as Edward
Ⅳ
.
1455
年，当亨利六世再也没有理由（将国家交给摄政者管理时），战争在约克家族成员和
蓝
凯斯特家族成员中爆发了。
1461
年，约克公爵的儿子爱德华
战胜成功成为爱德华四世。
53.
On August 22, 1458, the last battle of the Wars of
Roses was fought between Richard
Ⅲ
and
Henry
Tudor.
1458
年
8
月
22
日，玫瑰战争的最后一次战役在理查德三
世和亨利都铎之间展开。
54. The reform began as a struggle for
a divorce and end in freedom from the Papacy.
Henry
Ⅷ
wanted
to
divorce
Catherine
of
Aragon. But Pope
Clement
Ⅲ
refused
to
annul
his
marriage
to
Catherine.
改革以争取离婚开始，
以脱离教皇而告终，
亨利八
世想与阿拉贡的公主凯瑟琳离婚，
但教皇
克莱蒙拒绝取消凯瑟琳
和亨利八世之间的婚姻。
55. Henry’s
reform was to get rid of the English Church’s
connection with the Pope, and make an
independent Church of England.
< br>亨利改革的目的是拜托英国教会与教皇的联系，成立独立的英格兰教会。
56. The laws (e.g. the Act
of Succession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy of
1535) made his
reform possible stressed
the power of the monarch and certainly
strengthened Henry’s position.
< br>使改革可行的法律（如
1534
年的《继承法案》和
1535
年的《至尊法案》）强调了君主的权
利并自然加强了亨利的地位。
57. When Mary Tudor became Queen after
Edward, she attempted to forcibly recovert
England to
Roman Catholicism. People
call her “Blood Mary”
。
玛丽都铎再爱德华后当上女王，
她试图强迫人们重新皈依罗马天主教。
人们叫她
“
血腥玛丽
”
。
58.
Elizabeth’s
reign
was
a
time
of
confident
English
national
and
of
great
achievements
in
literature and other acts, in
exploration and in battle.